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International audience; Organisé par l’association Coup de soleil, le 23ème Maghreb des livres s'est tenu les samedi 18 et dimanche 19 février 2017 à l’Hôtel de ville de Paris. Après les lettres marocaines en 2016 et avant les lettres tunisiennes en 2018, cette édition 2017 a mis à l’honneur les lettres algériennes.Cette manifestation, depuis 1994, a pour premier objectif de mieux faire connaître les livres consacrés au Maghreb bien sûr (le Maghreb « de là-bas » et le Maghreb « d’en France ») mais aussi les problèmes qui nous touchent de près, en Méditerranée notamment. Au Maghreb des livres, le visiteur trouve donc des milliers de livres, édités en France ou au Maghreb, et rencontre quelque 120 auteurs des deux rives qui sont invités à venir dédicacer leurs ouvrages et dialoguer avec leur public. Par ailleurs, le Maghreb des Livre a pour vocation de permettre à celles et ceux qui y viennent, de mieux s’informer sur des thèmes liés à l’Histoire ou à l’actualité, grâce à des rencontres et des tables-rondes. Parmi les sujets retenus dans le cadre des tables rondes figure celui de "la fuite des cerveaux" au Maghreb. C'est donc le trio, composé de Mohamed Benguerna (chercheur au CREAD, Algérie), Faouzia Charfi (physicienne, université de Tunis, secrétaire d’État aux universités du 1er gouvernement de la révolution tunisienne) et Hicham Jamid (doctorant, Cnam Paris), qui ont expliqué le pourquoi et le comment de ce phénomène inquiétant les pays du Maghreb.

We analyse a competitive research-oriented public programme established in Spain, the Ramon y Cajal Programme, intended to offer contracts in public research centres to high-quality researchers. We study the effects of the programme on the ex post scientific productivity of its recipients, relative to non-granted applicants with comparable curricula at the time of application. The full sample results demonstrate that the programme has a positive and significant effect on the scientific productivity of the recipients, as measured both by the amount of published contribution and by the impact of their publications. Consequently, receiving a contract affects the quantity, but also increases the quality, of the contract recipients' publications. Research funding from the Ministry of Finance and Competitiveness, Grant Nos. ECO2015-65204-P (Alonso-Borrego), ECO2014- 57442P (Romero-Medina), ECO2015-70331-C2-1- R (Sánchez- Mangas), MDM20140431 (Alonso-Borrego and Romero- Medina) and Comunidad de Madrid, Grant No. MadEco-CM S2015/HUM-3444 (all authors) is acknowledged

This contribution investigates the opportunities of migration for developing countries. The benefits of migration for sending countries are often undervalued. But migrants may foster trade, remittances, innovations, investments back home, and even return home at some time with better human capital. Functioning diasporas can lead to stable factors of development. Policies in receiving developed countries towards migrants can enhance the positive impact of migration for development. Among those are measures to support the early integration of migrants into the educational systems and in the labor markets, including jobs for asylees. Dual citizenships and circular migration contracts are possible instruments. Migration policy can be an effective development policy.

We assess the role of ethnic ties in the diffusion of technical knowledge using a database of patents filed by US-resident inventors of foreign origin, identified by name analysis. We consider 10 leading source countries, both Asian and European, of highly skilled migration to the USA and test whether foreign inventors' patents are disproportionately cited by (i) co-ethnic migrants ('diaspora' effect), and (ii) inventors residing in their country of origin ('brain gain' effect). We find evidence of the diaspora effect for the Asian but not the European countries, with the exception of Russia. A diaspora effect does not necessarily translate into a brain gain effect, most notably for India where no such effect is detected. Neither does a brain gain effect occur solely in conjunction with a diaspora effect. Overall, diaspora and brain gain effects carry less weight than other channels of knowledge transmission, most notably co-invention networks and multinational companies.

The article draws on the research of social security of educated foreign youth in Serbia. It is focused on social and economic conditions necessary for attracting human capital. Recommendations for the Migration Strategy of Serbia are provided. В основу статьи положено исследование социальной безопасности образованной иностранной молодежи в Сербии. Внимание уделяется социально-экономическим условиям, необходимым для привлечения человеческого капитала принимающим государством. По итогам исследования даны рекомендации для миграционной стратегии Сербии.

none 2 no This paper studies the mechanism through which intellectual property rights (IPR) protection can influence the impact of skilled migration on innovation activities in developing countries. We argue that knowledge acquired by emigrants abroad can flow back to their country of origin through diaspora networks. IPR protection in the sending country facilitates this channel by increasing returns to skills and encouraging workers to move into the innovation sector. An expansion of the innovation sector allows diaspora knowledge to be absorbed by a larger range of workers. Strong IPR enforcement therefore makes it more likely for brain drain to be transformed into brain gain. Naghavi, Alireza; Strozzi, Chiara Naghavi, Alireza; Strozzi, Chiara

The previous paper presented the analysis of binding constraints on growth [22], In this paper we extend diagnostics to problems of long-run growth slowdown and Middle Income Growth Trap (MIGT), Countries caught in the MIGT are unable to compete with low-income, low-wage economies in manufactured exports and also unable to compete with advanced economies in high-skill innovation goods, The root cause of the MIGT is failure to shift out of lower middle (LMI) income to upper middle income (UMI) growth strategy, The former is designed to support supply-oriented capital accumulation and labor relocation from agriculture to higher productivity industry, while the latter seeks to support skill (knowledge) intensive manufacturing activities ('moving up the value chain') and business services, LMI strategies embrace diversification and simple export expansion, while UMI strategies foster specialization and export growth based on innovations (new processes, new products, new markets) and highly-educated labor force; they also promote a blend of competition and public support in guiding the 'discovery process' that leads to 'smart specialization' and innovation based growth, Hence, MIGT can best be avoided through strong research and innovation systems, which critically depend on: (i) Research excellence, including scientific collaboration, involvement of diaspora, and merit based financing and incentive systems; (ii) Modern research infrastructure and other innovation inputs; (iii) Closer collaboration between research organizations and enterprises, better technology transfer offices, protection of patents, trademarks and other industrial property rights (IPR); (iv) Better financing at all stages of the innovation process, especially early stages where existing financial markets have limited knowledge and instruments; and (v) Better governance of the R&I process and financing.

This thesis examines the case of Fijian youths' increasing demand for higher education in order to explore the brain gain theorem. Its primary aim is to understand how past emigrants' experiences shape the education decisions and emigration intentions of tertiary students in Fiji. This is achieved through semi-structured interviews with Fijian youths as well as an examination of policy and media reports. The research questions through which these aims are achieved are: Why do Fijian students enter higher education? Do Fijian students intend to migrate, and if so, why or why not? And what are the constraints and obstacles to Fijian students' emigration intentions? The central conclusion of this thesis is that the brain gain effect is present in Fiji because half of the student-participants responded to the incentive effect, defined as the prospect of migration raising the expected returns to higher education, which is created by two distinct cultures of migration and three of the Fijian governments' initiatives. The strength of their social ties determined whether they had perfect or imperfect information about the constraints and obstacles to their emigration intentions which in turn, determined the type of brain gain effect Fijian communities may be experiencing. In this thesis, the relationship between emigration and human capital formation is understood through the notion of the brain gain effect, defined as prospect of migration leads to a higher average level of education per individual in origin countries. Existing empirical studies have employed quantitative methods to establish the correlation between past emigration rates and current enrolment rates. The significance and novelty of this thesis lies in its adoption of qualitative case study methods in which real people were asked what they are doing and why, thus bringing us closer to a causal understanding of the relationship between higher education and emigration. In addition, by including ethnic and skil

Amaç: Beyin göçü ve tersine beyin göçünün ülke ekonomilerine yaptıkları katkı ve neden oldukları kayıplar göz önüne alındığında bu konunun üzerinde ciddi düşünülmesi ve araştırılması gereken bir konu olduğu sonucuna varılır. Bu konu üzerine yapılacak çalışmalar beyin göçüne karşı alınacak önlemleri ve tersine beyin göçünü arttırmaya yönelik adımları belirlemede yol gösterici olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı beyin göçü ve tersine beyin göçü çerçevesinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin itici ve çekici faktörlerini belirlemektir. Yöntem: Bu araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama tekniği olarak görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Görüşmelerde yarı yapılandırılmış soru formu kullanılmıştır. Toplamda 16 kişiden oluşan örneklem çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Birinci grup beyin kazanımında nelerin etkili olduğunu anlamak için yurt dışında belli bir süre (en az iki yıl) yaşamış daha sonra Türkiye’ye dönmüş yüksek eğitim seviyeli 8 kişiden oluşmaktadır. İkinci grup beyin göçünde nelerin etkili olduğunu anlamak için şu anda yurt dışında yaşamakta olanve en az iki yıldır yurtdışında bulunan yüksek eğitim seviyeli 8 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Bulgular: Yapılan çalışmada yurtdışına göç etme nedenlerinin maddi imkanlardan daha çok sosyal ve politik nedenler olduğu saptanmıştır. Tersine beyin göçü grubundaki katılımcıların ise geri dönüş nedenleri; medeni durumlarının etkisiyle ailelerine olan bağlılıkları, yurtdışında akademi çevresindeki milliyetçi tutum ve neticesinde akademik kariyerlerinde yükselmenin zorluğu, ülkelerine olan vefa duygusu ve dönmüş oldukları kurumlardaki maddi ve manevi doyum olarak belirtilebilir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular ışığında Türkiye’nin yüksek nitelikli kişiler için itici ve çekici yönleri belirlenmiş ve beyin göçü ve tersine beyin göçü olgularından maksimum fayda sağlamak için yapılabilecekler sunulmuştur. Purpose: Taking the contributions and the losses of brain gain and brain drain respectively into consideration, it is assumed that these two phenomena need to be examined thoroughly. In the light of the studies on brain drain and brain gain, precautions against brain drain and steps for brain gain may be identified. The main focus of this study is to determine the pull and push factors of The Republic of Turkey in terms of brain darin and brain gain. Method: In this study in order to describe the meaning of the lived experiences for several individuals about the brain drain and brain gain phenomena deeply, qualitative research methods are used. To collect tha data 16 people who constitute the sample group are interviewed with the help of semi structured question form. Sample grup is divided into two groups; the first group includes 8 people living abroad and experiencing the brain drain phenomenon, the second group includes 8 people who experience brain gain phenomenon. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the the push factors of Turkey are social and polical rather than economical. On the other hand, the pull factors of Turkey are family ties, difficulties in academic life as a result of nationalist attitudes, loyalty to their countries, and economical and personal satisfaction in the organizations they work in Turkey. Conclusion and Discussion: The current study is compared with the outcomes of the previous studies, and similarities and differences are tried to be identified.As a result of the study, the pull and push factors of Turkey for highly skilled people are determined and what can be done to benefit from brain drain and brain gain is showed.

O estudo das migrações interiores no Estado espanhol focou o interesse de muitos autores durante as últimas décadas do século passado e os primeiros anos do presente. Desde que foi estabelecida a atual estrutura administrativa territorial, uma viçosa literatura sobre migrações interiores tem sido elaborada, utilizando diferentes metodologias e fontes estatísticas. Contudo, com a excepção de algum trabalho isolado, esta mobilidade não é tratada atendendo ao nível de estudos dos migrantes. Esta lacuna, com certeza é devida à falha de dados oficiais que classifiquem os migrantes em função da sua formação. Esta tese tenta contornar a dificuldade estatística anterior e analisa a mobilidade interregional da população em idade de trabalhar classificada pelo seu nível de estudos, para desta maneira poder demonstrar ou refutar a hipótese de que no Estado espanhol existem transvasamentos de população em idade de trabalhar com estudos superiores entre as diferentes comunidades autónomas, que acarretariam transferências de recursos, ao estarem territorializados as despesas educacionais públicas, que costumam alcançar 90 por cento das despesas totais em educação superior.

We analyse the effect of massive migration particularly from the Western Balkans and the Central and Eastern European countries on human capital and growth. In our analysis, we use a system of three equations to estimate simultaneously the effect of migration on human capital and on growth. An important driver of migration is chain migration, as well as the unemployment and income differentials between developing and developed countries. Overall, our findings suggest that migration of highly skilled from the Western Balkan and Central Eastern European countries has been beneficial to economic growth and income convergence of these countries. Our analysis supports the positive impact of low-skilled migration on the composition of human capital in the source countries.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, high-skilled workers are 13 times more likely to migrate than low-skilled ones. This sheer number has fueled fears about “Brain Drain” as only 3% of the population obtains tertiary education. Although migration prospects might give incentives to invest in schooling, it is still unclear for which households they exist and whether these can compensate for the selection of high-skilled workers into migration. This papers measures the selection, incentive and net effects of emigration from DR Congo, Ghana and Senegal to Europe. Institutional contexts and household characteristics are strong determinants of the three effects. Rich households experience a strong selection of high-skilled workers into migration, thereby decreasing the average schooling level in the origin countries. However, stronger incentives to invest in schooling partly or fully compensate for this decrease. By contrast, poor households experience small selection and equally small incentives, except in Senegal, where they exhibit negative incentives to invest in early schooling. This is possibly due to low returns to secondary education in Europe and/or binding liquidity constraints.

This document was adopted in 2015 by the 1st Joint Science Conference of the Berlin Process in Berlin. The conference was organised by the Leopoldina under the 2015 Austrian Presidency of the Berlin Process. The documents postulates five key recommendations for the area “Education and Science” in the Western Balkans countries: Commit to allocate 3% of national GDP for higher education, science and research and establish unified quality standards for evaluation; Support firmly institutional change, which (i) modernises the WB science systems in convergence with EU-standards, towards integration into the European Research Area, and (ii) which creates opportunities for young researchers and graduates, thereby reducing brain drain and encouraging brain gain; Create a South Eastern European Research Council or Research Foundation, which funds individual outstanding scientists as agents of change, using a competitive selection mechanism based exclusively on research quality and academic excellence; Establish interconnected Centres of Excellence in the WB as cooperation platforms by: (i) pooling resources and competencies, (ii) investing jointly in state of the art core facilities and research infrastructures, (iii) supporting the mobility of researchers and students, (iv) establishing competitive doctoral and post-doctoral training and (v) creating innovation communities; Institutionalise the dialogue between science, politics and society, by (i) creating mechanisms of consultation and strategic planning, and by (ii) establishing procedures for providing unbiased science-based advice to politics and society., Dieses Dokument wurde 2015 von der 1. Gemeinsamen Wissenschaftskonferenz des Berliner Prozesses in Berlin verabschiedet. Die Konferenz wurde von der Leopoldina während der österreichischen Präsidentschaft des Berliner Prozess ausgerichtet. Das Dokument postuliert fünf Kernempfehlungen für den Bereich Bildung und Wissenschaft in den Westbalkan-Ländern: Verpflichtung seitens politischer Entscheidungsträger zum Erreichen der 3%-Marke des BIP für Ausgaben für Hochschulbildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung; Unterstützung institutionellen Wandels, der (i) die Wissenschaftssysteme der Westbalkanländer im Einklang mit den EU-Standards modernisiert, um sie in den Europäischen Forschungsraum zu integrieren, und (ii) Möglichkeiten für junge Forscher/innen und Hochschulabsolventen/innen schafft, um so die Abwanderung von Spitzenkräften (brain drain) zu verringern und die Gewinnung von Spitzenkräften (brain gain) zu fördern; Schaffung eines südosteuropäischen Forschungsrates / einer Forschungsstiftung, die einzelne herausragende Wissenschaftler/innen als Akteure des Wandels finanziert, unter Verwendung eines wettbewerbsorientierten Auswahlmechanismus, der ausschließlich auf der Qualität der Forschung und der akademischen Exzellenz basiert; Einrichtung miteinander verbundener Exzellenzzentren im Westbalkan als Kooperationsplattformen durch: (i) Bündelung von Ressourcen und Kompetenzen, (ii) gemeinsame Investitionen in hochmoderne Infrastrukturen, (iii) Unterstützung der Mobilität von Forschern/innen und Studenten/innen, (iv) Einrichtung einer wettbewerbsfähigen Doktoranden- und Postdoc-Ausbildung und (v) Schaffung von Innovationsgemeinschaften; Institutionalisierung des Dialogs zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft durch (i) die Schaffung von Mechanismen zur Konsultation und strategischen Planung und durch (ii) die Einrichtung von Verfahren zur unabhängigen wissenschaftlichen Beratung von Politik und Gesellschaft., Berlin Process Joint Science Conference

This document was adopted in 2015 by the 1st Joint Science Conference of the Berlin Process in Berlin. The conference was organised by the Leopoldina under the 2015 Austrian Presidency of the Berlin Process. The documents postulates five key recommendations for the area “Education and Science” in the Western Balkans countries: Commit to allocate 3% of national GDP for higher education, science and research and establish unified quality standards for evaluation; Support firmly institutional change, which (i) modernises the WB science systems in convergence with EU-standards, towards integration into the European Research Area, and (ii) which creates opportunities for young researchers and graduates, thereby reducing brain drain and encouraging brain gain; Create a South Eastern European Research Council or Research Foundation, which funds individual outstanding scientists as agents of change, using a competitive selection mechanism based exclusively on research quality and academic excellence; Establish interconnected Centres of Excellence in the WB as cooperation platforms by: (i) pooling resources and competencies, (ii) investing jointly in state of the art core facilities and research infrastructures, (iii) supporting the mobility of researchers and students, (iv) establishing competitive doctoral and post-doctoral training and (v) creating innovation communities; Institutionalise the dialogue between science, politics and society, by (i) creating mechanisms of consultation and strategic planning, and by (ii) establishing procedures for providing unbiased science-based advice to politics and society., Dieses Dokument wurde 2015 von der 1. Gemeinsamen Wissenschaftskonferenz des Berliner Prozesses in Berlin verabschiedet. Die Konferenz wurde von der Leopoldina während der österreichischen Präsidentschaft des Berliner Prozess ausgerichtet. Das Dokument postuliert fünf Kernempfehlungen für den Bereich Bildung und Wissenschaft in den Westbalkan-Ländern: Verpflichtung seitens politischer Entscheidungsträger zum Erreichen der 3%-Marke des BIP für Ausgaben für Hochschulbildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung; Unterstützung institutionellen Wandels, der (i) die Wissenschaftssysteme der Westbalkanländer im Einklang mit den EU-Standards modernisiert, um sie in den Europäischen Forschungsraum zu integrieren, und (ii) Möglichkeiten für junge Forscher/innen und Hochschulabsolventen/innen schafft, um so die Abwanderung von Spitzenkräften (brain drain) zu verringern und die Gewinnung von Spitzenkräften (brain gain) zu fördern; Schaffung eines südosteuropäischen Forschungsrates / einer Forschungsstiftung, die einzelne herausragende Wissenschaftler/innen als Akteure des Wandels finanziert, unter Verwendung eines wettbewerbsorientierten Auswahlmechanismus, der ausschließlich auf der Qualität der Forschung und der akademischen Exzellenz basiert; Einrichtung miteinander verbundener Exzellenzzentren im Westbalkan als Kooperationsplattformen durch: (i) Bündelung von Ressourcen und Kompetenzen, (ii) gemeinsame Investitionen in hochmoderne Infrastrukturen, (iii) Unterstützung der Mobilität von Forschern/innen und Studenten/innen, (iv) Einrichtung einer wettbewerbsfähigen Doktoranden- und Postdoc-Ausbildung und (v) Schaffung von Innovationsgemeinschaften; Institutionalisierung des Dialogs zwischen Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft durch (i) die Schaffung von Mechanismen zur Konsultation und strategischen Planung und durch (ii) die Einrichtung von Verfahren zur unabhängigen wissenschaftlichen Beratung von Politik und Gesellschaft., Berlin Process Joint Science Conference

A two-country, two-period model of international migration with heterogeneous agents highlights microeconomic foundations for examining the interrelation between brain drain, brain gain and whether human capital formation is undertaken at home or abroad. Ex ante choices regarding where to study depend on abilities, relative qualities of university systems, sunk educational investments, government grants, and endogenously determined, individual foreign employment probabilities. Self-selection critically defines an inherently wide-range of conceivably positive or negative net welfare effects. The optimal design of alternative educational grant schemes, aimed at enhancing the source country’s welfare, also depends on the heterogeneity of abilities and associated informational assumptions.

Background The establishment of scientific collaborations with researchers abroad can be considered a good practice to make appropriate use of their knowledge and to increase the possibilities of them returning to their country. This paper analyses the collaboration between Spanish researchers abroad devoted to health sciences and national science institutions. Methods We used the Fontes’ approach to perform a study on this collaboration with Spanish researchers abroad. We measured the level of national and international cooperation, the opportunity provided by the host country to collaborate, the promotion of collaboration by national science institutions, and the types of collaboration. A total of 88 biomedical researchers out of the 268 Spanish scientists who filled up the survey participated in the study. Different data analyses were performed to study the variables selected to measure the scientific collaboration and profile of Spanish researchers abroad. Results There is a high level of cooperation between Spanish health science researchers abroad and international institutions, which contrasts with the small-scale collaboration with national institutions. Host countries facilitate this collaboration with national and international scientific institutions to a larger extent than the level of collaboration promotion carried out by Spanish institutions. Conclusions The national collaboration with Spanish researchers abroad in the health sciences is limited. Thus, the practice of making appropriate use of the potential of their expertise should be promoted and the opportunities for Spanish health science researchers to return home should be improved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12961-015-0055-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Is ability drain (AD) economically significant? That immigrants or their children founded over 40% of the Fortune 500 US companies suggests it is. Moreover, brain drain (BD) induces a brain gain (BG). This cannot occur with ability. Nonetheless, while BD has been studied extensively, AD drain has not. I examine migration's impact on ability (a), education (h), and productive human capital or 'skill' (s) – which includes both a and h – for source country residents and migrants, under the points system (PS), 'vetting' system (VS), which accounts for s (e.g., US H1-B visa), and 'new' points system (NS), which combines PS and VS (e.g., Canada, 2015+). I find that i) Migration reduces (raises) source country residents' (migrants') average ability and has an ambiguous (positive) impact on their average education and skill, with a net skill drain more likely than a net BD; ii) AD is greater than BD; iii) the effects increase with ability's inequality or variance V(a); iv) the policies in turn raise V(a), V(h) and V(s), with V(a) > V(h); v) effects in i) - iv) are larger under VS than PS; vi) residents' (migrants') consumption is lower (higher) under either policy than under a closed economy; vii) consumption falls with ability's inequality; viii) contrary to the situation with education and skill, consumption inequality is lower under VS than PS; viii) ability, education and skill (consumption) under NS are identical (is larger than) the combined values under PS and VS. Orders of magnitude, empirical research plans, and policy implications are provided.

Return migration can have multiple benefits. It allows migrants who have accumulated savings abroad to ease credit constraints at home and set up a business. Also, emigrants from low- and middle-income countries who have invested in their human capital may earn higher wages when they return. However, whether the home country benefits from return migrants depends on the migrant's success in accumulating savings and human capital and on the home country's ability to make use of returnees' skills and investment. To benefit from returnees, home countries need policies that encourage returnees' investment and labor market reintegration.

We analyze trends in nursing education in the Philippines during a period of rising and falling demand for Philippine nurses in the developed countries. Based on focus group discussion data obtained in the Philippines, we examine students' motivations to become nurses and to what extent their choices were affected by the possibility of international migration. The number of nursing graduates rose, resulting in brain gain. However, policies promoting the migration of skilled workers such as nurses impose high costs on middle class and lower class families who invest in education hoping that a family member will be able to migrate.

One of the most significant demographic trends in the Alps is the out-migration of young people. Nevertheless, in certain areas, young people are deciding to return to their valley of origin after completing their higher education. Through research in a valley of the Eastern Italian Alps, this paper addresses this complex phenomenon, by analysing the relationships between the education level of young people, their choices to stay, return to, or leave the valley and the reasons behind these choices. Job opportunities, quality of life, and sense of belonging were identified as key factors. The research also considered the necessary policies to minimise brain drain and maximise brain gain.

Brain drain has long been an important concern particularly for a developing country like Morocco where high-skilled emigration rates are highest. The aim of this paper is to highlight the causes of migration of Moroccan students to France, to offer then some implications. To this end, we apply an ARDL Bounds testing approach and VEC Granger causality test to annual data spanning the period between 1971 and 2011. We show that the quality of higher education measured by French research & development (proxy of French institutions) seem the main determinant of student mobility. The per-capita income differential between France and Morocco also plays an important role on explaining student migration. The uncertainty about future Moroccan inflation (proxy of Moroccan institutions) encourages the departure of students abroad, while the degree of openness via trade and foreign direct investments discourage. Academic exchange agreements and the creation of research centers accredited by the two countries have been recommended to enhance the French economic development from high-skilled migrants without depriving Morocco.

This paper examines the interplays among studying abroad, return migration and capital accumulation, in a dynamic general equilibrium model featuring heterogeneous ability. Households invest in education and make two migration decisions: whether to study abroad and subsequently whether to return home. The model predicts that the highest, middle and lowest-ability people choose respectively permanent migration, return migration and no migration. More interestingly, we find a novel migration cycle: returnees bring back learned-knowledge and over time, capital accumulates, attracting more return migration. Further, the usual “brain drain” in the literature can be turned into “brain gain”, by providing a subsidy to studying abroad and returning home.

We develop a theoretical model of human skill formation and emigration. We extend the existing brain drain models, by partly endogenizing the heterogeneity of individuals, by introducing aspirations. Emigration of an individual will result in a migration experience, which increases the migrant's aspirations. This will induce her to invest more in the education of her children back home. We find that this aspirations effect increases the average skill level in the society for a given migration rate. We show that the optimal migration rate that maximizes the post-migration skill-rate of the population is higher if we allow for the aspirations effect of migration. We use panel data from Indonesia to demonstrate that a migration experience has an aspirations increasing effect and calibrate our model accordingly. Our results suggest that there are potentially more countries than previously thought which could benefit from migration.

El presente trabajo pretende conocer el nivel de enfoque brain gain, o de ganancia de cerebros científicos de la movilidad científica española, para ayudar a mantener e incrementar el contacto y la cooperación con los investigadores nacionales y sus países de destino, como punto de partida para la generación de políticas apropiadas de atracción del conocimiento científico nacional e internacional. Con esta idea, se trata de buscar puntos de unión entre los agentes del sistema nacional de investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i), que impulsen medidas que mejoren la competitividad española mediante el fortalecimiento de dicho sistema. 2013-14

We analyze a competitive research-oriented public program established in Spain, the Ramon yCajal Program, intended to offer contracts in public research centers to high-quality researchers.We study the effects of the Program on the ex-post scientific productivity of its recipients, relativeto unsuccessful applicants with comparable curricula at the time of application. The full sampleresults demonstrate that the Program has a positive and significant effect on the scientific impactof the recipients, as measured by the average and the maximum impact factors, but the effect onthe number of published papers is not significant. Consequently, receiving a contract does notsignificantly affect the quantity, but increases the quality, of the contract recipients' publications.This result is primarily driven by the particular relevance of experimental sciences in the Program. Research funding from the Ministry of Finance and Competitiveness, Grant Nos. ECO2012-31358 (Alonso-Borrego), ECO2011-25330 (Romero-Medina) and ECO2012-32854 (Sánchez-Mangas) is acknowledged

El presente trabajo pretende conocer el nivel de enfoque brain gain, o de ganancia de cerebros científicos de la movilidad científica española, para ayudar a mantener e incrementar el contacto y la cooperación con los investigadores nacionales y sus países de destino, como punto de partida para la generación de políticas apropiadas de atracción del conocimiento científico nacional e internacional. Con esta idea, se trata de buscar puntos de unión entre los agentes del sistema nacional de investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i), que impulsen medidas que mejoren la competitividad española mediante el fortalecimiento de dicho sistema. 2013-14

This paper suggests that the ASEAN economic integration can be viewed as an opportunity for brain gain for the ASEAN member-countries. The envisaged ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) may boost both South-South and North-South movements of skilled labor as a result of the growth of cross-border education, increased mobility of professional workers with the implementation of the mutual recognition arrangements, and the possible return migration of expatriate professionals to the ASEAN region given a vibrant regional economy in the long run that can provide more competitive remuneration packages. In turn, these will facilitate knowledge exchanges and collaborations, technology transfers, economic and business linkages, investment flows, and increased remittances. However, the more advanced economies in the region will have an edge in exploiting these opportunities in the initial years of the AEC. The ASEAN integration can be a double-edged sword for member-countries that may not be able to improve their competitiveness in the long run.

This paper studies the potential impact of Egyptian highly-skilled migrants (HSMs) residing in the OECD countries on the development of Egypt, their country of origin. The paper discussed the following questions: a) is Egyptian highly-skilled migration to OECD countries a case of brain drain? b) Could it generate brain gain? c) What is the overall potential impact of Egyptian HSMs on the development of their homeland? The MPC is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.

Este trabajo está centrado en el análisis de la emigración de personas cualificadas en el contexto aragonés. Se comienza explicando brevemente la historia de la emigración española más reciente, apuntando además, referencias al contexto actual de la globalización y sus repercusiones en las migraciones de cualificados a nivel mundial. A continuación se explica el impacto de la crisis económica actual en España, relacionándola con la evolución de la emigración de población de alta cualificación. En una segunda parte se analizan los datos estadísticos referidos a la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón, y finalmente se realiza una aproximación a los factores de expulsión y atracción de los emigrantes cualificados aragoneses.

We study the e§ect of a Program, aimed at Önancing high qual- ity researchers to integrate them into the Spanish scientiÖc system, on the relative ex post performance of the researchers awarded. We assess the e§ect of the contract status on the scientiÖc productivity of applicants, in the four-year period after application. Both the con- ditional regression and the matching results show that the contract status has no e§ect on the average number of published contributions, but it exhibits, for several areas, a positive e§ect on the scientiÖc qual- ity of contributions (as measured by its impact). This result points out the success of the Program in increasing the scientiÖc impact of the Spanish system.

In this paper, we analyse how increasing student migration from a less developed to a developed country alters education policy in the developed country, and how it affects human capital and welfare in the two countries. We argue that a higher permanent migration probability, i.e., a higher probability that international students continue to stay in their host country after graduation, incentivises the host country to improve its education quality. A higher education quality in turn raises the human capital of all students, including returning students. As long as the permanent migration probability is not too large, this positive quality effect increases human capital and welfare in both the less developed country (LDC) and the developed host country. Thus, a brain gain to the LDC occurs. A decline in the taxes on labour income in the two countries can reinforce this brain gain, although the developed country then raises the tuition fees.

In the past, the exodus of skills from the southern to the northern hemisphere was Heraclitean, permanent and irreversible, so it was often likened to a hemorrhage of brains and a bias to development. For a long time reduced to its pejorative connotation, this "brain drain" begins over the last two decades to include new realities of belonging to an international scientific community allowing reconnections and feedbacks. Through a prism of economics of knowledge, we propose in this paper to examine this transformation of the very nature of brain drain, synonymous to a new global economic win-win-win game.

Mestrado em Economia e Gestão de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Vocacionado para os fluxos migratórios de grande dimensão, o estudo das migrações tem vindo a interessar-se a partir dos anos 60 em analisar os profissionais altamente qualificados, os destinos das suas deslocações e os motivos para migrarem (Peixoto, 1998). É neste sentido que o interesse destes estudos se tem vindo a cruzar cada vez mais com os domínios da sociologia e da economia da ciência e da tecnologia. A presente investigação tem como o objectivo analisar o fenómeno da imigração do leste europeu com origem na Rússia, Ucrânia e Bielorrússia - na comunidade científica portuguesa. O trabalho visa contribuir para um melhor conhecimento dos investigadores do Leste em Portugal problematizando por um lado a chamada "imigração do leste" e por outro, referindo-se os contornos dos processos da mobilidade científica desta comunidade. O estudo analisa as várias dimensões do tecido social dos entrevistados: desde as motivações pessoais - por exemplo, motivações de carreira - aos dispositivos sociais nos países de origem - por exemplo, conjuntura económica e opções de mobilidade, até às estratégias de inserção na comunidade científica portuguesa. Considerando que o fenómeno foi pouco explorado em estudos anteriores, adopta-se uma abordagem exploratória. A recolha de dados utilizados foi feita através do Curriculum Vitae (CV) de investigadores e essencialmente de entrevistas biográficas em profundidade. O estudo mostra os cientistas da Europa de Leste como os pontos nodais em redes transnacionais de transferência de conhecimento podendo-se falar de claro exemplo de "ganho dos cérebros" para ciência portuguesa. Migration studies, especially interested in large dimension migrations, have become since the 60s more and more interested in analysing migrations of highly qualified professionals: their destinies and the reasons behind this decision (Peixoto, 1998). In this sense, the interest of these studies has come to meet domains such as sociology, science economy and technology. The present study aims to analyse the migration to the Portuguese scientific community of researchers from Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia. This work endeavours to contribute to advance knowledge about Eastern-Europe researchers in Portugal through an analysis of, from one side, the so-called "East immigration" and from the other, of the scientific mobility of this community. The research analyses various dimensions of participants' social fabric: since personal motivations (career motivations for instance), to societal dispositions in their home country (economic situation or mobility options, for instance) and personal strategies for integration in the Portuguese scientific community. An exploratory approach is adopted, given that this phenomenon has been little explored in previous studies. Data was collected manly through biographic interviews and their curriculum vitae. Results show that Eastern-Europe scientists clearly are a case of "brain gain" for the Portuguese science. Today these researchers also constitute main points of connection with research poles in Eastern Europe and in other countries, favouring knowledge transfer and circulation.

We analyze the design of a unique Spanish public program aimed at recruiting high quality researchers in public research centers: the Ramón y Cajal Program. We claim that, after a number of calls, the program design changed in response to agents' needs. Exploiting data on applications and candidates we find that the new program design led to significant changes in the probability of being awarded with a contract. In particular, opportunities for candidates without attachment to the system were equalized. We thank the Subdirección General de Formación y Movilidad del Personal Investigador (Spanish Office of Training and Mobility of Researchers) for providing the raw data, and Miguel Benavente for help in data handling. Research funding from Ministry of Education, Grant Nos. ECO2009-11165 (Alonso-Borrego), ECO2011-25330 (Romero-Medina and Triossi) and ECO2009-10287 (Sánchez-Mangas) is acknowledged.

International migration not only enables individuals to earn higher wages but also exposes them to new environments. The norms and values experienced at the destination country could change the behavior of the migrant but also of family members left behind. In this paper we argue that a brain gain could take place due to a change in educational aspirations of caregivers in migrant households. Using unique survey data from Moldova, we find that international migration raises parental aspirations in households located at the lower end of the human capital distribution. The identification of these effects relies on GDP growth shocks in the destination countries and migration networks. We conclude that aspirations are a highly relevant determinant of intergenerational human capital transfer and that even temporary international migration can shift human capital formation to a higher steady state by inducing higher educational aspirations of caregivers.

High-skilled emigration is an emotive issue that in popular discourse is often referred to as brain drain, conjuring images of extremely negative impacts on developing countries. Recent discussions of brain gain, diaspora effects, and other advantages of migration have been used to argue against this, but much of the discussion has been absent of evidence. This paper builds upon a new wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? and 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?

In this paper we study theoretically and empirically the role of the interaction between skilled migration and intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in determining innovation in developing countries (South). We show that although emigration from the South may directly result in the well-known concept of brain drain, it also causes a brain gain effect, the extent of which depends on the level of IPRs protection in the sending country. We argue this to come from a diaspora channel through which the knowledge acquired by emigrants abroad can flow back to the South and enhance the skills of the remaining workers there. By increasing the size of the innovation sector and the skill-intensity of emigration, IPRs protection makes it more likely for diaspora gains to dominate, thus facilitating a potential net brain gain. Our main theoretical insights are then tested empirically using a panel dataset of emerging and developing countries. The findings reveal a positive correlation between emigration and innovation in the presence of strong IPRs protection.

Singapore has one of the most open economies in Asia in terms of trade, foreign direct investment inflows, and foreign labor inflows. By 2010, citizens formed only 63.6% of the population and foreigners (not including permanent residents) form 34.7% of the labor force. This high foreign labor ratio reflects buoyant labor demand, limited domestic labor supply with declining total fertility rate, and the lack of xenophobia and labor protectionism. Foreign labor is needed to grow the population, mitigate population aging, grow the GDP and per capita GDP, cover shortages in labor supply and skills, act as a cyclical buffer, and contain wage costs to ensure international competitiveness. However, the heavy dependence on foreign labor has also delayed economic restructuring, adversely affected productivity performance, and engendered a FDW-dependency syndrome among households.The foreign labor policy is dual track, with unrestricted inflow of foreign talents and managed inflow of low-skilled labor through the use of work permits, worker levies, dependency ceilings, and educational and skills criteria. Going forward, Singapore has to limit its dependence on foreign labor to accelerate productivity growth and as it is constrained by physical space and citizen concerns over crowding out of jobs, public and recreational spaces, and public services. Greater bilateral and ASEAN cooperation is needed to mitigate the cross-border conflicts and tensions arising from the cross-border movement of labor.

This paper presents a model of two countries competing for a pool of students from the rest of the world (ROW). In equilibrium, one country offers high educational quality for high tuition fees, while the other country provides a low quality and charges low fees. The quality in the high quality country, the tuition fees, and the quality and tuition fee differential between the countries increase with the income prospects in ROW and the number of international students. Higher stay rates of foreign students lead to more ambiguous results. In particular, an increase in educational quality can be accompanied by a decline in tuition fees. Furthermore, international competition for students can give rise to a brain gain in ROW.

This article presents results of innovative surveys that tracked academic high achievers from five countries to wherever they moved in the world to directly measure at the micro level the channels through which high-skilled emigration affects sending countries. There are high levels of emigration and of return and the income gains to the best and brightest from migrating are an order of magnitude greater than any other effect. Most high-skilled migrants from poorer countries remit but involvement in trade and foreign direct investment is rare. Fiscal costs vary widely but are much less than the benefits to the migrants themselves. Two narratives drive discussions of the development impact of high-skilled migration. The first is the idea of a brain drain, whereby the departure of doctors, teachers, engineers, scientists and other highly skilled workers decimates the human capital and fiscal revenues of sending countries (Bhagwati and Hamada, 1974). Such fears lead to calls for policies to restrict the flow of highly skilled workers, such as demands that developed countries stop recruiting doctors from developing nations and efforts by developing nations to restrict the ease of their highly skilled individuals migrating. 1 Contrasting with this is the view of a highly educated diaspora as a potent force for developing the local economy through remittances, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and knowledge transfers, with the experience of India and China in setting up technology firms as a result of diaspora working in Silicon Valley a prominent example (Saxenian, 2002). Economists have also emphasised that the possibility of migrating may spur human capital accumulation, potentially leading to a net increase in the education levels of those in the home country. 2

This paper uses micro data from the Demographic National Survey and the Census in Romania (2002-2003) and in Countries that have received large number of Romanian immigrants over the period 1990-2000 (US, Austria and Spain) to identify the wage earning ability (skills) of migrants and returnees relative to non-migrants. This determines what is called 'selection'. Using observable characteristics (education, age, gender and family status) that affect wage earning abilities of non-migrant, migrants to specific countries and returnees the authors can construct measures of average selection across skills for each skill group. Also, by observing the actual wages of these groups in Romania, US, Austria and Spain the author can measure the average and the skills-specific premium for migrating and for returning. As the three receiving countries differ in their skill compensation structure we can test the hypothesis that migration to a country is larger for those groups that receive higher migration premium. The authors find strong support for the idea that migrants in different skill groups move depending on the premium that they will get in the receiving country. Similarly the authors find evidence of a premium to returnee that is increasing in their skills, which drives positive selection of returnees. As migration and return seem consistent with optimal utility-maximizing choices of individuals the authors use a model of education, migration and return to predict the effects of increasing international mobility on skill and wage of Romanians. The authors find average positive long-run effect on average skills and wages in Romania from relaxing migration constraint.

In this note, we present a novel channel for a brain gain. Students from a developing country study in a developed host country. A higher permanent migration probability of these students appears to be a brain drain for the developing country in the first place. However, it induces the host country to improve its education quality, as a larger share of the generated benefits accrue in this host country. A higher education quality raises in turn the human capital of the returning students. As long as the permanent migration probability is not too large, this positive effect causes both aggregate and per-capita human capital to increase in the developing country. Thus, a brain gain occurs.

Brain drain has long been a common concern for migrant-sending countries, particularly for small countries where high-skilled emigration rates are highest. However, while economic theory suggests a number of possible benefits, in addition to costs, from skilled emigration, the evidence base on many of these is very limited. Moreover, the lessons from case studies of benefits to China and India from skilled emigration may not be relevant to much smaller countries. This paper presents the results of innovative surveys which tracked academic high-achievers from five countries to wherever they moved in the world in order to directly measure at the micro level the channels through which high-skilled emigration affects the sending country. The results show that there are very high levels of emigration and of return migration among the very highly skilled; the income gains to the best and brightest from migrating are very large, and an order of magnitude or more greater than any other effect; there are large benefits from migration in terms of postgraduate education; most high-skilled migrants from poorer countries send remittances; but that involvement in trade and foreign direct investment is a rare occurrence. There is considerable knowledge flow from both current and return migrants about job and study opportunities abroad, but little net knowledge sharing from current migrants to home country governments or businesses. Finally, the fiscal costs vary considerably across countries, and depend on the extent to which governments rely on progressive income taxation.