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This study aims to examine the impact of financial development on agricultural production in the case of China. The study used country level time‐series data for the period 1989 to 2016. We applied the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to investigate the long‐term cointegration relationship between underlying variables and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) for robustness check. Results of this study confirm the existence of a long‐term relationship among the variables. The ARDL estimation results reveal that financial development has a significantly positive impact on agricultural production in both long‐run and short‐run. The fully modified OLS confirm the robustness of the findings. This study suggests that the Chinese government should pay more attention on long‐run policies to enhance agricultural growth through improving banking sectors, efficient rural credit markets, and increasing township banking infrastructures in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impacts of climate change on major fruits production in Pakistan is examined. • The climatic variables such as temperature and CO 2 emissions negatively affected apples production. • Precipitation positively contributed towards apples production. • Furthermore, temperature also positively affected bananas production, while precipitation and CO 2 emissions have a negative impact on bananas output. • In addition, climatic variables all have a favorable impact on mangoes, guavas, and mangosteens production. The literature on the effect of climate change on agricultural products has grown over the years. However, evidence on how climate change affects fruit industry remains limited. This research fills the gap by estimating the effects of climatic parameters on major fruits production in Pakistan. In this study, the ARDL model is employed to estimate the long three decades of data. The ARDL Bounds testing approach confirmed the long-term co-integration of the variables under consideration. The findings show that climatological elements such as temperature and CO 2 emissions have a detrimental impact on apples output whereas precipitation has a favorable impact on both in the long and short run. Furthermore, the findings reveal that precipitation and CO 2 emissions have a negative impact on bananas output in Pakistan, both in the long and short run. Temperature, on the other hand, has a favorable and considerable effect on bananas output. In addition, the outcomes reveal that temperature, CO 2 emissions, and precipitation all have a favorable impact on mangoes, guavas, and mangosteens production in both the long and short run. The findings of this study guide the formulation of appropriate policies to mitigate the negative impacts of global warming on the fruits industry and ensure sustainable food production in the country to meet domestic demand and international trade goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the dynamic interactive associations among sustainable investment in the energy sector, air pollution, and sustainable development. To this end, it employs a "one-step" system-generalized method of moments (GMM) and "one-step" differential-GMM estimators, covering the period between 1996 and 2017. In this context, it utilizes the simultaneous equations of the dynamic panel data model for panel data of 27 Chinese provinces and municipalities. We have developed a new model of sustainable development, which incorporates sustainable investment in the energy sector and air pollution to offer a robust theoretical foundation for considering the underlying relations. The system-GMM estimator is used for the full data set; however, differential-GMM is utilized for the subsets of data, in order to tackle the small sample bias problem. The empirical outcomes provide several vital insights in that they yield mixed findings for the aggregated sample and subsets of data. For example, a two-way causal relationship occurs for all the panels, except the central part (medium development regions), between sustainable investment in the energy sector and sustainable development. Contrary to this, causality runs from air pollution to sustainable investment in the energy sector in a full data set and the central part (medium dev.). Nevertheless, the opposite is true in the case of the eastern part (most developed regions) of China. Still, the same relationship runs in either direction in the case of the western part (least developed regions). On the other way around, the feedback hypothesis of causality is confirmed, across all the samples, between air pollution and sustainable development. Hence, sustainable development and air pollution are overwhelmingly interdependent, in the country as well as the province and municipality level of the Chinese economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of savings mobilization on access to credit among smallholder farmers' in the Birim central municipality of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional primary data set was used to estimate the factors influencing smallholder farmers' access to credit and size of loan to be borrowed using the IV-Probit and IV-Tobit model. Findings: The results of the study revealed that savings mobilization has a positive significant impact on access to credit and the total amount of credit one can borrow as well. Other control variables such as transaction cost and farm size depicted a negative significant impact on access to credit. Land ownership, member of an association, household size, years of farming experience and education also showed a positive significant impact on access to credit. Research limitations/implications: The paper only examined the savings effect on credit accessibility among smallholder farmers in one of the municipality's in the Eastern region of Ghana. Future research should consider all or many municipality for an informed generalization of findings. Practical implications: This paper provides evidence that smallholder farmers knowledge on the financial market is poor and it would require the policymakers or NGOs to organize financial management training programs so that the farmers high ignorance of the financial market will significantly reduce. Originality/value: Although existing studies have examined smallholder farmers' access to credit, the unique contribution of this paper is the analysis of the impact of saving mobilization on credit accessibility in Ghana, a major access to credit determinant in the financial market. In addition, those researchers who factored in savings as an access to credit determinant did not also consider the casual relationship between these two variables, thus, the present of endogeneity of which this paper does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The climate change effects on agricultural output in different regions of the world and have been debated in the literature of emerging economies. Recently, the agriculture sector has influenced globally through climate change and also hurts all sectors of economies. This study aims to examine and explore the impact of global climate change on agricultural output in China over the period of 1982-2014. Design/methodology/approach: Different unit root tests including augmented Dickey–Fuller, Phillips–Perron and Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin are used to check the order of integration among the study variables. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and the Johansen cointegration test are applied to assess the association among the study variables with the evidence of long-run and short-run analysis. Findings: Unit root test estimations confirm that all variables are stationary at the combination of I(0) and I(1). The results show that CO2 emissions have a significant effect on agricultural output in both long-run and short-run analyses, while temperature and rainfall have a negative effect on agricultural output in the long-run. Among other determinants, the land area under cereal crops, fertilizer consumption, and energy consumption have a positive and significant association with agricultural output in both long-run and short-run analysis. The estimated coefficient of the error correction term is also highly significant. Research limitations/implications: China's population is multiplying, and in the coming decades, the country will face food safety and security challenges. Possible initiatives are needed to configure the Chinese Government to cope with the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture and ensure adequate food for the growing population. In concise, the analysis specifies that legislators and policy experts should spot that the climate change would transmute the total output factors, accordingly a county or regional specific and crop-specific total factor of production pattern adaptation is indorsed. Originality/value: The present empirical study is the first, to the best of the authors' knowledge, to investigate the impact of global climate change on agricultural output in China by using ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and Johansen cointegration test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the effects of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, cultivated area and the labour force on the production of cereal crops in Pakistan from the period 1971-2014. Design/methodology/approach: The study used the Johansen cointegration test, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and Granger causality test to estimate the long-run cointegration and direction of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Findings: The outcomes of the Johansen cointegration test confirmed the existence of a long-term cointegrating relationship between the production of cereal crops, CO2 emissions, energy consumption, cultivated area and the labour force. The results of the long-run coefficients of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, cultivated area and labour force have a positive impact on cereal crops production. The long-run relationships reveal that a 1 per cent increase in CO2 emissions, energy consumption, cultivated area and labour force will increase cereal crops production by 0.20, 0.11, 0.56 and 0.74 per cent, respectively. Moreover, the findings show that there is a bidirectional causality running from CO2 emissions and cultivated area to cereal crops production. Moreover, there is a unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to cereal crops production. Originality/value: The present study also fills the literature gap for applying the ARDL procedure to examine this relevant issue for Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impacts of climate change and technology on grain yields is examined. • In the presence of CSD, the second–generation estimation techniques are applied. • It is observed that temperature negatively affected grain yields across the quantiles. • Production inputs (i.e., fertilizer, pesticide, irrigated area) significantly improved grain yields across the quantiles. The adverse effect of rising temperatures on grain output is gradually spreading across China. On the other hand, technical developments have resulted in substantial changes in the agricultural production system over time. Hence, we assess the effect of temperature on grain yields in addition to the potential effect of some technological factors using a panel dataset spanning the period 1996 to 2020 for selected prominent grain-producing provinces in China: Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Neimenggu, Shandong, Sichuan, and Liaoning. We apply a novel Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM-QR) and second–generation estimation techniques, which generate consistent and robust results in the presence of cross–sectional dependency (CSD). The empirical findings from the MM-QR estimator reveal that climate change (via temperature) significantly decreases the grain yields in overall quantiles and the higher negative impact was observed in the 75th and 95th quantiles, while technical factors, irrigated area, and financial support play a substantial role in improving the grain yields in China. In addition, the findings from the D–H panel causality method show the various flows of causal links between the selected variables, considering the grain–producing regions of China: grain yields → temperature, pesticide usage → grain yields, and financial support → grain yields. A bidirectional causality association is observed to exist between fertilizer usage ↔ grain yields, pesticide usage ↔ grain yields, and irrigated area ↔ grain yields. To ensure food security, China's prominent grain–growing regions should strengthen their technological innovation efforts and invest in research and development to produce new varieties that can withstand heat and drought stress and produce better grain yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study is designed to assess the factors that affect smallholder rice farmer's participation in market. In addition it also examines the effect of commercialization on the welfare of smallholder farmers. The method of Heckman two-stage model is used to obtain the desired objectives. Random sampling technique is used to collect data from 249 smallholder farmers. Result of the study indicates that gender of the household head, age, number of family member who assist in farming, household size, vocational training, and the farmer being landlord and farm size were the major determinants of market participation. The welfare of the farmer depends whether the farmer participate in the rice output market. The result also indicated that rice output, off-farm income, access to credit, and income from the sale of rice were important factors influencing the welfare of the household. The participation in market can be increased by providing subsidized prices for their production, cold storage houses, vocational training, introducing new technology, increasing contact with extension agent and providing genetically modified seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The data for this empirical study were collected from three major cropping systems of Sindh province, and a total of 240 farmers were selected by simple random sampling technique. Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to analyze the data. Results show that in mixed cropping zone wheat yield increased with increasing ploughing, seed and plant protection. The dominant factors behind yield increase in the cotton-wheat cropping zone were ploughing, seed, fertilizer, and irrigation. Wheat yield in the Rice-wheat zone increased linearly with increasing ploughing, seed and fertilizer as well as plant protection measures. Further the results show that salinity and water logging are the driving threats leading to high water table in most regions of upper Sindh. Due to poor land management and improper irrigation strategies, the coefficient of irrigation shows negative value. Contrarily, lower Sindh needs canal irrigation water (i.e. Mixed and cotton-wheat zone), because most of the areas have unfit ground water for irrigation, thus increasing the soil erosion and salinity in lower Sindh. Furthermore, the cost of production estimated in cotton-wheat zone's grower spends more USD$841/ha as compared to rice-wheat zone's grower and Mixed cropping zone's grower spend USD$827/ha and USD$780/ha. The growers of the whole Sindh spend USD$816/ha. In case of gross income cotton-wheat zone's grower received higher than 1287, followed by the growers of mixed cropping zone and rice-wheat zone received USD$1248/ha and USD$1132/ha due to high cost of production. The overall Sindh growers received USD$1222/ha. In the case of net return grower of mixed cropping zones received higher USD$481/ha, compared to cotton-wheat zone's and rice-wheat zone's grower received USD$451/ha and USD$308/ha, respectively. The growers of the whole Sindh province received USD$413/ha net return from wheat crop. The production of wheat is lower as compared to cost. Therefore, net income of per acre and the production cost of per acre reduce with farm size, so increasing the use of inputs should assure the quantity and quality by the approach of growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This study examined the impact of Internet use on rice production in China. • We employed the FGLS technique and a novel method of MMQR. • Empirical findings reveal that Internet use significantly improved rice production. • Fertilizer, planting area, and energy use enhanced rice production substantially. ICTs play an increasingly crucial role in ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural production, particularly in emerging economies. The majority of survey-based literature focuses on Internet use and farmers' income, technical efficiency of agricultural production, the economic well-being of smallholder farmers, and market information, respectively. The present study, on the other hand, investigates explicitly the long-term effects of Internet use on rice production using panel data from the main rice-producing provinces of China for the period 2011–2020. Other key factors of rice production included in this study are chemical fertilizer, sown area, power consumption, public spending, and labour force. Using the cross-sectional time-series FGLS approach to control endogeneity issues, the results show that Internet use improves rice production in the long run, while the remaining determinants (chemical fertilizer, sown area, power consumption, and public spending) stimulate rice production in the long run. The D-K-SE and MMQR approaches confirm the substantial impact of important factors of rice production. Policymakers should improve Internet access and encourage the use of modern techniques to increase rice output in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climatic events and increasing population are impacting the food system's resilience. The significance of a looming food crisis may be more pronounced in a country like Pakistan. Therefore, to manage farm production sustainably, this research infers the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory to analyze small growers' pro-environmental adaptation and mitigation behaviors on the farm. The data of 250 samples were collected from the Sindh province of Pakistan. We applied the partial least squire modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the farmers' pro-environmental behaviors towards climate change mitigation and adaptation practices in farm productions. The results provide evidence that farmers' pro-environmental personal norms R2(80.2%), explain mitigation attitudes (41.2%), and (29.0%) adaptation behaviors of growers. All antecedents of VBN theory reveal robustness and significantly positive relationships except for egoistic values. Thus, pro-environmental personal norms predicted the farmers-orientation behaviors significantly toward the climate variability adaptation practices and mitigation attitudes. Moreover, findings indicate that the VBN theory enacts well when expounding altruistic values and biospheric values of farmers' mitigation attitudes and adaptation behaviors. Despite guaranteeing food security, this research suggests designing policy tools to encourage small growers' pro-environmental behaviors in response to climatic changes to increase sustainable agricultural production in the region. • This research used the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation behaviors in farm production. • This study empirically examines the determinants of growers' pro-environmental personal norms towards mitigation and adaption via partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). • The VBN theory provides evidence that farmers' pro-environmental personal norms R2(80.2%) explain mitigation attitudes (41.2%) and (29.0%) adaptation behaviors toward climate change. • Thus, pro-environmental personal norms predicted the farmers-orientation behaviors significantly toward the climate variability adaptation practices and mitigation attitudes. • This study implicates future policies that promote effective and sustainable pro-environmental behavioral changes in agriculture while ensuring regional food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural entrepreneurship significantly improves farmers' livelihoods and it also contributes toward poverty reduction. In the present study, we used the data of the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS 2019) as a sample, and empirically examined the dynamic linkages between adoption of digital technology (ADT) and farmers' agricultural entrepreneurial willingness (AEW). The findings of this study reveal that (1) the ADT significantly improved farmers' AEW by 18.5%; (2) the ADT more significantly affected the entrepreneurial willingness of farmers who live in less developed rural areas, or who preference for risk, or whose households have not been affected by major adverse events, or who belong to the rural elite; (3) digital financial participation plays a partial mediating effect of 11.7% in the effect of the ADT on farmers' AEW, with financial literacy and subjective well-being having moderating effects and reinforcing the effect of the ADT on farmers' AEW. Finally, we put forward several policy recommendations, such as narrowing the 'three-level digital divide', improving digital human capital, and developing digital inclusive finance to provide new ideas for farmer entrepreneurship, to enhance farmer's livelihood and to promote rural economic development. • The dynamic linkage between adoption of digital technology and farmers' agricultural entrepreneurial willingness is examined. • Probit model and two-step method of the ivprobit model are used. • The ADT significantly improved farmers' AEW. • Digital finance participation plays a mediating effect among ADT impact on farmers' AEW. • Financial literacy and subjective well-being play a moderating effect on the relationship between ADT and AEW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam is an important contributor to the world's food industry as a major exporter of rice, seafood, and coffee. Climate change poses a serious threat to Vietnam's agricultural sector since it adversely affects food security in Vietnam and globally. This study investigates the short- and long-term effects of climate change on Vietnam's agriculture, both in terms of production and values at the macro level. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) Granger causality test with annual data from 1990 to 2019, we confirm the detrimental impacts of global warming on Vietnam's agricultural performance in both the short and long term. We also reveal the favorable effects of CO 2 emissions, land, and fertilizer on Vietnam's agricultural production and economics. Other factors, including rainfall and labor, however, adversely affect Vietnam's agricultural output and economic performance. Based on the study's results, we provide policy recommendations to assist the government limit the negative effects of climate change on the national economy, thereby promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable development in Vietnam. • Short- and long-term effects of climate change on Vietnam agriculture are assessed. • A long-term relationship exists between climatic factors and agriculture. • Global warming adversely impacts Vietnam agriculture in both short and long term. • CO 2 , land, and fertilizer positively affect agricultural production and economics. • Rainfall and labor have negative effects on Vietnam agricultural performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the effects of technological development (via fertilizer and pesticide consumption) and information and communication technology (ICT) on cereal production in four ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) from 1991 to 2018. For empirical investigation, this study used advanced econometric methodologies. The estimated results demonstrate the long-run co-integration relationship between the variables. Pooled mean group (PMG)-based empirical results show that technological development (via fertilizer consumption and pesticide use) significantly increases cereal production in the long-run after confirming the long-run association among the variables of interest. Similarly, ICT also significantly enhances cereal production in the long-run. It has been thoroughly demonstrated that technological development and ICT play an important role in increasing cereal production and ensuring food security in the selected ASEAN countries. Furthermore, the findings of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H) causality test show unidirectional causality from fertilizer consumption and pesticide use to cereal production, as well as bidirectional causality between ICT and cereal production. In this regard, it is critical for local farmers to produce high added value through technological development while also serving as a regional base and supply center in agriculture. To ensure that technological innovations enhance productivity, ICT-based agriculture, and the adoption of technology in the production of agricultural products, governments should promote locally sustainable ICTs, such as mobile phones and Internet-based digital tools and services. [Display omitted] • The impacts of technological advancement and ICT on cereal production are examined. • Technological advancement and ICT enhance cereal production in the long-run. • Bidirectional causality is discovered between ICT and cereal production. • Unidirectional causality is shown from fertilizer and pesticide to cereal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]