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Background: In cancers of the head and neck, gross tumor or areas at risk of microscopic disease often lie close to the skin, while the skin itself may not be at risk. With intensity-modulated radiotherapy, setup errors can lead to underdosage of superficial structures because the collimator will not by default open beyond the skin surface to apply coverage in the air overlying the skin. Thus, small setup errors can move superficial structures out of field for some beams. Some planning systems allow for manually extrapolating fluence for beams tangential to superficial targets. It is unclear whether this problem is significant with tomotherapy.Methods: A head and neck phantom was utilized. A 3-mm bolus was used to represent the skin and allow placement of dosimeters at 3 mm depth. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed at reproducible points on the skin surface and at 3 mm depth. The phantom was irradiated, with the target volume deep to the thermoluminescent dosimeters receiving a dose of 5 Gy. This process was repeated with the phantom displaced 2.5 mm and again with a displacement of 5 mm. These displacements simulated setup errors that in clinical practice would correspond to bending or twisting of the neck that could not be corrected with rotations or translations.Results: When the phantom was displaced 2.5 mm, the dose measured at 3 mm depth was 99.2% (95.9%-102.5%) of the control. With a 5-mm displacement, the dose at 3 mm only dropped to 91.1% (88.8%-93.4%) of the control. Dose measured at skin surface decreased to a greater degree with such setup error.Conclusions: Dose at superficial depths degraded only slightly with 2.5-mm and even 5-mm displacements. With the tomotherapy system, superficial dose appears to be robust to clinically relevant setup errors. However, if the skin is at risk, bolus should be used to ensure adequate coverage.

ABSTRACTThree simple and sensitive procedures (Methods A, B and C) for the assay of chlorzoxazone (CZZ) in pure form and in formulations are described. The methods are based on the oxidative coupling reaction of the hydrolysis product of chlorzoxazone (HCZZ) with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) in the presence of Fe (III) (Method A, λmax445 nm), N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DMPD) in the presence of periodate (IO4) (method B, λmax605 nm) and 2, 6-dichloroquinone chlorimide (DCQC) (Method C, λ, max560 nm). The Beer's law limits were found to be 5.0 to 25.0 μg/ml in the case of methods A and B and 2.0 to 12.0 μg/ml in the case of method C. The results are statistically validated and the reactions involved are presented.

A two-component self-assembly process that results in three different compositional phases is observed and explained. Solutions containing various molar ratios of cobalt octaethylporphyrin (CoOEP) and coronene in phenyloctane were brought into contact with a clean Au(111) surface. At no relative concentration was coexistence of the CoOEP and coronene phase observed. Rather, at intermediate concentrations a new 1–1 surface structure (1 coronene to 1 CoOEP) is formed with sharp compositional boundaries. This behavior is unusual in that only weak van der Waals forces, slight variations in surface charge exchange, and steric effects stabilize the 1–1 structure and that it occurs where the solution concentration ratio is an order of magnitude different than the surface concentration. The nature of this 1–1 structure and the transitions between the three phases (pure CoOEP, 1–1, and pure coronene) were studied by variable temperature STM and by density functional theory (DFT). Adsorption energies for CoOEP and coronene, both in their separate phases, and in the 1–1 structure were determined by DFT. The desorption energy into vacuum of CoOEP was found to be ∼1.8 times that of coronene, and the desorption energy of each component in the 1–1 composition was found to be greater than in the corresponding pure monolayer. Measured by energy per nm2, pure CoOEP is predicted to be the most strongly adsorbed, coronene is predicted to be the least strongly adsorbed, and the 1–1 structure holds an intermediate position. By heating the sample to 50 °C it is possible to observe the transformation of the kinetically stabilized 1–1 structure into the pure CoOEP monolayer under the same solution from which it is formed at 22 °C. The existence of these three surface structures is shown to be a kinetic phenomenon rather than due to thermodynamics. We attribute the existence of the three structures at various growth concentrations to changes in nucleation and growth rate with relative impingement rates of each component. A critical element is the fact that one component (CoOEP) is irreversibly adsorbed. The new 1–1 structure is found to have lattice constants of A = (1.73 ± 0.04) nm, B = (1.56 ± 0.04) nm, and α = 90° ± 2° and appears to be commensurate with the Au(111) surface.

Synthesis, crystallographic characterization, and molecular self-assembly of two novel cyclotrimeric gold(I) complexes, Au3[3,5-(COOEt)2Pz]3(Au3Pz3) and Au3[(n-Pr–O)CN(Me)]3(Au3Cb3) was studied. Single crystal X-ray crystallography data reveal that both gold(I) complexes have one-dimensional stacking patterns caused by intermolecular Au(I)···Au(I) aurophilic interactions. The Au3Pz3trimer units stack with two alternate and symmetrical Au(I)···Au(I) interactions while the Au3Cb3units have three alternating and nonsymmetrical Au(I)···Au(I) interactions. Molecular self-assembly of the gold(I) complexes on the 1-phenyloctane/highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (0001) solution–solid interface is studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The gold(I) cyclotrimers form epitaxial nanostructures on the HOPG surface. At a concentration of ∼1 × 10–4M, Au3Pz3complexes exhibit a single morphology, while Au3Cb3complexes exhibit polymorphology. Two polymorphs, one nonporous and the other porous, are observed at 22.0 ± 2.0 °C for Au3Cb3complexes. A nonporous, low-surface-density (0.82 molecules/nm2) Au3Cb3nanostructure forms first and then transforms into a high-density (1.43 molecules/nm2) porous nanostructure. This is the first time any porous surface nanostructure is reported for an organometallic system. The porous structure is thought to be stabilized by a combination of hydrogen bonding and monolayer–substrate interactions. These pores are utilized to incorporate pyrene into the film, rendering this the first organometallic host–guest system imaged at the solid–solution interface. Molecular and periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations shed light on the two-dimensional topography and polymorphic self-assembly revealed by STM; these calculations suggest significant electronic hybridization of the Au3trimer orbitals and HOPG. The multiple-technique approach used herein provides insights concerning molecule–substrate and molecule–molecule interactions.

Thymic nurse cells (TNCs) are specialized epithelial cells that reside in the thymic cortex. The initial report of their discovery in 1980 showed TNCs to contain up to 200 thymocytes within specialized vacuoles in their cytoplasm. Much has been reported since that time to determine the function of this heterotypic internalization event that exists between TNCs and developing thymocytes. In this review, we discuss the literature reported that describes the internalization event and the role TNCs play during T cell development in the thymus as well as why these multicellular complexes may be important in inhibiting the development of autoimmune diseases.

Production of transportation fuels from renewable biomass is hugely important considering the current ecological concerns over CO2built up in the atmosphere. Ruthenium-containing hydrotalcite (HT) catalysts were applied for the selective hydrogenolysis of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF). Structural and morphological features of the catalysts were examined using various physico-chemical characterization techniques. The influence of various reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature, solvent, Ru content of the catalyst, etc., was investigated with respect to HMF conversion and DMF yield. The study clearly shows that well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles are highly active and selective in the conversion of HMF to DMF. A catalyst containing only 0.56 wt% Ru converted 100 mol% HMF to yield 58 mol% DMF. This catalyst was found to be recyclable as the activity was retained even after five cycles of reaction. 2-Propanol was found to be a good solvent as it helped to improve DMF yield through transfer hydrogenation. Based on the results of the investigations, a reaction pathway for the conversion of HMF to DMF was proposed for the present Ru-based catalyst system.

This paper presents a microsimulation-based framework for generating short-term forecasts of travel time on freeway corridors. The microsimulation model that was developed replicated freeway capacity drop and relaxation phenomena critical for modeling non-steady state conditions. This framework was evaluated offline on a real-world freeway corridor by using data from manual counts and the Georgia Department of Transportation's video detection system. The travel time forecasts were compared with ground truth travel time data; the comparison demonstrated the efficacy of this framework to produce realistic forecasts.

We investigated the ability of the engineered paraoxonase-1 variants G3C9, VII-D11, I-F11, and VII-D2 to afford protection against paraoxon intoxication. Paraoxon is the toxic metabolite of parathion, a common pesticide still in use in many developing countries. An in vitro investigation showed that VII-D11 is the most efficient variant at hydrolyzing paraoxon with a kcat/Kmof 2.1 × 106M−1min−1and 1.6 × 106M−1min−1for the enzyme expressed via adenovirus infection of 293A cells and mice, respectively. Compared with the G3C9 parent scaffold, VII-D11 is 15- to 20-fold more efficacious at hydrolyzing paraoxon. Coinciding with these results, mice expressing VII-D11 in their blood survived and showed no symptoms against a cumulative 6.3 × LD50dose of paraoxon, whereas mice expressing G3C9 experienced tremors and only 50% survival. We then determined whether VII-D11 can offer protection against paraoxon when present at substoichiometric concentrations. Mice containing varying concentrations of VII-D11 in their blood (0.2–4.1 mg/ml) were challenged with doses of paraoxon at fixed stoichiometric ratios that constitute up to a 10-fold molar excess of paraoxon to enzyme (1.4–27 × LD50doses) and were assessed for tremors and mortality. Mice were afforded complete asymptomatic protection below a paraoxon-to-enzyme ratio of 8:1, whereas higher ratios produced tremors and/or mortality. VII-D11 in mouse blood coeluted with high-density lipoprotein, suggesting an association between the two entities. Collectively, these results demonstrate that VII-D11 is a promising candidate for development as a prophylactic catalytic bioscavenger against organophosphorous pesticide toxicity.

IMPORTANCE Detailed information regarding perioperative risk and adverse events associated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) can guide clinical management. Much of the data regarding complications of MMS are anecdotal or report findings from single centers or single events. OBJECTIVES To quantify adverse events associated with MMS and detect differences relevant to safety. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multicenter prospective inception cohort study of 21 private and 2 institutional US ambulatory referral centers for MMS. Participants were a consecutive sample of patients presenting with MMS for 35 weeks at each center, with staggered start times. EXPOSURE Mohs micrographic surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Intraoperative and postoperative minor and serious adverse events. RESULTS Among 20 821 MMS procedures, 149 adverse events (0.72%), including 4 serious events (0.02%), and no deaths were reported. Common adverse events reported were infections (61.1%), dehiscence and partial or full necrosis (20.1%), and bleeding and hematoma (15.4%). Most bleeding and wound-healing complications occurred in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. Use of some antiseptics and antibiotics and sterile gloves during MMS were associated with modest reduction of risk for adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Mohs micrographic surgery is safe, with a very low rate of adverse events, an exceedingly low rate of serious adverse events, and an undetectable mortality rate. Common complications include infections, followed by impaired wound healing and bleeding. Bleeding and wound-healing issues are often associated with preexisting anticoagulation therapy, which is nonetheless managed safely during MMS. We are not certain whether the small effects seen with the use of sterile gloves and antiseptics and antibiotics are clinically significant and whether wide-scale practice changes would be cost-effective given the small risk reductions.

The feasibility of Ni supported Zr0.75Ce0.25O2-d (ZCO) composites as steam methane reformable anode has been studied. ZCO powder was prepared by combustion synthesis technique using L-alanine as fuel. Phase pure material with average particle size below 1 um was obtained upon calcination at 700oC for 6 h. Thermal expansion behaviour and electrical characterization of bulk samples of such Ni-ZCO composite anodes (Ni content between 20 and 40 vol%) have been carried out. Steam methane reforming (SMR) activity of the samples was also evaluated. The composite anodes were found to be quite promising in terms of matching thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity and SMR activity. Anode supported single cells having configuration Ni-ZCO/YSZ/LSM have been fabricated and tested using methane as fuel.

The article reflects on the significance of a pronouncing dictionary of the U.S. Supreme Court. It emphasizes on the need of identification of the U.S. Supreme Court cases that are most susceptible to mispronunciation and to determine the proper pronunciation for such cases. It informs about a "Pronunciation Guide" of Bryan A. Garner that follows norms of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet.

A computational study of the interaction of metal atoms (M′) with cyclo-[Au(μ-Pz)]3trimer (T) (Pz = Pyrazolate ligand), a p-type organometallic semiconductor is reported in this article. The metal atoms chosen for the study are both high and low work function electrode metals (M′ = Al, Au, Cu, La, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, Ni) used in electronic devices. Metal (M′M) and ligand (M′L) sites of the gold trimer are investigated as the possible sites of deposition for the metal atoms. Examination of metal binding, geometric, and electronic properties indicated that low work function metals La and Ti favor the ligand coordination (M′L); Al, Au, Cu, Ni, Pt, and Ru favor coordination to the metal (i.e., gold) site of the trimer. Pd has equal stability at both the M′Land the M′Msites of the trimer. Changes in geometry of the trimer upon deposition of the metal atom are negligible for M′M−T complexes but more change is seen for M′L−T complexes. All metal atoms except Pd exhibited good orbital hybridization with the gold trimer in M′−T complexes. These combinations of observations suggest that, for these metal-based, p-type conductors will form stable interfaces with good electron transfer with typical source/drain electrode metals.

Gene delivery using an adenoviral system has been effective in introducing therapeutic proteins in vitro and in vivo. This study tested the feasibility of using adenovirus to deliver clinically relevant amounts of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a proven bioscavenger of nerve agents. The adenovirus construct expressed full-length mouse BChE. Mice were injected with a single dose of adenovirus (1.5 × 1010infectious units) in the tail vein; plasma was collected through day 11 and assayed for BChE activity. Maximum activity, representing a 300- to 3400-fold increase over baseline, was found on day 4. Expression levels returned to baseline by day 10. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis showed the recombinant BChE was a dimer that could be converted to tetramers by addition of polyproline. The toxic compounds chosen for protection studies were positively charged organophosphorus agents, echothiophate, and O-ethyl-S-2-N,N-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX). Mice containing elevated blood levels of BChE (300- to 3,000-fold over the control mice) were challenged with incremental doses of echothiophate or VX. Mice showed no signs of toxicity and were protected from up to 30× LD50dose of echothiophate and 5× LD50dose of VX. A good correlation was observed between tolerated echothiophate dose and plasma BChE levels at time of challenge. The absolute increases in levels of circulating BChE and the sustained nature of the response resulted in a very high enzyme concentration, deemed critical in acute toxicity (5× LD50or more) scenarios. These results suggest that gene-delivered BChE is a prophylactic and affords protection equivalent to that of a multimilligram injection of the same.

Human serum butyrylcholinesterase (Hu BChE) is a promising therapeutic against the toxicity of chemical warfare nerve agents. We have showed previously that recombinant (r) Hu BChE can be expressed at very high levels, 400 to 600 U/ml in mouse blood, by delivering the Hu BChE gene using adenovirus (Ad). Here, we report the biochemical properties of the Ad-expressed full-length and truncated rHu BChE in mouse blood. The molecular sizes of the full-length rHu BChE subunit and its oligomers were similar to those of native Hu BChE, although only a small portion of the full-length rHu BChE subunit underwent assembly into dimers and tetramers. As expected, Ad containing the truncated Hu BChE gene transduced the expression of monomeric rHu BChE only. Compared with 415 U of rHu BChE per milliliter in blood, tissues including liver, lung, heart, brain, kidney, muscle, intestine, diaphragm, salivary gland, and fat expressed <10 U/g of rHu BChE activity. Ad-expressed rHu BChE in mouse blood neutralized soman and O-ethyl S-2-N,N-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate at rates similar to those of native Hu BChE and rHu BChE expressed in vitro. Because the expression of rHu BChE rapidly decreased 6 days after virus administration, sera were assayed for the presence of anti-Hu BChE antibodies. Anti-Hu BChE antibodies were detected on day 7 and in increased amounts thereafter, which coincided with the loss of Hu BChE expression in sera. In conclusion, the delivery of Hu BChE gene using Ad can be a promising strategy that can provide protection against multiple lethal doses of chemical warfare nerve agents in vivo.

Noxious cold sensation is associated with peripheral neuropathies, yet little is known about the mechanisms underlying cold hypersensitivity and pain. Here we identify a role for the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system in driving cold hypersensitivity. The cold plate assay was used to determine the cold hypersensitivity in wildtype (WT) (C57BL/6J) and Transient receptor potential (TRP) Ankyrin –1(A1) KO mice. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) assay was used to determine the expression of KOR in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and its co-expression with TRPA1 transcripts in mouse and human DRG's. Ex-vivo calcium imaging was used to investigate calcium dynamics between KOR and TRPA1 in the modulation of cold hypersensitivity in mouse DRG's. Activation of KOR by the agonist U50,488 (U50) increased the number of jumps on a cold plate at the noxious temperature of 3°C in WT mice. We show that this cold hypersensitivity is mediated by peripherally expressed KOR. To begin to explore how peripherally expressed KOR modulates cold hypersensitivity, using FISH, we found that KOR colocalized with TRPA1 transcripts in both mice (WT) and human DRG. Interestingly, KOR activation potentiated TRPA1-dependent calcium signaling in DRG neurons of WT mice. Furthermore, we show that KOR mediated cold hypersensitivity is attenuated in TRPA1-/- mice on cold plate at 3°C, suggesting that KOR mediated cold hypersensitivity might be through TRPA1. Together, we have identified a novel role for peripheral KOR activation in driving cold hypersensitivity, and this behavior is likely mediated through potentiated TRPA1 activity. We have identified a novel role for kappa opioid receptors (KOR) in driving cold hypersensitivity via TRPA1. These findings will have major implications not only in our understanding of cold sensitivity, but also the potential to open up alternative therapeutic targets to allow us to treat cold hypersensitivity and pain.

We develop an algorithm to identify cis-elements in promoter regions of coregulated genes. This algorithm searches for subsequences of desired length whose frequency of occurrence is relatively high, while accounting for slightly perturbed variants using hash table and modulo arithmetic. Motifs are evaluated using profile matrices and higher-order Markov background model. Simulation results show that our algorithm discovers more motifs present in the test sequences, when compared with two well-known motif-discovery tools (MDScan and AlignACE). The algorithm produces very promising results on real data set; the output of the algorithm contained many known motifs.

We review past and present work regarding epitaxial growth of GaAs on Ge surfaces. Early work in molecular beam epitaxy showed that substrate off-cut was a critical factor, although later work with gas-source molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition revealed that interface initiation equally controlled GaAs epitaxial layer quality. Using SiGe buffer layers to produce Ge on Si, and GaAs/Ge interfaces with optimal epitaxial control, various minority carrier devices have been fabricated over the past 5 years. To allow the co- habitation of such devices with silicon CMOS in a true monolithic technology, a new substrate platform has been created to allow for the integration of these III-V devices within a Si CMOS fabrication environment.

SCOOT is a widely used adaptive signal control system. There have been many evaluations of SCOOT during normal traffic conditions. It is hypothesized that SCOOT's ability to adapt to varying traffic during incidents provides an added benefit over its normal congestion-relieving capability. Through an interface between CORSIM and an actual SCOOT system, this study evaluates, in a simulated environment, SCOOT's performance during incidents to quantify these additional benefits. The evaluation is made over a range of volumes and incident durations. A theoretical test network and two real-world networks are simulated. Network and intersection delay, travel time, and queue length are used as measures of effectiveness (MOEs) throughout the comparison to quantify total and marginal benefits. During a 45-min incident within the Salt Lake City downtown area network, SCOOT reduced network delay, travel time, intersection delay, and queue length by 28.3%, 22.8%, 30.7 %, and 24.2 %, respectively, relative to the optimized plan-based control. Similar results were observed on the other real-world network. Although adaptive control has benefits above plan-based signal control, the findings indicate that during incidents, SCOOT provides an additional increase in benefits. The findings indicate that average SCOOT MOEs improve by 7% for a 15-min incident, by 12% for a 30-min incident, and by 18% for a 45-min incident depending on congestion level. The additional benefits that SCOOT adaptive control provides during incidents are quantified through the system's inherent ability to respond to traffic conditions in real time.

SCOOT is a widely used adaptive signal control system. There have been many evaluations of SCOOT during normal traffic conditions. It is hypothesized that SCOOT's ability to adapt to varying traffic during incidents provides an added benefit over its normal congestion-relieving capability. Through an interface between CORSIM and an actual SCOOT system, this study evaluates, in a simulated environment, SCOOT's performance during incidents to quantify these additional benefits. The evaluation is made over a range of volumes and incident durations. A theoretical test network and two real-world networks are simulated. Network and intersection delay, travel time, and queue length are used as measures of effectiveness (MOEs) throughout the comparison to quantify total and marginal benefits. During a 45-min incident within the Salt Lake City downtown area network, SCOOT reduced network delay, travel time, intersection delay, and queue length by 28.3%, 22.8%, 30.7 %, and 24.2 %, respectively, relative to the optimized plan-based control. Similar results were observed on the other real-world network. Although adaptive control has benefits above plan-based signal control, the findings indicate that during incidents, SCOOT provides an additional increase in benefits. The findings indicate that average SCOOT MOEs improve by 7% for a 15-min incident, by 12% for a 30-min incident, and by 18% for a 45-min incident depending on congestion level. The additional benefits that SCOOT adaptive control provides during incidents are quantified through the system's inherent ability to respond to traffic conditions in real time.

Magnesium sulfate therapy, standard in preventing seizures in preeclampsia, is under active investigation as a neuroprotective agent. The authors studied the effect of magnesium as a cerebral vasodilator by measuring the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) response to a 5g intravenous bolus of MgSO4compared with a saline placebo after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was measured after each infusion. Patients were studied up to three times after SAH at prescribed time intervals. Fourteen patients (11 women, 3 men; mean age 58 years) underwent 29 studies. All patients underwent hypertensive, hypervolemic therapy. Four patients developed cerebral vasospasm. Doubling serum magnesium levels did not affect MCA CBFV but slightly lowered mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Intravenous magnesium bolus did not reduce elevated CBFV in the subset of SAH patients with clinical vasospasm. The role of magnesium sulfate as a cerebral vasodilator in patients with SAH requires further study.

Three-point bending fatigue compliance datasets of multi-layer fiberglass-weave/epoxy test specimens, including 5 and 10 mil interlayers, were analyzed using artificial intelligence (AI) methods along with statistical analysis, revealing the existence of three different compliance-based damage modes. Anomaly detection algorithms helped discover damage indicators observable in short intervals (of 50 cycles) in the compliance data, whose patterns vary with the material and the number of load cycles to which the material is subjected. Machine learning algorithms were applied using the compliance features to assess the likelihood that material failure may occur within a certain number of future loading cycles. High accuracy, precision, and recall rates were achieved in the classification task, for which we evaluated several algorithms, including various variations of neural networks and support vector machines. Thus, our work demonstrates the utility of AI algorithms for discovering a diversity of damage mechanisms and failures.

In today’s world concrete is one of the major construction materials. With the growth in industrialization and urbanization the demand for the concrete has taken a new pace. Therefore, to fulfill the demand huge amounts of natural resources has to be exploited for the production of the cement because natural resources and raw materials are major constituents in the production. At the same time huge quantities of industrial and agricultural wastes are generating in developing countries and are posing serious risk to the environment as well as human health. So, by utilizing these wastes as a supplementary material in construction reduces the usage of natural resources in the cement as well as decreases the threat of wastes in the environment. Many researchers have proved the effective utilization of wastes in the construction industry as they are more reliable and promote sustainability. This paper reviews waste generation and its statistics as well as environmental implication caused by wastes. It also high lights the possible ways of wastes that can be used in construction, preparation of blocks, insulators etc. This study also provides summary of existing research about usage of Agri and industrial wastes in the construction industry. In addition, paper shows application of wastes in real time construction.

The paper’s main goal is to analyze the efficiency of roof and wall systems based on varying insulating material layers in the tropical climatic region of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. This research is carried out on “e-QUEST” software for energy analysis which is determined on monthly basis and the results gave evidence about energy consumption of building envelope and its operational life cycle costing. The wall and roof system have been studied for computation of the operating energy requirements and its subsequent carbon footprints which comes under concept of sustainability of building. The materials identified for insulating roof are vacuum insulated panels, wool glass, phenolic foam, expanded polystyrene, polystyrene, and for wall are cellulose, fiber glass, mineral wool, polystyrene, aero gel. Due to both have insulation of wall and roof systems the passage a source of heat minimized because of which the cooling demand is reduced on building and ultimately leads to lowering of energy consumption. Hence this study is crucial to understand the resident indoor air comfort, environmental and long-term economic benefits.

To assess survival and functional outcome in patients endotracheally intubated after ischemic stroke (IS) or spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Simple, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of pentoxifylline, based on the haloform reaction with a known and excess of standard iodine solution under alkaline conditions. The excess of iodine is determined at pH 3.0 with metol–isoniazid (λmax=620 nm; method A) or wool fast blue BL (λmax=540 nm, method B). All the variables have been optimised and the reaction mechanisms presented. Regression analysis of Beer's law plots showed good correlation in the concentration ranges 4.0–24.0 and 0.4–2.4 mg ml−1for methods A and B respectively. No interferences were observed from excipients and the validity of the methods was tested by analysing pharmaceutical formulations. Recoveries were 99.0–100.0%. The concentration measurements were reproducible within a relative standard deviation of 1.0%.

Elevated pressures greater than 551 bar were found to inhibit the DNA supercoiling activity ofEscherichia coliDNA gyrase. A large fraction of the inhibitory effect could be reproduced by preincubation of the enzyme at high pressure prior to enzymatic assay at 1 bar. It is proposed that elevated pressure influences gyrase structure, most likely by promoting the dissociation of its subunits, however, it is also possible that effects on enzyme activity exist.

The dianionic compounds [Fe2(CO)6E2]2−(E=S, Se, or Te) show contrasting reactivitites toward propargyl bromide. When E=S or Se, $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left( {\mu - ECH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)_2 } \right]$$ are isolated from the reactions of [Fe2(CO)6E2]2−with propargyl bromide. The S-compound, $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left( {\mu - SCH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)_2 } \right]$$ is isolated in only one isomeric form (a, e) in which the two $$\left( {CH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)$$ moieties have different orientations, whereas the Se-compound is isolated in two isomeric forms, (a, e) and (e, e). Reaction of [Fe2(CO)6Te2]2−with propargyl bromide yields $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left( {\mu - TeCH = C = CH_2 } \right)\left( {\mu - TeCH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)} \right]$$ , which also exists in two isomeric forms. Room temperature reactions of $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left( {\mu - ECH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)_2 } \right]$$ with two equivalents of Co2(CO)8yielded $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left\{ {\left( {\mu - ECH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)Co_2 \left( {Co} \right)_6 } \right\}_2 } \right]$$ (E=S, a, eisomer; E=Se, a, eand e, eisomers. All new compounds were characterised by IR and 1H, 13C, 77Se, and l25Te NMR spectroscopy. Structures of $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left( {\mu - SeCH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)_2 } \right]$$ (e,e), $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left\{ {\left( {\mu - SCH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)CO_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 } \right\}_2 } \right]$$ (a,e), and $$\left[ {Fe_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 \left\{ {\left( {\mu - SeCH_2 C \equiv CH} \right)CO_2 \left( {CO} \right)_6 } \right\}_2 } \right]$$ (e,e), were further established by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods.