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Leaf miner is a major coffee tree pest that causes severe losses. Most farmers perform chemical control in an attempt to reduce damage to the crop. Thus, the current study aims to analyze spraying efficiency and control effectiveness according to the management plan adopted in a coffee farm in the Cerrado of Minas Gerais. The application used Arbus sprayer, model 2,000, at the pressure of 600 kPa. The droplet spectrum was analyzed using water-sensitive paper. The plant architecture influence on the application quality was evaluated through the droplet spectrum and control efficacy. We conclude that the plant crown height and depth affected application efficiency. Spraying was an effective phytosanitary control of coffee leaf miner, reaching 87.5% control efficiency ratio, considering that infestation was three times higher than that recommended for the applied pesticide at the time of application.

Green Coffea arabica L. seed oil (GCO) has been used as an active cosmetic ingredient in many skin care products, due to its composition and balance of fatty acids. On the other hand, while roasted coffee oil (RCO) is mainly used for imparting aroma in the food industry, there is no data available to suggest its safety in cell-based model systems. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the chemical composition of GCO, RCO, and their correspondent polar fractions (PFs); and assess their cytotoxicity and antioxidant potential in vitro. RCO and RCO PF exhibited significantly higher amounts of phenolic compounds, when compared to both GCO and GCO PF. In the DPPH assay, after 5 min of incubation, RCO inhibited about 80% of radicals, while GCO only achieved half of this activity. Similar results were also obtained for their PFs. Upon exposure to GCO, no cytotoxic effects were observed, in fact, there were slight increments in cell proliferation. Nevertheless, cell exposure to RCO led to significant decreases in cell viability. Increases in the concentration of coffee oil PFs were associated with correspondent relevant increased cytotoxicity. Upon hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, neither GCO nor RCO treatment were effective in protecting cells.

The coffee seedling production quality is essential to ensure crop development in field. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two substrates (cattle manure and filter cake) interacting with four levels of organic fertilizer with lithothanmium in coffee seedlings var. Lempira production. A completely randomized experimental design was used with factorial arrangement of treatments 5 x 2, five levels of lithothamnium (0, 1.75, 3.50, 5.25, and 7 kg m-3 of substrate), two substrates (cattle manure and filter cake) and three replicates. The variables evaluated were: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and root length. The treatments produced significant effects on the initial development parameters of the coffee seedlings. The best results in plants grown were obtained in cattle manure substrate with 5.25 kg m-3 of lithothamnium, and decreased with levels higher than 1.75 kg m-3 of lithothanmium in filter cake substrate The coffee seedling production quality is essential to ensure crop development in field. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two substrates (cattle manure and filter cake) interacting with four levels of organic fertilizer with lithothanmium in coffee seedlings var. Lempira production. A completely randomized experimental design was used with factorial arrangement of treatments 5 x 2, five levels of lithothamnium (0, 1.75, 3.50, 5.25, and 7 kg m-3 of substrate), two substrates (cattle manure and filter cake) and three replicates. The variables evaluated were: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and root length. The treatments produced significant effects on the initial development parameters of the coffee seedlings. The best results in plants grown were obtained in cattle manure substrate with 5.25 kg m-3 of lithothamnium, and decreased with levels higher than 1.75 kg m-3 of lithothanmium in filter cake substrate.

Os atributos físicos e químicos do solo são fatores importantes a serem considerados no manejo da cultura do café, pois podem limitar a produtividade das lavouras cafeeiras. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a variabilidade espacial e a resposta espectral dos atributos físicos e químicos de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO argiloso. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de 14 hectares cultivada com Coffea arabica. O solo da área foi amostrado nas camadas de 0 a 0,1 m e de 0,1 a 0,2 m, em uma malha amostral de 112 pontos. Essas amostras foram utilizadas na determinação dos indicadores químicos (ácido húmico e ácido fúlvico) e indicadores físicos por meio de amostras indeformadas retiradas através de cilindros, as quais foram saturadas para determinação da porosidade total e da densidade do solo e amostras deformadas (agregados do solo e granulometria). Foram também realizadas leituras da resistência do solo à penetração, através de um penetrômetro de impacto. Conjuntamente foi determinada a produtividade da cultura. Para cada variável obtida foi realizado um estudo estatístico dos principais momentos através da estatística descritiva, visando caracterizar a distribuição probabilística e verificar a variabilidade dos dados. A metodologia geoestatística também foi utilizada com o objetivo de definir o modelo de variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo envolvidos neste estudo. A análise variográfica foi realizada através de semivariogramas. Para a confecção dos mapas foi utilizado o programa GS+. A resposta espectral foi feita através do índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), correlacionando aos valores amostrados em campo. Todas as variáveis avaliadas possuem grau de dependência espacial forte e ou moderado. A densidade do solo e a porosidade total apresentaram correlação com a ferramenta NDVI. O uso da geoestatística e o índice da vegetação juntamente com os mapas gerados podem ser ferramentas úteis para auxiliar o produtor na tomada de decisões relacionadas ao manejo do solo em áreas com cultivo de cafeeiro. The physical and chemical attributes of the soil are important factors to be considered in the management of coffee culture, as they can limit the productivity of coffee crops. Thus, the objective of the present study was to analyze the spatial variability and the spectral response of the physical and chemical attributes of a clayey RED LATOSOL. The study was carried out in an area of 14 hectares cultivated with Coffea arabica. The soil in the area was sampled in the 0 to 0.1 m and 0.1 to 0.2 m layers, in a 112-point sampling grid. These samples were used in the determination of chemical indicators (humic acid and fulvic acid) and physical indicators by means of undisturbed samples taken through cylinders, the which were saturated to determine total porosity and soil density and deformed samples (soil aggregates and granulometry). Readings of soil resistance to penetration were also performed, using an impact penetrometer. The productivity of the crop was jointly determined. For each variable obtained, a statistical study of the main moments was carried out through descriptive statistics, aiming to characterize the probabilistic distribution and verify the data variability. The geostatistical methodology was also used in order to define the spatial variability model of the physical and chemical attributes of the soil involved in this study. Variographic analysis was performed using semivariograms. To make the maps, the GS + program was used. The spectral response was made through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), correlating with the values sampled in the field. The use of geostatistics and the vegetation index together with the generated maps can be useful tools to assist the producer in making decisions related to soil management in areas with coffee cultivation. Dissertação (Mestrado)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pyraclostrobin on the photosynthetic performance of rabica coffee plants subjected or not to a water deficit, using the parameter of gas exchange (net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and internal CO2 concentration and nocturnal respiration), chlorophyll fluorescence a parameters (minimum fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, effective quantum yield of PSII, quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation and quantum yield dissipation non-regulated) as well as the concentrations of chloroplast pigments. In the plants maintained without water deficit, pyraclostrobin did not cause any alteration on the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence; however, it contributed to an increase in the level of chlorophyll a + b, CO2 assimilation and CO2 influx for the carboxylation sites of the stroma. Decreases in nocturnal respiration in plants treated with pyraclostrobin, submitted or not to water deficit seems to be a common strategy in reducing energy waste in the maintenance metabolism. Under water deficit, pyraclostrobin contributed to increase the photochemical yield, enabling plants to effectively prevent the capture, use and dissipation of light energy. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pyraclostrobin on the photosynthetic performance of rabica coffee plants subjected or not to a water deficit, using the parameter of gas exchange (net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and internal CO2 concentration and nocturnal respiration), chlorophyll fluorescence a parameters (minimum fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, effective quantum yield of PSII, quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation and quantum yield dissipation non-regulated) as well as the concentrations of chloroplast pigments. In the plants maintained without water deficit, pyraclostrobin did not cause any alteration on the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence; however, it contributed to an increase in the level of chlorophyll a + b, CO2 assimilation and CO2 influx for the carboxylation sites of the stroma. Decreases in nocturnal respiration in plants treated with pyraclostrobin, submitted or not to water deficit seems to be a common strategy in reducing energy waste in the maintenance metabolism. Under water deficit, pyraclostrobin contributed to increase the photochemical yield, enabling plants to effectively prevent the capture, use and dissipation of light energy.

The current study investigates the phytochemical composition of coffee plant organs and their corresponding antioxidant capacities compared to green and roasted coffee beans. HPLC analysis indicated that the investigated compounds were present in all organs except mangiferin, which was absent in roots, stems and seeds, and caffeine, which was absent in stems and roots. Total phytochemicals were highest in the green beans (GB) at 9.70 mg g&minus, 1 dry weight (DW), while roasting caused a 66% decline in the roasted beans (RB). This decline resulted more from 5&ndash, CQA and sucrose decomposition by 68% and 97%, respectively, while caffeine and trigonelline were not significantly thermally affected. Roasting increased the total phenolic content (TPC) by 20.8% which was associated with an increase of 68.8%, 47.5% and 13.4% in the antioxidant capacity (TEAC) determined by 2,2&ndash, diphenyl&ndash, 1&ndash, picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2&ndash, azino bis (3&ndash, ethyl benzothiazoline&ndash, 6&ndash, sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. Amongst the leaves, the youngest (L1) contained the highest content at 8.23 mg g&minus, 1 DW, which gradually reduced with leaf age to 5.57 mg g&minus, 1 DW in the oldest (L6). Leaves also contained the highest TPC (over 60 mg g&minus, 1 GAE) and exhibited high TEAC, the latter being highest in L1 at 328.0, 345.7 and 1097.4, and least in L6 at 304.6, 294.5 and 755.1 &micro, mol Trolox g&minus, 1 sample for the respective assays. Phytochemical accumulation, TPC and TEAC were least in woody stem (WS) at 1.42 mg g&minus, 1 DW, 8.7 mg g&minus, 1 GAE, 21.9, 24.9 and 110.0 &micro, 1 sample, while herbaceous stem (HS) contained up to 4.37 mg g&minus, 27.8 mg g&minus, 110.9, 124.8 and 469.7 &micro, 1 sample, respectively. Roots contained up to 1.85 mg g&minus, 1 DW, 15.8 mg&minus, 1 GAE and TEAC of 36.8, 41.5 and 156.7 &micro, 1 sample. Amongst the organs, therefore, coffee leaves possessed higher values than roasted beans on the basis of phytochemicals, TPC and TEAC. Leaves also contain carotenoids and chlorophylls pigments with potent health benefits. With appropriate processing methods, a beverage prepared from leaves (coffee leaf tea) could be a rich source of phytochemicals and antioxidants with therapeutic and pharmacological values for human health.

Agriculture is a dynamic activity that sustains food and other goods for global human population. Aiming to ensure global food security, the sector has evolved dramatically, especially over the last century with the introduction of high-yielding crops, improved technology and pathogen resistant varieties, to name a few. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the food security issue is still present. In 2019, around 26% of the world population experienced either a moderate or severe level of food insecurity. Climate change makes the challenge of food security even more pressing. It is argued that increased agrobiodiversity through farm diversification and varietal selection can help farmers to cope with the negative effects of climate change while ensuring food security. However, such approaches have been difficult to scale up. One could argue that we often lack information to understand the contexts that drive farmers’ adaptation decisions and how to develop recommendations for adaptation. In this thesis, I developed methods and tools to support farmers and stakeholders in adapting to a changing climate. I present results from three continents to improve the understanding of the food systems at the farm level, and specifically in smallholder farming. I provide insights for the different biological levels: species level, focusing on trees as slow grower organisms for interspecific diversification; varieties level, looking for locally adapted phenotypes; and genotype level, focusing on G × E interactions to support crop breeding for intraspecific diversification. From the first part of the study, conducted in Central America, the results showed that farmers have a clear preference to a set of adaptation strategies, with reforestation (agroforestry) as the first choice (Paper 1). Crop variety management is the least preferred choice of the top-5. In the second part of the study, I assessed the impacts of climate change on the habitats of the 100 most common tree species used in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry in Central America (Paper 2). The results showed that the most preferred trees are the most vulnerable, but farmers could re-think the agroforestry designs using a portfolio of underutilised species already present in low densities at the current systems. In the third part of the study, I employed a citizen science approach that can scale variety testing and help farmers to select the right crop variety for their farms (Paper 3). I tested this approach with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Nicaragua, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in India and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Ethiopia. The results showed that the approach reduces geographic sampling bias and could be scaled to provide tailored recommendations for crop variety management. I also show, with durum wheat genotypes in Ethiopia, that linking the farmer-generated data to scientist-generated data can support breeding programs targeting challenging crop production environments using a data-driven decentralised approach (Paper 4). The approach is fully replicable, and part of its workflow is presented in this thesis (Paper 5 and Paper 6). Overall, the results of this thesis should be seen as starting point to develop lines of research that support recommendations to adapt agricultural systems to a changing climate. Landbruk er en dynamisk aktivitet som skal sikre mat og andre varer som verdens befolkning til enhver tid trenger. Med global matsikkerhet som mål har landbruket utviklet seg mye, særlig det siste århundre, blant annet ved å ta i bruk høytytende grøder, forbedret dyrkningsteknikk og sorter som er resistente mot sykdommer. I følge FNs organisasjon for ernæring og landbruk (FAO) er matsikkerhet fortsatt et aktuelt tema. I 2019 opplevde rundt 26% av verdens befolkning en moderat eller alvorlig grad av usikkerhet rundt tilgangen på mat. Klimaendringer gjør utfordringene rundt matsikkerhet enda mer krevende. Hele matvaresystemet må endres for å takle klimaendringer og samtidig sikre nok mat til alle. Det hevdes at økt biologisk mangfold i landbruket kan hjelpe bønder i å takle klimaendringene og samtidig sikre matproduksjonen, dette gjennom mer variasjon i hva som dyrkes på gårdsnivå og gjennom et bedre utvalg av sorter. Slike tilnærminger har imidlertid vist seg å være vanskelige å skalere opp. Man kan hevde at vi ofte mangler tilstrekkelig med informasjon for fullt ut kunne forstå hva som avgjør bønders valg knytta til klimatilpasning - og videre hvordan man så skal kunne utvikle rådgivingen for dette. I denne avhandlingen har jeg utviklet metoder og verktøy som kan brukes for å hjelpe bønder og andre i å tilpasse seg til endringer i klima. Jeg presenterer resultater fra tre ulike kontinent, dette for gi eksempel på hvordan en økt forståelse av matvaresystemene kan fungere på gårdsnivå, og særlig på små gårder. Jeg går inn på ulike biologiske nivå: på artsnivå, med fokus på trær som vokser langsomt og som gir stor diversitet mellom arter; på sortsnivå, ved å søke å finne lokalt tilpassa fenotyper; og på genotypenivå, ved å fokusere på samspillet mellom gener og miljø (G × E), dette for å støtte foredlingsarbeid for økt diversitet innenfor arter. Resultater fra første delen av studiet som ble gjennomført i Mellom-Amerika viste at bønder har en klar preferanse for et sett av strategier i forhold til klimatilpasning, med agroskogbruk som førstevalg (Artikkel 1). Sortsvalg er det minst foretrukne valget av topp fem. I andre del av studiet undersøkte jeg hvor egnet dagens vokseplasser i Mellom-Amerika er for de 100 vanligste trærne som anvendes innenfor agroskogbruket med kaffe (Coffea arabica L.) og kakao (Theobroma cacao L.), dette med tanke på framtidige klimascenarier (Artikkel 2). Resultatene viste at de mest foretrukne trærne er de mest sårbare og at bøndene burde tenke nytt i forhold til utforming av agroskogbruket, dette ved å ta i bruk en rekke mindre anvendte arter som likevel finnes i dagens system. I tredje del av studiet anvendte jeg grasrotforskning som tilnærming for å skalere opp sortsforsøk og hjelpe bønder med å velge riktig sort for gårdene sine (Artikkel 3). Jeg undersøkte dette i bønner (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) i Nicaragua, vanlig brødhvete (Triticum aestivum L.) i India og durumhvete (Triticum durum Desf.) i Etiopia. Resultatene viste at en slik tilnærming reduserer feilkilder knyttet til geografisk representasjon og kan skaleres opp for å gi mer skreddersydde løsninger for bruk av sorter. I arbeidet med ulike genotyper av durumhvete i Etiopia viser jeg at foredlingsprogrammer kan styrkes at ved å koble grasrot-genererte data til forsker-genererte data gjennom en desentralisert tilnærming (Artikkel 4). Tilnærmingen er fullt mulig å gjenta, og en del av arbeidsflyten er presentert i avhandlingen (Artikkel 5 og 6). Samlet sett bør resultatene fra denne avhandlingen sees som en start på å utvikle en forskningen som kan bistå med anbefalinger slik at landbruket bedre kan tilpasse seg til et klima i endring.

The demand for high-quality coffee among consumers has generated a great deal of interest among producers in serving this market. Parameters for physiological analyses that can be associated with aspects of sensory analyses of coffee can ensure more reliable results for coffee quality assessments. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of physiological analyses in determining coffee quality through multivariate analysis. Several samples from coffee bean/seed lots were placed in cold storage at 10 °C, after which the sensory quality, physiological quality, and chemical characteristics of the beans were evaluated before storage and after three and six months of storage. The variables of physiological quality in the coffee beans were correlated with sensory analysis parameters. The viability of coffee embryos revealed by the tetrazolium test results were positively correlated with the final sensory analysis score. There was a correlation of root dry matter, hypocotyl dry matter, potassium leaching, and electrical conductivity with the sensory attributes that comprise the final sensory analysis score for the coffee beans. Variation in the final sensory analysis score was explained up to 97.14% by the variables radical emergence (r2 = 2.27%), strong normal seedlings, (r2 = 0.56%), seedlings with expanded cotyledonary leaves (r2 = 0.53%), tetrazolium test results (r2 = 91.54%), and potassium leaching (r2 = 2.24%). More studies are required to enable the use of physiological analyses to complement sensory analysis. RESUMO A demanda por cafés com alta qualidade pelos consumidores tem gerado um grande interesse dos produtores em atender esse mercado. Análises fisiológicas que podem ser associadas com a análise sensorial do café podem garantir resultados mais confiáveis para a avaliação da qualidade do café. Objetivou-se com o estudo investigar o potencial de utilização das análises fisiológicas na determinação da qualidade do café, por meio da aplicação de análises multivariadas. Lotes de grãos de café foram colocados sob armazenamento em câmara a 10 ºC, e então foram realizadas avaliações da qualidade sensorial e fisiológica e das características químicas dos grãos antes do armazenamento e após três e seis meses de armazenamento. As variáveis de qualidade fisiológica dos grãos de café foram correlacionadas com a análise sensorial da bebida. A viabilidade dos embriões de café analisada pelo teste de tetrazólio foi positivamente correlacionada com a nota final da análise sensorial. Há correlação da matéria seca das raízes, matéria seca do hipocótilo, lixiviação de potássio e condutividade elétrica com os atributos sensoriais que compõem a nota final da análise sensorial dos grãos de café. 97,14% da variação da nota final da análise sensorial foi explicada pelas variáveis de emergência radicular (r2 = 2.27%), plântulas normais fortes (r2 = 0.56%), plântulas com folhas cotiledonares expandidas (r2 = 0.53%), teste de tetrazólio (r2 = 91.54%) e lixiviação de potássio (r2 = 2.24%). Mais estudos são necessários para permitir o uso das análises fisiológicas para complementar a análise sensorial da bebida.

Because of different Brazilian climatic conditions and the different plant conditions, such as the stage of development and even the variety, wide variation may exist in the crop coefficients (𝐾𝑐) values, both spatially and temporally. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a methodology to determine the short-term 𝐾𝑐 using biophysical parameters of coffee plants detected images obtained by an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). The study was conducted in Travessia variety coffee plantation. A UAS equipped with a digital camera was used. The images were collected in the field and were processed in Agisoft PhotoScan software. The data extracted from the images were used to calculate the biophysical parameters: leaf area index (LAI), leaf area (LA) and 𝐾𝑐. GeoDA software was used for mapping and spatial analysis. The pseudo-significance test was applied with p < 0.05 to validate the statistic. Moran's index (I) for June was 0.228 and for May was 0.286. Estimates of 𝐾𝑐 values in June varied between 0.963 and 1.005. In May, the 𝐾𝑐 values were 1.05 for 32 blocks. With this study, a methodology was developed that enables the estimation of 𝐾𝑐 using remotely generated biophysical crop data.

La adopción de tecnologías generadas para el cultivo del café depende, en gran medida de factores, como la disponibilidad de recursos y el nivel de escolaridad de los productores, lo cual, determina la importancia de analizar las condiciones socioeconómicas, en la estructuración de los sistemas productivos de café. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las principales características sociales y económicas de los cafeteros en los ecotopos 220A y 221A, departamento de Nariño. Con base en un marco muestral de 16.767 predios cafeteros, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 159 productores (86, del ecotopo 220A y 73, del 221A), con el objeto de aplicar el formulario de encuesta. En el análisis estadístico, 58 variables categóricas fueron sometidas a un análisis multivariado, mediante el método de correspondencias múltiples y análisis de clasifi cación jerárquica. El ecotopo 220A, se caracterizó por tener áreas de café entre 1 y 3 hectáreas, viviendas con techos de eternit y zinc, pisos de cemento, energía eléctrica, acueducto y unidad sanitaria. El rendimiento está entre 1.001 y 2.000kg.ha-1, costos de producción menores a COP1.500.000 (USD444,83). Los cafi cultores asisten a jornadas de capacitación y su núcleo familiar está compuesto por 4-7 personas. En el ecotopo 221A predominan las casas con techo de teja, pisos en cemento, energía eléctrica, acueducto y unidad sanitaria; las aguas servidas se disponen en pozos sépticos. No se aplican las buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA), los rendimientos son menores a 1.500kg.ha-1 cps (café pergamino seco) y los costos de producción son inferiores a COP1.500.000ha-1. año-1 (USD444,83). The adoption of technologies generated for the coffee crop, depends to a great degree on factors such as the availability of resources and the producer ́s scholarship which determines the importance of socioeconomic conditions in the coffee productive system structure. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the main coffee grower ́s social and economic characteristics in the 220A and 221A Nariño Department ecotopes. 159 producers (86 from the ecotype 220A and 73 from the ecotope 221A), were selected randomly based on a sampling frame of 16.767 coffee farms, with the purpose of applying the survey questionnaire. In the statistical analysis, 58 categorical variables were used, they were subjected to a multivariate analysis using the multiple correspondence method and hierarchical classification analysis. The 220A ecotope was characterized by having coffee areas between 1 and 3 hectares, houses with eternit and zinc roofs, cement floors, electric power, aqueduct and sanitary unit. The performance is between 1.001 and 2.000kg.ha1, the cost of production is less than COP1.500,000 (USD44,83); the coffee growers attend training sessions and their family nucleus is made up of 4 - 7 people. In the ecotope 221A the houses with tile roof, cement floors, electricity, aqueduct and sanitary unit predominate; wastewater is disposed of in septic tanks. Good agricultural practices (GAP) aren’t used, the yields are less than 1.500kg.ha-1 (dried parchment coffee) and the cost of production is less than $1.500.000 ha-1. year-1 Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Não recebi financiamento The present work had as objective the isolation, biochemical characterization, identification and analysis of the genetic diversity of the endophytic bacterial community associated with Coffea arabica L. culture from conventional and organic cultivation. The endophyte isolates were evaluated in vitro for the potential to promote direct plant growth (phosphate solubilization, biological nitrogen fixation and indole acetic acid production) and indirect (antagonism to phytopathogenic fungi) and enzymatic activity (amylolytic, cellulolytic, esterolytic, lipolytic, pectinolytic and proteolytic). Identification was performed by bacterial cell analysis by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization-Time-Of-Fligh (MALDI-TOF) of 59 endophytic isolates. Forty isolates were also identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene for evaluation and comparing the diversity of endophytic bacterial communities associated with conventional and organic coffee. The analysis of diversity indicated that the endophytic bacterial community of coffee from the organic growing area is more diverse. A total of ten bacterial strains with potential for plant growth promotion were selected for in vivo inoculation in Coffea arabica L. seedlings and in vitro plant growth promotion indicators as well as macro and micronutrient content in leaf tissue were evaluated after 180 days of the first inoculation. Metagenomic analysis of the 16S rDNA gene was also performed on samples of rhizospheric soil from Coffea arabica L. from the same areas. From the analyzes it was possible to identify sequences of 1 phylum, 6 orders and 27 families among all the samples. Among them, the family Planctomycetaceae was the most abundant in the two areas analyzed, whereas the orders Xanthomonadales and Sphingomonadales were the ones that presented smaller relative abundance in the area ofconventional and organic cultivation, respectively. A total of 21 bacterial groups presented relative abundance with significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the rhizosphere samples of conventional and organic coffee, indicating the influence of the management on the bacterial diversity of the rhizospheric soil. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o isolamento, caracterização bioquímica, identificação e análise da diversidade genética da comunidade bacteriana endofitica associada a cultura de Coffea arabica L. provenientes de cultivo convencional e orgânico. As bactérias cultiváveis isoladas endofiticamente foram avaliadas in vitro quanto ao potencial para promoção de crescimento vegetal direto (solubilização de fosfato, fixação biológica de nitrogênio e produção de ácido indol acético) e indireto (antagonismo a fungos fitopatogênicos) e atividade enzimática (amilolítica, celulolítica, esterolítica, lipolítica, pectinolítica e proteolítica). Realizou-se a identificação por meio da análise proteica das células bacterianas por Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization – Time-Of-Fligh (MALDI-TOF) de 59 isolados endofíticos. Também foram identificados 40 isolados por sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rDNA para avaliação e comparação da diversidade das comunidades bacterianas endofíticas associadas ao café de cultivo convencional e orgânico. A análise da diversidade indicou que a comunidade bacteriana endofítica do café proveniente da área de cultivo orgânico é mais diversa. Um total de dez linhagens bacterianas com potencial para promoção de crescimento vegetal foram selecionadas para inoculação in vivo em plântulas de Coffea arabica L. e os parâmetros indicadores de promoção de crescimento vegetal in vivo, bem como o teor de macro e micronutrientes no tecido foliar foram avaliados após 180 dias da primeira inoculação. Também foi realizada a análise metagenômica do gene 16S rDNA em amostras de solo rizosférico de Coffea arabica L. proveniente das mesmas áreas. A partir das análises foi possível identificar sequências de 1 filo, 6 ordens e 27 famílias entre todas as amostras. Dentre elas, a família Planctomycetaceae foi a mais abundante nas duas áreas analisadas, enquanto as ordens Xanthomonadales e Sphingomonadales foram as que apresentaram menor abundância relativa na área de cultivo convencional e orgânico, respectivamente. Um total de 21 grupos bacterianos apresentou abundância relativa com diferença significativa (p ≤ 0,05) entre as amostras de rizosfera de café convencional e orgânico, o que indica a influência do manejo na diversidade bacteriana do solo rizosférico.

Kava je eden najpomembnejših kmetijskih pridelkov na mednarodnem trgu. Razmnoževanje in žlahtnjenje kavovca, na katerem zraste, traja več let, zato v sodobnem kmetijstvu uporabljamo tkivne kulture, s katerimi matično rastlino namnožimo, pospešimo prehod v generativno fazo in pridobimo zdrav rastlinski material. V diplomski nalogi smo vzpostavili tkivno kulturo pri arabskem kavovcu (Coffea arabica L.) iz aksilarnih meristemov. Za sterilizacijo smo uporabili tri načine: raztopino DICA, 1 % raztopino NaClO in 5 % raztopino NaClO pri vseh treh smo izsečke obravnavali 5 min. Pri vsakem obravnavanju smo sterilizirali po 35 nodijev matične rastline. Najboljša je bila sterilizacija z 1 % NaClO, kjer smo dobili 19 (54,29 %) vitalnih brstov okužen je bil en nodij 15 jih je propadlo. Pri sterilizaciji z DICA smo dobili 14 (40,00 %) vitalnih brstov okužili so se 4 nodiji 17 jih je propadlo. Pri sterilizaciji s 5 % NaClO je bil okužen 1 nodij (2,86 %) vitalnih je ostalo 8 (22,86 %) rastlinic kar 74,29 % jih je propadlo, kar kaže na previsoko koncentracijo NaClO. V drugem delu diplomske naloge smo spremljali razraščanje rastlin kavovca ob dodatku 6 mg/L rastlinskega hormona BA v gojišče. Po 44 dneh nobena od rastlin ni odgnala dodatnega poganjka. Povečalo se je samo število listov, ki se je pri 18 opazovanih rastlinicah povečalo iz povprečno 2,0 lista na rastlino na 3,17 listov na rastlino. Coffee is one of the most important agricultural products on the international market. In modern agriculture, tissue cultures are used to multiply the mother plant, accelerate the transition to the generative phase and obtain healthy plant material. In the thesis, a tissue culture of Arabian coffee (Coffea arabica L.) was established. The sterilization of the mother plant material was carried out in three different treatments: with a DICA solution, with 1% NaClO solution and with 5% NaClO solution, all of which were treated for 5 min. In each treatment, 35 cuttings of the parent plant were sterilized. Sterilization with 1% NaClO was the most effective. Through this method we have obtained 19 (54,29%) of vital plants and 1 cutting (2,86%) was infected. 4 (11,43%) plants were infected under DICA sterilization, while 14(40,00%) remained vital. Sterilization with 5% NaClO resulted in 8 (22,86%) vital plants and 1 (2,86%) infected cutting, 74.29% of the cuttings died due to a too high concentration. In the second part of the thesis, plants with the addition of 6 mg / L of plant hormone BA to the medium were grown. After 44 days in the hormone infused media, none of the 18 observed plants grew any extra shoots. The number of leaves was the only factor that changed. From an average of 2.0 leaves per plant it changed to 3.17 leaves per plant.

El café (Coffea arabica L.) es uno de los productos agrícolas más importantes en el mundo, ya que más de 56 países se dedican a su cultivo y es el principal commodity agrícola desde el periodo 1962-1989; y la roya anaranjada del cafeto (Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome) es la enfermedad más devastadora de este cultivo. En Centroamérica, las pérdidas causadas por este patógeno fueron de hasta el 50 % en el ciclo productivo 2011-2012. La producción de café en el estado de Veracruz decreció 8 % desde el 2011 debido a infestaciones por roya, en consecuencia se han realizado investigaciones sobre microorganismos benéficos que brinden tolerancia hacia el patógeno, cuya obtención y aplicación no represente riesgo de deterioro del recurso suelo. En este sentido, las endomicorrizas cumplen con dichos requisitos, sin embargo es necesario conocer la diversidad y condiciones de asociación con la especie agrícola de interés para que el manejo sea efectivo. Por ello el objetivo fue caracterizar poblaciones endomicorrícicas presentes en plantas de café (Coffea arabica L.) variedad Typica con y sin signos de infección por roya en Ixhuatlán del café, Veracruz. Se identificaron 37 especies que corresponden a 14 géneros de endomicorrizas, siendo los más comunes Acaulospora y Rhizophagus, este último es el más frecuente en plantas sin signos de infección por roya. También se encontró mayor porcentaje de colonización en raíz y densidad de esporas en plantas sin signos de infección (7.70 % y 661.68 esporas/100 g de suelo, respectivamente) pero el índice de diversidad de Shannon (H) y el de Simpson (D) no señalan que las poblaciones endomicorrícicas encontradas sean diversas. Estos resultados muestran que las plantas que interaccionan en simbiosis con micorrizas son capaces de tolerar mejor el estrés biótico y abiótico, además la prevalencia de ciertos géneros endomicorrícicos en plantas de café con características fisiológicas particulares da pauta para profundizar en el estudio de la simbiosis diferencial establecida entre plantas y microorganismos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Coffee is an important Brazilian commodity. With global climatic changes and consuming market evolution. Shading coffee bushes is gaining notoriety, once shade trees protect coffee bushes from environmental variations and may increase coffee quality. Spatial distribution and shade trees species alter shade and interspecific competition levels, changing coffee bushes responses. This work aims to access shade trees spatial distribution and species effects on physiology and production of ‘IAC Obatã’ coffee, as well as beans and cup quality. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with tree repetitions in split-split-plots. Shade trees species formed the plots (Anadenanthera falcata; Cassia grandis; e Peltophorum dubium). Split-plots consisted of five distances from shade trees trunks (coffee bushes on shading trees planting rows, distancing one or five meters from the trunk (D1L and D5L); coffee bushes on shading trees between-rows, parallel to D1L and D5L (D1E and D5E); and PS, coffee bushes distancing 77 meters form shading trees trunks, inflicting on a full sun field).Split-split-plots were due to coffee bushes canopy exposure to the sun (branches facing north or south). Between June/2017 and July/2018 coffee bushes reproductive phenological state was accessed. In April/2018 and September/2018 shading trees overstory density and gases exchanges were estimated with a convex densimeter and an Infrared Gas Analyzer, between 07:00-09:00h and 11:00-13:00h. The equipment registered photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and gas exchanges. Before harvesting in July/2018, coffee bushes height, canopy diameter, orthotropic brunch diameter, plagiotropic branch length, number and distance between berries rosettes. Yield was expressed in berries (liters) and beans (kilograms). After processing, berries mass, beans mass, sieve retention, beans defects rate and beverage quality were evaluated. Canopy density was not homogenous during the seasons and shifted due to shading trees spatial distribution. PAR was reduced by shade trees to more suitable levels for coffee bushes, specially on shade trees planting rows. The proximity to shade trees trunk decreased analysis chamber temperature. Coffee bushes transpiration as decreases in carbonic assimilation rate during the day was greater in PS. Coffee bushes shaded by P. dubium were taller and wider. Under A. falcata, coffee bushes’ orthotropic brunch diameter decreased due to proximity to the trunk. Berries rosettes distancing was smaller in PS and larger in D1L. Barry production was inferior in D1L and D5L than in PS. Coffee brunches facing north were smaller, bore more floaters and less cherries. P. dubium showed less competition with coffee bushes. The severe water shortage between July and September of 2017 homogenized blossom. In D1L maturation speed differences between branches facing north and south were reduced and favored a better harvesting. Coffee beans shaded by C. grandis were denser. In PS coffee beans were smaller and lighter. O café é uma das principais commodities agrícola brasileiras. As eminentes emergências climáticas e transformações do mercado consumidor, têm aumentado o cultivo de café sombreado, uma vez que as árvores protegem os cafeeiros de variações ambientais e podem melhorar a qualidade da bebida gerada. A distribuição espacial e a espécie arbórea empregada alteram os níveis de sombreamento e competição interespecífica, modificando as respostas produtivas do cafeeiro. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das espécies de sombreamento e sua distribuição espacial em cafezal arborizado na fisiologia do cafeeiro, produção e qualidade de grãos e bebida. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas. As parcelas corresponderam à espécie de sombreamento (Anadenanthera falcata, Cassia grandis e Peltophorum dubium), as subparcelas à cinco distâncias em relação aos troncos das árvores (cafeeiros localizados na linha de plantio das árvores, a um metro e cinco metros (D1L e D5L); cafeeiros localizados na entrelinha de plantio das árvores, paralelos a D1L e D5L (D1E e D5E); e cafeeiros localizados a 77 metros do tronco das árvores (PS), incidindo em um talhão a pleno sol, as sub-subparcelas corresponderam as faces de exposição dos cafeeiros, norte e sul. Entre os meses de junho/2017 e julho/2018 avaliou-se o desenvolvimento fenológico reprodutivo dos cafeeiros. Em abril/2018 e setembro/2018 foram avaliados a densidade do dossel das árvores, com densiômetro convexo, as trocas gasosas do cafeeiro e a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), com analisador de gases no infravermelho, nos períodos entre 07:00-9:00h e 11:00-13:00h. Antecedendo a colheita em julho/2018 foram avaliados a altura de planta, diâmetro da copa e do ramo ortotrópico principal, comprimento de ramo plagiotrópico, número e distância entre rosetas do cafeeiro. A produtividade foi expressa em frutos por planta e grãos por hectare. Após beneficiamento, foram avaliadas massa de mil frutos cereja, massa de mil grãos, retenção em peneiras, porcentagem dos defeitos (grãos ardidos, brocados, pretos ou verdes) e a qualidade da bebida pela prova da xícara. A densidade e ocupação do dossel não é homogenia ao longo do ano e sofre alterações em função da distribuição espacial das árvores no cafezal. As árvores reduzem a PAR para níveis mais propícios ao aproveitamento do cafeeiro, principalmente na linha de plantio das árvores. A proximidade do tronco das árvores de sombreamento resulta em redução da temperatura da câmara de amostragem. Cafeeiros em PS têm maior transpiração que os sombreados e sofrem maiores reduções na taxa de assimilação de carbono ao longo do dia. Cafeeiros sob P dubium apresentaram maior altura e diâmetro de copa. O diâmetro do ramo ortotrópico aumentou com o distanciamento do tronco de A. falcata. A distância entre as rosetas, foi menor em PS e maior em D1L. As espécies arbóreas não afetaram a massa e o volume de frutos por planta de cafeeiro ou a produtividade. Entretanto, em D1L e D5L a produção de frutos foi inferior que em PS. A face de exposição solar norte apresentou ramos menores, maior produção de frutos boia e menor de frutos cereja. P. dubium apresentou menor potencial de competição com o cafeeiro. O estresse hídrico entre junho e setembro de 2017 homogeneizou a floração do cafeeiro. Na localização D1L a diferença na velocidade de maturação dos frutos entre as faces norte e sul foi atenuada, beneficiando uma colheita homogênea. Cafeeiros sombreados por Cassia grandis apresentaram maior massa de grãos. O sistema a pleno sol produziu grãos menores e mais leves. CAPES: 001

This study aimed to apply precision agriculture techniques in coffee production, using correlation analysis in the definition of management zones. This work was carried out in a 22-ha area of coffee (Coffea arabica L.), cv. ‘Topázio MG 1190’, which was sampled on a regular grid, using a topographic GPS, totaling 64 georeferenced samples (on average, 2.9 points per ha). Descriptive analysis was used in the data, followed by Pearson’s correlation analysis at 0.05 significance between soil chemical attributes, agronomic characteristics of the plants and altitude. It was possible to verify the correlation of soil chemical attributes, agronomic characteristics of the plants and altitude with coffee yield. Altitude was the variable most correlated with coffee yield through correlation analysis. Therefore, it was chosen as the best variable to define management zones and thematic maps capable to support coffee farmers. Three maps were generated to characterize the area in two, three and four management zones. There was a direct influence on mean yield. RESUMO Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, aplicar técnicas de agricultura de precisão no cultivo do café utilizando análise de correlação na definição de zonas de manejo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma área de 22 ha de lavoura de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) da cultivar Topázio MG 1190. Demarcou-se na área em estudo e com a utilização de GPS topográfico, uma malha amostral regular totalizando 64 pontos amostrais georreferenciados (em média 2,9 pontos por ha). Utilizou-se o método de análise descritiva dos dados seguido da análise de correlação de Pearson a 0,05 de significância entre os atributos de solo, características agronômicas da planta e altitude. Foi possível verificar a correlação dos atributos do solo, das características agronômicas das plantas e da altitude com a produtividade. Através da análise de correlação observou-se que a altitude foi a variável que mais se correlacionou com a produtividade sendo, assim, selecionada como variável mais propícia para geração de zonas de manejo e de mapas temáticos capazes de auxiliar os cafeicultores. Foram gerados três mapas que caracterizam a área em duas, três e quatro zonas de manejo. Verificou-se que houve influência direta na média da produtividade.

The study was conducted at the "Estacion Central Naranjal Ce-nicafe" (National Coffee Research Center, Chinchina, Caldas, Colombia) on Coffea arabica L. variety Castillo® to find the leaf angle distribution function that best described the tilt of the angles present in the canopy. Leaf angles were recorded for 1,559 leaves located in the upper, middle and lower profiles of the canopy. The observed leaf angle distribution was compared with the Beta, ellipsoidal and four de Wit distribution functions. The fit between comparisons was determined by the Pearson X 2 test and its significance, the regression coefficient statistically equal to one and the RMSE. Likewise, the leaf angle distribution recorded in the field per profile and their combination was described based on three angle classes (1 st class: 0°-30°; 2 nd class: 30°-60°; and 3 rd class: 60°-90°) according to the Goudriaan criterion. Generally, the leaf angle distribution present in the canopy of Castillo ® coffee variety is adequately described by the Beta function with two parameters and the ellipsoidal function based on the adjustment provided by the statistical tests.

Debido a la importancia que tiene el café (Coffea arabiga L.) en las exportaciones de Nicaragua, se estableció un experimento sobre el cultivo de café en la finca San Dionisio (11° 53’ 80’’ LN, 86° 14’ 05’’ LO y 552 msnm), San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua, con el propósito de evaluar el crecimiento, desarrollo y producción de café bajo tres láminas de riego por goteo complementario (0, 10, 20 y 30 mm) aplicados a partir del 14 abril del 2013 hasta la presencia normal de las precipitaciones en la zona. Los tratamientos fueron ubicados en un Diseño Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) con cua-tro réplicas. Las variables desprendimiento de frutos, índice de área foliar, crecimiento de bandolas, formación de nudos potenciales y producción se aplicó un Análisis de Varianza (ANDEVA) y Tukey (α =0.05). La lámina de riego de 20 mm favoreció el crecimiento vegetativo, formación de estructuras productivas y productividad

La estructura del dosel tiene un marcado efecto sobre la interceptación de la radiación y la fotosíntesis de la planta, además de otros procesos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Estación Central Naranjal de CENICAFÉ (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café - Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia) sobre 25 genotipos de Coffea arabica L., divididos en dos grupos. El primer grupo, con plantas de porte alto (3.6 años) y el segundo con plantas de porte bajo (2.6 años), ambos sembrados a una densidad de 5000 plantas.ha-1. La distribución de los ángulos de las hojas y las ramas en el dosel se caracterizaron en los diferentes genotipos evaluados, así mismo los coeficientes de extinción teóricos de la radiación solar directa y difusa fueron estimados. En los genotipos de porte alto predominaron las distribuciones foliares plagiófila y esférica, mientras que en los de porte bajo fue la planófila. El parámetro x representa a la distribución elipsoidal de los ángulos foliares, este valor varió entre 0.09 y 2.21 para los genotipos de porte alto (verticales y esféricos) y entre 1.90 y 3.98 para los de porte bajo (horizontales). Los coeficientes de extinción teóricos para la radiación directa derivados del parámetro x variaron entre 0.63 a 0.83 para el grupo de porte alto, mientras que en el porte bajo mostraron valores entre 0.84 a 0.93. Para la radiación difusa, los coeficientes presentaron la misma tendencia, pero con valores menores. En cuanto al ángulo de inclinación de las ramas, se caracterizó por ser predominantemente planófilo. The canopy structure has a marked effect on the interception of the solar radiation and the plant photosynthesis, in addition to other processes that in their group, are the result of the plant-environment interaction. The present research was carried out at the Central Station Naranjal of CENICAFÉ (National Coffee Research Center - Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia) in 25 genotypes of Coffea arabica L. which were divided in two groups. The first one with tall aspect plants (3.6 years old) and the second one, with short plant aspect (2.6 years old) both planted in a density of 5000 plants.ha-1. The leaf and branches angles distribution in the canopy were characterized in the different assessed genotypes, also the theoretical extinction coefficients for direct and diffuse solar radiation were estimated. In genotypes of high aspect, the plagiophile and spherical leaf distribution predominated, as in the ones of short aspect the planophile did. The parameter x, represents the ellipsoidal distribution of the leaf angles, which varied between 0.09 and 2.21 for genotypes of high aspect (vertical and spherical) and between 1.90 and 3.98 for the ones of short aspect (horizontal). The theoretical coefficients of extinction for the direct radiation derived of the parameter x varied between 0.63 to 0.83 for the group of high aspect, and the short one, showed values between 0.84 to 0.93, for the diffuse radiation the coefficients showed the same trend but with minor values. As regards the inclination angles of the branches was characterized for being planophile predominant.

The coffee crop requires great spray ability to penetrate into the plant canopy during the application of pesticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spray deposition on leaves of coffee plants and the chemical control of the leaf miner provided by the application of different spray nozzles, with and without the use of an auxiliary boom. The deposition on the upper, middle and lower parts of the plants and the losses to the soil were evaluated using a tracer quantified by spectrophotometer. We also evaluated the chemical control of the leaf miner, counting the larvae, after the application of the insecticides cartap and fenpropathrin. The trial was carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications, in a factorial model (2×2+1): with and without the auxiliary boom, three spray nozzles (hollow cone – MAG 02, flat fan – AD 11002 and air induction hollow cone – TVI 8002) and a control. The use of the auxiliary boom increased the deposition in the lower part of the plants but decreased in the middle part, besides the increase in the runoff. The different nozzles do not provided differences in the deposition, showing the technical feasibility in the use of the hollow cone nozzles with coarse droplets and flat fan. All the chemical control decreased the leaf miner population, without differentiation.

The study aims to compare the efficiency of previously used liquid media for coffee, evaluating NAA concentrations in liquid medium and proline in semi-solid medium in the regeneration of somatic embryos and asses concentrations of BA and IAA in the maturation of embryos in temporary immersion bioreactors. For the regeneration of globular embryos from embryogenic aggregates and calli, we tested five concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg L-1) of NAA in liquid medium and five concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g L-1) of proline in semisolid medium. The multiplication of embryogenic aggregates was highest in culture medium MM, reaching a density 7.5 times greater than that of the initial density. NAA promoted a linear increase in embryo regeneration. The medium containing 2.0 mg L-1 BA and 0.0 mg L-1 IAA yielded the highest percentage of large cotyledonary embryos.

Mycorrhizae provide several benefits to coffee plants. This study evaluated whether these benefits influence the damage caused by the Bidens pilosa competition with coffee seedlings. A randomized blocks design was used, with treatments established in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (presence and absence of B. pilosa interference in non-inoculated control or plants inoculated with either Claroideoglomus etunicatum or Dentiscutata heterogama). Coffee seedlings were inoculated with fungi spores and developed for 120 days. Then, they were subjected to the interference of B. pilosa for more 120 days, when data were collected for growth traits, mycorrhizal colonization, dry matter and foliar nutrient concentrations in coffee plants. Dry matter and nutrient contents in B. pilosa plants were also evaluated. Inoculation provided better growth and nutrition of coffee plants. The competition with B. pilosa reduced mycorrhizal colonization, height, leaf area, leaf and stem dry mass, root dry weight, number of reproductive branches and levels of P and Fe in the coffee plants. However, the harmful effect of the interference was lower in inoculated coffee plants. The dry mass of B. pilosa decreased under the interference of inoculated coffee plants. The inoculation of C. etunicatum and D. heterogama in Arabica coffee seedlings increases the competitiveness of the crop against B. pilosa interference. RESUMO As micorrizas proporcionam diversos benefícios às plantas de cafeeiro. Avaliou-se se esses benefícios influenciam nos danos causados pela competição de Bidens pilosa com plantas jovens de café. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, com tratamentos estabelecidos pelo fatorial 2 x 3 (presença e ausência da interferência de B. pilosa em plantas inoculadas com Claroideoglomus etunicatum ou Dentiscutata heterogama e não inoculadas). Plântulas de café foram inoculadas com esporos dos fungos e se desenvolveram por 120 dias. Em seguida, foram submetidas à interferência de B. pilosa por mais 120 dias, quando foram coletados dados de crescimento, colonização micorrízica, massa seca e teores foliares de nutrientes no cafeeiro. Também foram avaliados a massa seca e os teores de nutrientes em plantas de B. pilosa. A inoculação proporcionou melhor crescimento e nutrição das plantas de café. A competição com B. pilosa reduziu a colonização micorrízica, altura, área foliar, massa seca de folhas e de caule, massa seca de raízes, número de ramos plagiotrópicos e teores de P e Fe das plantas de café, porém, esse efeito foi menor nas plantas inoculadas. A massa seca de B. pilosa diminuiu sob a interferência de plantas de café inoculadas. A inoculação de C. etunicatum e D. heterogama, em mudas de café arábica, aumenta a capacidade competitiva da cultura frente à interferência de B. pilosa.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 The objective was to evaluate the effect of omitting macronutrients in the nutrients solution on growth characteristics and nutritional status of coffee. The treatments were complete nutrients solutions and solutions with nutrient omission: N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium) and S (sulfur). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with 3 replicates in a completely random design. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, relative chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, dry matter, content levels of macronutrients in plant aerial part and root system, and nutritional disorders were evaluated. Macronutrients suppression affected nutrients concentration in many plant parts, inducing the appearance of symptoms characteristic of each nutrient. The most limiting nutrients for coffee plants development were nitrogen and calcium, reflected in the lower dry matter accumulation and nitrogen the most required. Goias Fed Univ, Dept Soils, Goiania, Go, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soil & Fertilizers, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soil & Fertilizers, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Bu çalışmada Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae)’nın yeşil ve kavrulmuş çekirdeklerinin uçucu bileşikleri incelenmiştir. Uçucu bileşenler, Headspace Katı Faz Mikroekstraksiyon (HS-SPME) tekniği ile elde edilmiş ve Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC/MS) ile analiz edilmiştir. Yeşil kahve çekirdeklerinin ana bileşenleri izoamilalkol (% 10.4), hekzanal (% 10.4) ve hekzakosan (% 8.2) iken, kavrulmuş çekirdeklerin ana bileşenleri förfurilalkol (% 13.6), förfurilasetat (% 10.7) ve 5metil förfural (% 9.27) olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, HS-SPME-GC-MS kullanılarak yeşil ve kavrulmuş kahve çekirdeklerinde alkol, aldehit, keton, pirazin, piridin ve furan gibi değişik kimyasal gruplara ait farklı uçucu bileşenlerin belirlenmesi mümkün olmuştur." şeklinde olmalıdır

Coffee in Colombia has favorable characteristics for agroforestry practices; farmers traditionally grow coffee under various types of organic coffee systems, mainly dominated by associated systems coffee with shade leguminous tree species, making it one of the essential ecosystems for microorganisms life. This research was developed in the coffee region of Puente Abadia, Villavicencio, Colombia; the objective was to evaluate the heterotrophic aerobic microbial population in Coffea arábica var. Castilla of bacteria (BP), fungi (FP) and actinomycetes (AP), due to the combined effect of three factors. Factor A was related to two bioclimates zones: Low altitude zone 700 m a.s.l. (Z2); factor B corresponded to two coffee systems: coffee monoculture system (unshaded) (S1), associated coffee system (shaded) (S2) and control treatment of fruit monoculture system (S3). On the other hand, factor C referred to two sampling depth, corresponding to a 0-20 cm depth (D1) and 20-30 cm depth (D2). Significant differences (P≤0.05) between the Z2*S2*D2 factor interaction caused the highest (BP) and (AP); (AP) also was positively influenced by the Z2*S2*D1, Z1*S2*D2 and Z1*S2*D1 interactions (P≤0.05). The (FP) was affected positively by the Z1*S2*D2 and Z1*S2*D1 interactions. The (S2) (shade) had comparative advantages for the soil microbial population, as compared with (S1) and (S3).

O mulching de polietileno pode ser utilizado como uma técnica promissora no cultivo de culturas perenes, reduzindo a incidência e custos com manejo de plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros produtivos e qualitativos do café em função da utilização de mulching de polietileno com diferentes cores e larguras no município de Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Monte Carmelo. O plantio da lavoura, cultivar Topázio MG-1190, realizado em dezembro de 2016, utilizando espaçamento de 3,5 m entre linhas e 0,6 m entre plantas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e cinco tratamentos: mulching branco/preto com largura 1,20 m; mulching branco/preto com largura 1,40 m; mulching prata/preto com largura 1,20 m; mulching prata/preto com largura 1,40 m e ausência de mulching. Em 2019, referente à primeira safra da lavoura, foram determinadas a produtividade, o percentual de frutos verdes, verde-cana, cereja, passas e secos, a análise sensorial e a classificação dos grãos quanto ao tamanho e formato. Também foram estimadas correlações de Pearson entre as variáveis percentuais de frutos verdes e cereja, produtividade e número de defeitos. Verificou-se que a utilização do mulching promoveu acréscimo de 16,9 sacas ha-1 em relação ao tratamento controle, produzindo cafés que atingiram padrão de bebida especial de acordo com protocolo da SCAA. O uso de cobertura plástica acelerou a maturação dos frutos e reduziu a porcentagem de frutos moca médio, enfatizando o potencial de uso dessa tecnologia na fase de formação de lavouras cafeeiras.

No Brasil, o uso de bombas de calor em processos de secagem se limita a poucos trabalhos experimentais, com o emprego de equipamentos importados para uso restritamente laboratorial, em escalas muito pequenas. Assim, o trabalho traz contribuições importantes, pois disponibiliza uma série de informações, como dados energéticos, que podem ser empregados para dimensionamento. No trabalho de pesquisa laboratorial de secagem de café natural e descascado em diferentes temperaturas, foram utilizados dois sistemas: um secador convencional com aquecimento resistivo e um protótipo de controlador higroscópico baseado em tecnologia de calor. Objetivou-se com o trabalho determinar e avaliar o consumo de energia elétrica, a taxa específica de remoção de água (SMER) e o coeficiente de desempenho (COP) da bomba de calor. Os valores experimentais da SMER obtidos para o secador com bomba de calor variaram entre 0,0188 e 0,1169 kg de água/kWh, enquanto que para o secador convencional, estes valores ficaram entre 0,0058 e 0,01 kg de água/kWh. Os resultados mostraram que o secador com bomba de calor foi mais eficiente que o secador convencional, de aquecimento sensível e que os valores da SMER dependem das condições de secagem e das características físicas do produto.

A escolha da cultivar a ser implantada em uma lavoura cafeeira deve ser baseada na produtividade, qualidade e tamanho dos grãos, visando agregação de valor ao produto. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros produtivos e de qualidade de cultivares de cafeeiros na região do Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Monte Carmelo, no delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com cinco blocos e oito tratamentos representados por cultivares de Coffea arabica L. Em julho de 2019, foi realizada a colheita por meio de derriça manual no pano, sendo avaliadas as seguintes características: produtividade (sacas beneficiadas de 60 kg ha-1), percentual de frutos verde, verde cana, cereja, passa e seco, rendimento (L de “café da roça” para compor uma saca de 60 kg de café beneficiado), renda (relação entre o peso do café beneficiado e o de café seco em coco, em porcentagem), análise sensorial de acordo com o protocolo da Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) e classificação quanto ao tamanho e formato de grãos. As cultivares Acaiá Cerrado MG-1474, Mundo Novo IAC 379-19, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 e Topázio MG-1190 se destacaram por apresentarem maiores produtividades e renda. Não houve diferença significativa entre as cultivares para rendimento, obtendo-se média de 380,6 L de “café da roça” para compor uma saca de 60 kg beneficiada. O maior percentual de frutos cerejas, passas e secos foram detectados, respectivamente, nas cultivares Mundo Novo IAC 379-19, Bourbon Amarelo IAC J10 e Acauã Novo (média de 7,78%), Mundo Novo IAC 379-19 e Bourbon Amarelo IAC J10 (média de 21,9%) e Acaiá Cerrado MG-1474, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99, Topázio MG-1190, IAC 125 RN e Paraíso MG H 419-1 (média de 91,2%). Todas as cultivares apresentam pontuação de bebida entre 79 e 81 pontos. A cultivar IAC 125 RN obteve maior percentual de grãos de peneira alta, enquanto as cultivares Topázio MG-1190 e Acauã Novo apresentaram maior quantidade de grãos moca miúdo.

This study aimed to obtain more uniform ripening of the fruits harvested by applying growth regulators Ethephon and Mathury™, aimed at improving the quality of coffee drinks. Was used to cultivate Tupi Yellow (IAC 5162), planted in December 2008. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, being employed five treatments: T1 Application Mathury™ to 113 days prior to collection (DAC); T2 Application Mathury™ after 85 DAC; T3 Application Mathury™ after 57 DAC; T4 Ethephon application when the plants were 30% of cherry fruit and T5- Control (without applications). After sorting the fruit maturation percentage, we selected those who were classified as cherry; these were dried and submitted to analysis: selection by size; classification by type of defects; sugars; solid soluble; electrical conductivity; potassium leaching; titratable acidity; ether extract; pH and sensory analysis. There was a significant difference in the ripening of fruits, noting an increase of 57% the percentage of cherry fruit and 89% reduction of fruit goes through when applied Ethephon. While there have been differences in the percentage of fruit maturation and the physical-chemical analysis, it is concluded that such differences did not influence the coffee beverage quality as it achieved the same standard classification panel test. Se objetivó la obtención de mayor uniformidad en la maduración de los frutos cosechados por medio de la aplicación de los reguladores de crecimiento Ethephon y Mathury ™, buscando la mejora de la calidad de las bebidas de café. Se utilizó la cultivación Tupi Amarillo (IAC 5162), plantada en diciembre de 2008. El delineamiento experimental fue el de bloques casualizados, siendo empleados cinco tratamientos: T1- Aplicación de Mathury ™ a los 113 días anteriores a la cosecha (DAC); T2- Aplicación de Mathury ™ a los 85 DAC; T3- Aplicación de Mathury ™ a los 57 DAC; T4- Aplicación de Ethephon cuando las plantas presentaban 30% de frutos cereza y T5- Testigo (sin aplicaciones). Después de la clasificación por el porcentaje de maduración de los frutos, se seleccionaron los que fueron clasificados como cereza; estos fueron secos y sometidos a los análisis: selección por tamaño; clasificación por tipo de defectos; azúcares; sólidos solubles; conductividad eléctrica; lixiviación de potasio; acidez titulable; el extracto etéreo; pH y análisis sensorial. Se verificó una diferencia significativa en cuanto a la maduración de los frutos, observando un aumento del 57% del porcentaje de frutos cereza y reducción del 89% de frutos pasa cuando se aplica el Ethephon. Aunque hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de maduración de los frutos y en los análisis físico-químicos, se concluyó que tales diferencias no influenciaron en la calidad de la bebida de café, ya que obtuvo el mismo patrón de clasificación en el análisis sensorial. Objetivou-se a obtenção de maior uniformidade na maturação dos frutos colhidos por meio da aplicação dos reguladores de crescimento Ethephon e Mathury™, visando à melhoria da qualidade das bebidas de café. Foi utilizada a cultivar Tupi Amarelo (IAC 5162), plantada em dezembro de 2008. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, sendo empregados cinco tratamentos: T1- Aplicação de Mathury™ aos 113 dias anteriores à colheita (DAC); T2- Aplicação de Mathury™ aos 85 DAC; T3- Aplicação de Mathury™ aos 57 DAC; T4- Aplicação de Ethephon quando as plantas apresentavam 30% de frutos cereja e T5- Testemunha (sem aplicações). Após a classificação pelo percentual de maturação dos frutos, selecionaram-se os que foram classificados como cereja; estes foram secos e submetidos às análises: seleção por tamanho; classificação por tipo de defeitos; açúcares; sólido solúveis; condutividade elétrica; lixiviação de potássio; acidez titulável; extrato etéreo; pH e análise sensorial. Verificou-se diferença significativa quanto à maturação dos frutos, observando um aumento de 57% da porcentagem de frutos cereja e redução de 89% de frutos passa quando aplicado o Ethephon. Embora tenha havido diferenças na porcentagem de maturação dos frutos e nas análises físico-quimicas, conclui-se que tais diferenças não influenciaram na qualidade da bebida de café, uma vez que obteve o mesmo padrão de classificação na análise sensorial.

Food adulteration is an illegal practice performed to elicit economic benefits. In the context of roasted and ground coffee, legumes, cereals, nuts and other vegetables are often used to augment the production volume; however, these adulterants lack the most important coffee compound, caffeine, which has health benefits. In this study, the mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-MIR) technique coupled with chemometrics was used to identify and quantify adulterants in coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Coffee samples were adulterated with corn, barley, soy, oat, rice and coffee husks, in proportions ranging from 1–30%. A discrimination model was developed using the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) framework, and quantitative models were developed using such algorithms as the partial least squares algorithms with one variable (PLS1) and multiple variables (PLS2) and principal component regression (PCR). The SIMCA model exhibited an accuracy of 100% and could discriminate among all the classes. The quantitative model with the highest performance corresponded to the PLS1 algorithm. The model exhibited an R2c: ≥ 0.99, standard error of calibration (SEC) of 0.39–0.82, and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.45–0.94. The developed models could identify and quantify the coffee adulterants, and it was considered that the proposed methodology can be applied to identify and quantify the adulterants used in the coffee industry.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Cerca de 70% dos cultivos agrícolas mais importantes dependem em algum grau de polinização biótica. Contudo, ações antrópicas vêm modificando o ambiente e colocando em risco a persistência destes organismos promotores da polinização. A relação da polinização biótica com o aumento de produtividade é descrita para muitos cultivos. Ainda, a magnitude em que a polinização pode incrementar a produção de cultivos agrícolas pode ir além de medidas quantitativas, podendo interferir nas propriedades químico-físicas destes cultivos, modificando assim, a qualidade destes produtos. Para o café, esta variação qualitativa é muito importante para o valor final do produto, visto que este tem variação de preço de acordo com a sua classificação de qualidade. Por esta razão, os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar o incremento da produtividade em parâmetros quantitativos e qualitativos. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: a razão de frutos formados; o peso médio dos frutos e a composição de voláteis orgânicos. Para a obtenção destes dados, foram selecionadas 30 áreas onde experimentos de exclusão de polinizadores foram realizados em 5 indivíduos. Em cada indivíduo, dois ramos foram selecionados, o número de botões florais contados e um destes foi ensacado para prevenir polinização biótica. Ao fim do período de desenvolvimentos, os frutos foram contados, pesados e submetidos à processamento para obtenção do café verde. O café verde foi torrado e foi realizada a análise de voláteis utilizando GC-MS. Nós encontramos que a polinização biótica aumentou a produção de frutos, quando comparado aos ramos ensacados, onde apenas autopolinização e anemofilia foram possíveis. Ainda, existiu um incremento da composição de voláteis na comparação destes dois tratamentos, onde muitos grupos químicos funcionais de voláteis orgânicos ligados à qualidade foram encontrados em maior abundância nos ramos expostos à polinização biótica. Ainda, a contribuição da polinização biótica varia de acordo com características da paisagem. A forma como estruturar a paisagem para obtenção da polinização, como criação de corredores entre fragmentos e plantação de áreas de cultivo com uma maior relação de perímetro podem ser algumas das medidas tomadas para o incremento na produção através da polinização biótica. About 70% of the most important agricultural crops depend on some extent of biotic pollination. However, anthropogenic actions have been modifying the environment and endangering the persistence of these organisms that promote pollination. The relationship of biotic pollination operating in increasing the productivity is described for many crops. Furthermore, the magnitude at which pollination can increase agricultural crop production can go beyond quantitative measures and may interfere with the chemical-physical properties of these crops, thus modifying the quality of these products. For coffee, this qualitative variation is very important for the final value of the product, since its price varies accordingly to its quality classification. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to verify the productivity increment in quantitative and qualitative parameters. The evaluated parameters were: the ratio of fruit set; the mean weight of the fruits and the composition of organic volatiles. To obtain these data, we selected 30 areas where pollinator exclusion experiments were performed in 5 individuals. In each individual, two branches were selected, the number of floral buds counted and one of them was bagged to prevent biotic pollination. At the end of the development period, the fruits were counted, weighed and submitted to processing to obtain the green coffee. The green coffee was toasted and volatile analysis was performed using GC-MS. We found the biotic pollination increased fruit yield when compared to the bagged branches, where only self-pollination and anemophilia were possible. Furthermore, there was an increase in the composition of volatiles in the comparison of these two treatments, where many functional chemical groups of organic volatiles linked to the quality were found in greater abundance in the branches exposed to biotic pollination. Still, the contribution of biotic pollination varies according to landscape characteristics. How to structure the landscape to obtain pollination, such as creating corridors between fragments and planting of cultivated areas with a greater perimeter relation, may be some measures taken to maximize the effectiveness of pollination. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yeşil ve 4 farklı kavurma süresi (5 dk, 10 dk, 15 dk ve 20 dk) sonunda kahve çekirdeklerinde renk, toplam yağ oranı ve elde edilen yağda serbest yağ asitliği ile ekstraktlarda ise; pH, yüzde asitlik, toplam fenolik madde miktarları ve serbest radikal süpürücü etkilerinde oluşan değişiklikler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen ekstraktlar ayçiçekyağına katılarak ayçiçek yağına katılan kahve ekstraktlarının oksidasyonu engelleme kabiliyeti arasında kıyaslamalar yapılmıştır. Duyusal değerlendirme sonucu 15 dakikalık bir kaynatma süresinin en yüksek beğeni toplayan örnekler olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Kavurma işlemi açısından da 10. dakika dönüm noktası olarak görünmektedir. Antioksidan aktivite açısından değerlendirilmek istendiğinde ise 10 dakikalık kavurma yapılması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır., Green coffee beans and the 4 different roasting times (5 min, 10 min, 15 min and 20 min) applied coffee and extracts were analysed. Kernel color, total oil and free fatty acidity of the obtained oil; pH, percent acidity, total phenolic content and free radical scavenging effects were investigated. The extracts obtained were added in sunflower oil and the ability of prevention of oxidation were tested. As a result of sensory evaluation, it was found that boiling time of 15 minutes was the most appreciated prepation proccess to serve. In terms of roasting process, 10 th minute roasting appears to be the important point. In the case of antioxidant activity, 10 minutes roasting may be offered.

The digital image analysis of seedlings has become largely employed in seed quality-control programs due to its feasibility, objectivity and fast results. Despite these advantages, no studies have yet demonstrated the efficiency of this technique for analyzing coffee seed vigor. The present study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of the Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS®) in determining the vigor of coffee seeds (Coffea arabica L.) from digital images of seedlings. Also, the results of these analyses were contrasted with conventional vigor tests. Six seed lots from each cultivar, Bourbon and Catucaí 20/15, were used. The research was conducted in two experimental times, and the seed vigor was determined by the tests of first germination count, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, primary root protrusion speed, as well as by the analysis of scanned images of seedlings, made possible by the SVIS® software. For the Bourbon and Catucaí 20/15 cultivars, the SVIS® analysis was able to discriminate lots of both high and low vigor (vigor indexes of 317 to 752, and 181 to 703, respectively). A similar outcome was obtained from the conventional tests appraised in this research. Eventually, it was possible to conclude that the digital analysis of 20-day-old seedlings by SVIS® is an efficient method to evaluate coffee seed vigor. Resumo: A análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas é cada vez mais utilizada em programas de controle de qualidade de sementes devido à sua praticidade, objetividade e rapidez na obtenção dos resultados. Apesar dessas vantagens, ainda não existem pesquisas comprovando a eficiência dessa técnica para a análise do vigor de sementes de café. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas pelo Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS®) na determinação do vigor de sementes de café (Coffea arabica L.), e compará-la com os testes convencionalmente empregados. Foram utilizadas sementes das cultivares Bourbon e Catucaí 20/15, cada cultivar representada por seis lotes. A pesquisa foi conduzida em duas épocas de avaliação e o vigor determinado por meio das avaliações de primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, velocidade de protrusão da raiz primária e análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas com o SVIS®. Tanto para a cultivar Bourbon como para a cultivar Catucaí 20/15, a análise SVIS® permitiu discriminar lotes com vigor mais baixo e mais alto (índices de vigor de 317 a 752, e 181 a 703, respectivamente), de maneira semelhante aos testes convencionais utilizados nesta pesquisa. Concluiu-se que a análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas com 20 dias de idade após a semeadura pelo SVIS® é eficiente na avaliação do vigor de lotes de sementes de café.

Se evaluó el efecto bioprotector de tres consorcios de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos en plantones de tres variedades de Coffea arabica L., propagados sexual y asexualmente frente al ataque de la roya amarilla (Hemileia vastatrix). La investigación fue desarrollada en Chirapa – Lamas, bajo condiciones de vivero y en el Laboratorio de Micorrizas del IIAP, Tarapoto - San Martín. Se usó el Diseño Completamente al Azar con arreglo factorial de 3A x 2B x 4C, siendo A: variedades de café (caturra, pache y nacional), B método de propagación (sexual y asexual) y C: consorcios de HMA nativos (de las provincias de Moyobamba, El Dorado y Huallaga) comparados con un testigo, resultando 24 tratamientos, 9 plantas/ tratamiento y 216 unidades experimentales. En el repique de las plántulas se inoculó con 1500 esporas de HMA nativos y un mes después fueron instalados en el vivero de Chirapa, en un cafetal con grado 4 de roya, según escala del SENASA (2013). Se produjo una infección natural de roya en los plantones de café, observándose la sintomatología en el segundo mes y su incremento en los siguientes meses. A los 180 días después de la siembra, las evaluaciones de incidencia y severidad indicaron que los HMA no tuvieron un efecto bioprotector frente a la roya; no obstante, los HMA sí tuvieron resultados favorables en las características morfológicas: altura (cm), número de hojas, área foliar (cm2), biomasa seca aérea y radicular (g), colonización micorrízica (%) y longitud de micelio extra radical (cm), en contraste con el testigo. The bioprotective effect of three consortia of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was evaluated in seedlings of three Coffea arabica L. varieties, propagated sexually and asexually against the attack of yellow rust (Hemileia vastatrix). The research took place in Chirapa - Lamas, in plant nursery conditions and in the Mycorrhizal fungi Laboratory of IIAP, Tarapoto - San Martín. The Completely Random Design was used with a factorial arrangement of 3A x 2B x 4C, being A: coffee varieties (caturra, pache and nacional), B: propagation method (sexual and asexual) and C: native AMF consortia (provinces of Moyobamba, El Dorado and Huallaga) compared with a witness, resulting in 24 treatments, 9 plants / treatment and 216 experimental units. In the planting out of the seedlings, 1500 native AMF spores were inoculated and a month later they were moved out in the plant nursery of Chirapa in a coffee plantation with a grade 4 of rust, according to SENASA scale (2013). There was a natural infection of rust in coffee seedlings, observing the symptoms in the second month and its increase in the following months. At 180 days after planting, the incidence and severity test indicated that AMF did not have a bioprotective effect against rust; however, the AMF did have favorable results in morphological characteristics: height (cm), number of leaves, leaf area (cm2), aerial and root dry biomass (g), mycorrhizal colonization (%) and extra radical mycelium length (cm), in contrast to the control.

Camacho Céspedes, F. (2019). Biofertilización orgánica de almácigos de café (Coffea arabica L.) con compost producido a partir de residuos biomásicos locales, microorganismos de montaña y lodos digeridos de biodigestor en la región de Monteverde, Costa Rica. (Tesis de Doctorado). Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica; Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica; Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica. Doctor en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo, con énfasis en Sistemas de Producción Agrícolas El presente trabajo aporta evidencia empírica sobre el rendimiento y calidad de un nuevo sistema de fertilización para la producción de almácigo de café orgánico que utiliza compost elaborado con residuos biomásicos locales, microorganismos de montaña (MM) y lodos digeridos de biodigestor (LDBIO). El sistema ofrece una solución confiable al problema de escasez de alternativas de fertilización efectivas y validadas científicamente para la producción de almacigo de alta calidad en la región cafetalera de Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (600-1500 m.s.n.m). El nuevo sistema de fertilización produjo plántulas con un excelente nivel de desarrollo y calidad fitosanitaria, y presentó costos de producción menores a los del sistema de fertilización convencional intensivo que utilizan los cafetaleros de la región, debido a que se fundamenta en el empleo de residuos disponibles localmente, lo cual promueve un mejor manejo de los desechos en las fincas y facilita la recuperación de nutrientes escasos como el fósforo. El nuevo sistema se alinea armoniosamente con los objetivos de sostenibilidad de los productores locales, permitiéndoles tener acceso a opciones de certificación de sus cafetales desde la etapa del vivero. El sistema es congruente con los principios de la agricultura climáticamente inteligente ya que aprovecha las sinergias y beneficios que ofrece la integración de la tecnología del compostaje, el cultivo de microorganismos nativos del bosque y el aprovechamiento de los biosólidos derivados de la descontaminación anaeróbica de aguas residuales, para producir un compost de mayor calidad que ayuda a recuperar y mantener las características de fertilidad y biodiversidad del suelo, lo cual extiende el alcance del paradigma de producción sostenible en la región de Monteverde y mejora las oportunidades para intensificar sosteniblemente la productividad económica y la capacidad adaptativa de los sistemas de producción cafetaleros a los efectos de la variabilidad climática y el deterioro ambiental. La viabilidad técnica del nuevo biofertilizante está dada desde el punto de vista de la validez del diseño y el método de preparación del compost, la calidad del producto terminado y el rendimiento que ofrece sobre el crecimiento del almacigo. Desde el punto de vista de validez del diseño y la técnica de preparación, el sistema de fertilización propuesto cumplió satisfactoriamente con todos los parámetros teóricos del proceso de compostaje, incluyendo las tres etapas térmicas que aseguran la estabilidad y madurez del material terminado (mesófila uno y dos, y termófila). El tiempo de estabilización y maduración de la biomasa se mantuvo dentro del rango óptimo en menos de 150 días, y la incorporación de los microorganismos y los lodos no afectó el pH, la conductividad eléctrica, la saturación de oxígeno ni el contenido de agua durante el proceso de transformación de la materia orgánica, lo cual indica que el diseño y el método preparación fue adecuado. Desde el punto de vista de calidad, el sistema de fertilización propuesto logró alcanzar niveles adecuados de estabilidad, madurez, inocuidad, pH y conductividad eléctrica, lo cual indica que el compost producido es de óptima calidad. Estos parámetros no fueron afectados por la incorporación de microorganismos y lodos en el material compostable. Por el contrario, la integración de ambos compuestos en la mezcla produjo una mejora en la concentración de macronutrientes, así como en el contenido de materia orgánica, carbono, humedad y biomasa microbiana con respecto al compost convencional. Se determinó que el empleo combinado de ambos insumos puede provocar fitotoxicidad en cultivos herbáceos, como las cucurbitáceas, por lo que es necesario desarrollar investigaciones más específicas dirigidas a explicar las razones y el alcance de la fitotoxicidad observada. La incorporación de compost en el suelo como fertilizante optimizó los principales parámetros de fertilidad del sustrato de crecimiento incluyendo el pH, la suma de bases intercambiables, la capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva, el contenido de fósforo y la concentración de biomasa microbiana. También aumentó el contenido de Zn y Fe y elevó levemente la salinidad del suelo, lo cual puede tener un efecto negativo sobre el adecuado crecimiento del cultivo que necesita ser investigado a posteriori. Desde el punto de vista de rendimiento sobre el crecimiento del almacigo, el sistema de fertilización propuesto produjo plántulas que alcanzaron un desarrollo de más de un 200% del peso seco en comparación con las que no recibieron ningún tipo de fertilización, lo cual indica que el compost producido tiene un efecto positivo sobre el crecimiento de este cultivo. El nivel de desarrollo y el estado fitosanitario alcanzado fue equivalente al de las plántulas expuestas al sistema de fertilización convencional intensivo que utilizan los productores locales, el cual emplea una mezcla de suelo, vermicompost y abono sintético NPK (10:30:10) en el sustrato de crecimiento. El costo de producción por plántula y la relación costo beneficio bajo el sistema propuesto fueron un 10% menor al del sistema convencional intensivo. La diferencia en el costo de producción unitario representa un ahorro en el establecimiento de nuevas plantaciones de café de ¢150,800 colones por hectárea, y de ¢450,000 en fincas de 3 ha representativas de la región de Monteverde, ahorro que equivale a un 40% de los ingresos del primer año de cosecha para una finca orgánica de ese tamaño. Aunque los resultados específicos del estudio están contextualizados a las condiciones agroecológicas de la región de Monteverde, se considera que siempre y cuando se respeten las técnicas de producción empleadas, es probable que se puedan obtener resultados congruentes de desarrollo y calidad del almacigo de café en otras regiones cafetaleras con condiciones similares. The present work provides empirical evidence on the performance and quality of a new fertilization system for the production of organic coffee seedlings that uses compost made with local biomass residues, mountain microorganisms (MM) and digested biodigester sludge (LDBIO). The system offers a reliable solution to the problem of shortage of effective and scientifically validated fertilization alternatives for the production of high-quality storage in the Monteverde coffee region, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (600-1500 m.a.s.l.). The new fertilization system produced seedlings with an excellent level of development and phytosanitary quality, and presented lower production costs than the intensive conventional fertilization system used by coffee growers in the region, because it is based on the use of available residues. locally, which promotes better waste management on farms and facilitates the recovery of scarce nutrients such as phosphorus. The new system is harmoniously aligned with the sustainability objectives of local producers, allowing them to have access to certification options for their coffee plantations from the nursery stage. The system is congruent with the principles of climate-smart agriculture since it takes advantage of the synergies and benefits offered by the integration of composting technology, the cultivation of native forest microorganisms and the use of biosolids derived from the anaerobic decontamination of wastewater. , to produce a higher quality compost that helps to recover and maintain the fertility and biodiversity characteristics of the soil, which extends the scope of the sustainable production paradigm in the Monteverde region and improves opportunities to sustainably intensify economic productivity and adaptive capacity of coffee production systems to the effects of climate variability and environmental deterioration. The technical feasibility of the new biofertilizer is given from the point of view of the validity of the design and the method of compost preparation, the quality of the finished product and the performance it offers on the growth of the storehouse. From the point of view of validity of the design and preparation technique, the proposed fertilization system satisfactorily complied with all the theoretical parameters of the composting process, including the three thermal stages that ensure the stability and maturity of the finished material (mesophyll one and two, and thermophilic). The stabilization and maturation time of the biomass remained within the optimal range in less than 150 days, and the incorporation of microorganisms and sludge did not affect the pH, electrical conductivity, oxygen saturation or water content during the organic matter transformation process, which indicates that the design and preparation method was adequate. From a quality point of view, the proposed fertilization system managed to achieve adequate levels of stability, maturity, safety, pH and electrical conductivity, which indicates that the compost produced is of optimum quality. These parameters were not affected by the incorporation of microorganisms and sludge in the compostable material. On the contrary, the integration of both compounds in the mixture produced an improvement in the concentration of macronutrients, as well as in the content of organic matter, carbon, moisture and microbial biomass with respect to conventional compost. It was determined that the combined use of both inputs can cause phytotoxicity in herbaceous crops, such as cucurbits, so it is necessary to develop more specific research aimed at explaining the reasons and extent of the phytotoxicity observed. The incorporation of compost into the soil as a fertilizer optimized the main fertility parameters of the growth substrate including pH, the sum of exchangeable bases, the effective cation exchange capacity, the phosphorus content and the concentration of microbial biomass. It also increased the content of Zn and Fe and slightly raised the salinity of the soil, which may have a negative effect on the proper growth of the crop that needs to be investigated later. From the point of view of performance on the growth of the storehouse, the proposed fertilization system produced seedlings that reached a development of more than 200% of the dry weight in comparison with those that did not receive any type of fertilization, which indicates that the Produced compost has a positive effect on the growth of this crop. The level of development and the phytosanitary status reached was equivalent to that of the seedlings exposed to the intensive conventional fertilization system used by local producers, which uses a mixture of soil, vermicompost and NPK synthetic fertilizer (10:30:10) in the growth substrate. The production cost per seedling and the cost-benefit ratio under the proposed system were 10% lower than that of the intensive conventional system. The difference in the unit production cost represents a saving in the establishment of new coffee plantations of ¢ 150,800 colones per hectare, and of ¢ 450,000 in farms of 3 hectares representative of the Monteverde region, a saving that is equivalent to 40% of income from the first harvest year for an organic farm of that size. Although the specific results of the study are contextualized to the agroecological conditions of the Monteverde region, it is considered that as long as the production techniques used are respected, it is likely that consistent results of development and quality of the coffee storage can be obtained in other coffee-growing regions with similar conditions. Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas

La identificación de especies de Hongos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (HMA), presentes en áreas donde se cultiva el café (Coffea arabica L.) en nuestra Región son de gran importancia, pues constituye la base para la investigación de especies que pueden ser aprovechadas en el futuro como bioprotectores y biofertilizantes en este cultivo y así contribuir al mejoramiento sostenible de la producción. En este sentido, se identificó 31 especies de HMA, en suelos de doce localidades (fuentes de inóculo) de plantaciones de café, de la cuales se reportó una especie nueva (Funneliglomus sanmartinense), estando presente especialmente en Alto Palmiche (Lamas). De las localidades muestreadas, Pueblo Nuevo (Lamas) y Nuevo Lamas (San Martín) fueron las fuentes de inóculo que tuvieron mayor densidad de esporas y riqueza de especies, siendo de las dos, Nuevo Lamas la localidad que proporcionó mayor diversidad de HMA. Así mismo, se demostró mediante correlación, que los parámetros físico – químicos del suelo influenciaron directa o inversamente en la esporulación y colonización de los HMA en algunas fuentes de inóculo evaluadas, siendo Requena (El Dorado) la que fue menos favorecida (menor densidad de esporas y riqueza de especies) por las características del lugar de muestreo. Otro resultado importante fue que, las especies de los géneros Glomus y Acaulospora, fueron las más dominantes, con presencia y en gran cantidad de esporas en todas las fuentes de inóculo evaluadas, seguido de las especies de Claroideoglomus, lo cual es un gran reporte en este cultivo. The identification of species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) present in areas where coffee is grown (Coffea arabica L.) in our Region are of great importance, since it constitutes the basis for the investigation of species that can be exploited in the future as bioprotectors and biofertilizers in this crop and thus contribute to the sustainable improvement of production. In this sense, 31 species of AMF were identified in soils of twelve localities (sources of inoculum) of coffee plantations, of which a new species (Funneliglomus sanmartinense) was reported, being present especially in Alto Palmiche (Lamas). Of the localities sampled, Pueblo Nuevo (Lamas) and Nuevo Lamas (San Martín) were the sources of inoculum that had the highest density of spores and species richness, being of the two, Nuevo Lamas, the locality that provided the greatest diversity of AMF. Likewise, it was demonstrated through correlation, that the physical - chemical parameters of the soil influenced directly or inversely in the sporulation and colonization of the AMF in some sources of inoculum evaluated, being Requena (El Dorado) the one that was less favored (lower density of spores and species richness) due to the characteristics of the sampling site. Another important result was that, the species of the genera Glomus and Acaulospora, were the most dominant, with presence and in great quantity of spores in all the sources of inoculum evaluated, followed by the Claroideoglomus species, which is a great report in this crop.

Tesis (Maestría de Ciencias en Economía Agrícola y de los Recursos Naturales) "La transmisión de precios de productos agrícolas puede ser analizado mediante relaciones verticales y relaciones horizontales entre diferentes mercados. Las relaciones verticales, como es el caso de los precios entre el mercado nacional y el mercado internacional del café, permiten conocer el grado y la velocidad de ajuste de los precios domésticos ante cambios en los precios internacionales y, con ello, el grado de eficiencia entre el mercado internacional y el mercado mexicano del café. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar la transmisión de precios del café (Coffea arabica L.), tanto en magnitud como en velocidad, entre el mercado internacional y el mercado mexicano para el periodo trimestral 2004:I - 2018:IV para explicar la influencia de los precios cotizados a nivel internacional sobre el precio recibido por los productores de café cereza en México. Para el estudio se emplearon precios nacionales e internacionales del café, así como la producción de café cereza en México. La especificación del modelo econométrico empleado es un Vector de Corrección de Errores (VECM, por sus siglas en inglés) debido a la presencia de raíz unitaria en cada una de las series empleadas y cointegración entre las mismas. Los resultados indican que ante un aumento del 1% del precio del mercado internacional del café, el precio nacional aumentó en 1.59% y, ante un aumento del 1% en la producción nacional, el precio a nivel nacional disminuyó en 0.26%. El efecto del precio internacional y de la producción nacional sobre el precio del café en México se observó a lo largo del periodo trimestral 2004: I-2013:VI, lo cual indica que el precio nacional tuvo una gran dependencia del precio internacional en ese periodo. Sin embargo, a partir del trimestre 2015: IV, se pudo constatar un rompimiento en la relación de largo plazo entre las tres series del café. " Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, CONACyT

EnglishEnzymes play a fundamental role in degradation of molecules during seed germination, development, and deterioration. Endo-β-mannanase is one of the main enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of mannans in the endosperm during germination of coffee seeds through its action in hydrolytic degradation of cell walls and in weakening the structures of the endosperm that surround the embryo, allowing radicle emergence. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the endo-β-mannanase enzyme in the structures of coffee seeds for the purpose of assessing the relationship between this activity and the physiological quality of the seeds under different processing and drying methods. Coffea arabica L. fruit in the cherry maturity stage was subjected to three different types of processing: natural (seeds maintained in the fruit itself), fully washed (fruit pulped mechanically and the seeds demucilaged by fermentation in water), and semi-washed or demucilaged (both fruit pulp and mucilage removed mechanically); and two methods of drying: slow drying (suspended screen) in the shade, and rapid drying in mechanical dryer at 35°C to a moisture content of 11±1%. After processing and drying, the physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated through the germination test, and endo-β-mannanase enzyme activity was quantified. Coffee seeds submitted to natural processing have lower physiological performance, as well as greater deterioration and greater activity of the endo-s-mannanase enzyme. Removal of mucilage during fully washed and semi-washed processing of coffee seeds reduces the activity of the endo-s-mannanase enzyme and lowers deterioration, especially after faster drying. The enzyme endo-s-mannanase is efficient in studying of the effects of processing and drying on coffee seeds, and can be evaluated in whole seeds, endosperms or embryos. Key words: metabolic reactions; hydrolysis of mannans; Coffea arabica L. portuguesAs enzimas tem papel fundamental na degradacao de moleculas durante a germinacao, desenvolvimento e deterioracao das sementes. A endo-β-mananase e uma das principais responsaveis pela hidrolise das mananas no endosperma durante a germinacao das sementes de cafe, atuando na degradacao das paredes celulares e enfraquecimento do endosperma que circunda o embriao, permitindo a protrusao da radicula. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa determinar a atividade da endo-beta-mananase nas estruturas das sementes de cafe, para avaliar a relacao entre esta atividade e a qualidade de sementes submetidas a diferentes processamentos e metodos de secagem. Frutos de Coffea arabica L. no estadio de maturacao cereja foram submetidos a tres tipos de processamento: natural (sementes mantidas nos proprios frutos), despolpado (frutos descascados mecanicamente e sementes desmuciladas por fermentacao em agua) e desmucilado (frutos descascados e a mucilagem removida, ambos mecanicamente), como tambem a dois metodos de secagem: lenta a sombra (telado suspenso) e secagem rapida em secador mecânico a 35°C, ate umidade de 11±1%. Apos o processamento e secagem avaliou-se a qualidade fisiologica das sementes pelo teste de germinacao e quantificou-se a atividade da enzima endo-β-mananase. Sementes de cafe submetidas ao processamento natural tem menor desempenho fisiologico, assim como maior deterioracao e maior atividade da enzima endo-s-mananase, principalmente apos secagem mais rapida. A remocao da mucilagem durante o processamento despolpado e desmucilado de sementes de cafe reduz a atividade da enzima endo-s-mananase e tambem a deterioracao. A secagem rapida em secador afeta negativamente a qualidade das sementes. A enzima endo-s-mananase e eficiente no estudo dos efeitos do processamento e secagem em sementes de cafe, podendo ser avaliada em sementes inteiras, endospermas ou embrioes. Palavras-chave: reacoes metabolicas; hidrolise das mananas; Coffea arabica L.

Water stress can be alleviated in plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared to that experienced by those without mycorrhizae. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of coffee plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different soil moisture conditions. Seeds of the coffee cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and three fungal inoculants (Rhizophagus clarus, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Dentiscutata heterogama) were used in this study. The soil moisture contents tested were 40, 60, 80, and 100% of field capacity. Seedlings in the matchstick stage were inoculated with mycorrhizae, and then later planted in plastic pots when they developed four to five pairs of definitive leaves. Both the extent of mycorrhizal colonization and increases in leaf area were related to soil moisture content in a quadratic manner for plants inoculated with all three mycorhizzal fungi (R. clarus, C. etunicatum, and D. heterogama), as well as for non-inoculated ones. The highest value of colonization of coffee by mycorrhizae was 39%, which occurred in association with R. clarus at 71% of field capacity. The leaf areas of plants inoculated with fungi increased more than those of non-inoculated plants, regardless of the type of inoculum used. Plants inoculated with D. heterogama at 100% field capacity produced 21% more root dry mass than non-inoculated plants did. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and higher soil moisture increased the growth of coffee seedlings. The plants inoculated with R. clarus, C. etunicatum, and D. heterogama were tolerant to moderate water deficits (i.e. lower soil water contents). Mycorrhizal colonization was highest for plants in soils with moisture levels close to 75% of field capacity. RESUMO Plantas inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares podem aliviar o estresse hídrico se comparadas às plantas não micorrizadas. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento do cafeeiro colonizado com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em diferentes níveis de umidade do solo. Foram utilizadas sementes de café, cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99, e três inóculos de fungos: Rhizophagus clarus, Claroideoglomus etunicatum e Dentiscutata heterogama. As umidades do solo adotadas foram 40, 60, 80 e 100% da capacidade de campo. Mudas no estádio palito de fósforo foram micorrizadas, e posteriormente plantadas, com quatro a cinco pares de folhas definitivas, em vasos plásticos. A colonização micorrízica e o incremento na área foliar das plantas inoculadas com R. clarus, C. etunicatum, D. heterogama e não inoculadas apresentaram comportamento quadrático. A maior colonização do cafeeiro foi 39% em associação com R. clarus, com 71% da capacidade de campo. As plantas inoculadas com fungo apresentaram maior incremento para área foliar do que as plantas não inoculadas, independentemente do inóculo utilizado. As plantas inoculadas com D. heterogama, na capacidade de campo 100%, produziram 21% a mais de massa seca de raízes do que as não inoculadas. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares inoculados e o aumento da umidade do solo aumentaram o crescimento das mudas de café. As plantas inoculadas com R. clarus, C. etunicatum e D. heterogama foram tolerantes ao déficit hídrico moderado, suportando menor quantidade de água no solo. A colonização micorrízica foi maior em solos com umidade próxima a 75% da capacidade de campo.

Resumo Componentes como açúcares e ácidos clorogênicos, que são acumulados durante a maturação dos grãos de café, possuem importante papel na qualidade da bebidanão somente atribuído a sua alta concentração, mas também às alterações ocorridas nos grãos durante a torração. Os açúcares predominantes nos grãos de café são frutose, glicose e sacarose. Porém, os ácidos clorogênicos podem ser responsáveis pela desvalorização na qualidade da bebida, devido à intensa degradação térmica durante o processamento dos grãos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição química destas duas substâncias durante as etapas pós-colheita em cafés colhidos em diferentes estádios de maturação, pela técnica de Cromatografia Liquída de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Com relação aos monoisômeros dos ácidos clorogênicos, o teor de 5-acido cafeoilquinico (5-CQA) teve aumento durante o processamento dos grãos, apesar de ter se mantido instável durante as etapas de secagem em terreiro. Os três lotes estudados foram: Lote 1, representado por 90% frutos cereja + 10% frutoscru; Lote 2, frutos 100% cereja; e Lote 3, 85% frutos boia + 10% frutos cereja + 5% frutos cru. Esses lotes diferiram significativamente entre si com relação ao teor de 5-CQA. Com referência ao lote 2, este foi o lote que apresentou a maior concentração de 5-CQA, por outro lado, durante o processo de torração e elaboração da bebida, ocorreu redução no teor de 5-CQA. Os teores dos isômeros 3 e 4 não apresentaram uma tendência definida de aumento ou diminuição durante o processamento. Com relação aos açúcares, uma maior concentração de sacarose foi encontrada no lote 3. Ainda vale ressaltar que o teor de sacarose teve um aumento durante o processamento, enquanto os teores de frutose e glicose teve uma diminuição. Após a torração, os níveis de sacarose, frutose e glicose diminuíram significativamente, e não houvedetectação tanto de glicose quanto de frutose nos grãos torrados. O método escolhido para a determinação dos açúcares e ácidos clorogênicos foi considerado eficiente diante dos resultados obtidos durante a validação dos métodos. Abstract Compounds such as sugar and clorogenic acids, accumulated during the ripening of coffee beans, have an important role in beverage quality, which is ascribed not only to their high concentration, but also to the changes occurring during roasting. The predominant sugars present in coffee beans are glucose, fructose and sucrose. Chlorogenic acids may be responsible for a loss in beverage quality, since they suffer intense thermal degradation during bean processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of the chemical compounds during the post-harvest steps in coffees harvested at different ripening stages, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). With respect to the chlorogenic acid monoisomers, the 5-CQA content tended to increase during the bean processing, despite being unstable during sun drying. The three batches studied (batch 1: 90% cherry + 10% unripe; batch 2: 100% cherry; batch 3 85% floaters + 10% cherry + 5% unripe) presented significantly different 5-CQA contents, batch 2 presenting the highest concentration. During the roasting process and elaboration of the beverage, a reduction in the 5-CQA contents occurred. The levels of the isomers 3 and 4 showed no defined tendency to increase or decrease during processing. With respect to the sugars, the sucrose content tended to increase and the fructose and glucose contents decreas during processing. A higher concentration of sucrose was found in batch 3. After roasting, the levels of sucrose, fructose and glucose decreased drastically, glucose and fructose not being detected in the roasted beans. The method chosen to determine the sugar and clorogenic acid contents was considered efficient during validation of the methods, due to the results obtained.