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Cherokeesia armata n. sp. [Type species] (Figs 1 –4; Tabs 1–2; Appendix 1) Holotype. USNM 1264992, type locality Nolichucky River (36 °09′ 22 ′′ N, 82 ° 43 ′ 27.5 ′′ W) an eastern headwater tributary of the Tennessee River, USA, Tennessee, Blue Ridge Province, J. Copeland leg., 2, July 2014. Paratypes. USNM 1264993–1265000, Nolichucky River (36 °09′ 22 ′′ N, 82 ° 43 ′ 27.5 ′′ W) an eastern headwater tributary of the Tennessee River, USA, Tennessee, Blue Ridge Province, J. Copeland leg., 2, July 2014; USNM 1266150, Nolichucky River (36 ° 09′ 22 ′′ N, 82 ° 43 ′ 27.5 ′′ W) an eastern headwater tributary of the Tennessee River, USA, Blue Ridge Province, J. Copeland leg. 26 June 2013 on 1 slide; USNM 1266148, ibid., on 2 slides; USNM 1266151, ibid., on 2 slides; USNM 1266149, Nolichucky River (36 ° 10 ′ 54.1 ′′ N, 82 ° 31 ′ 45.4 ′′ W) an eastern headwater tributary of the Tennessee River, USA, Tennessee, Blue Ridge Province, J. Copeland leg., 29 July 2013 on 1 slide; USNM 1266145, Hiwassee River (35 ° 13 ′ 13.6 ′′ N, 84 ° 31 ′ 07.1′′ W), an eastern headwater tributary of the Tennessee River, USA, Tennessee, Blue Ridge Province, J. Copeland leg., 26 July 2013 on 2 slides; USNM 1266146, ibid., on 2 slides; USNM 1266147, ibid., on 2 slides. DTRG FW 763 specimen fragment is from Nolichucky River (36 ° 10 ′ 54.1 ′′ N, 82 ° 31 ′ 45.4 ′′ W) collected 29 July 2013 (Fig. 1). Comparative material. Echinospongilla brichardi (Brien, 1974) holotype MRAC 1430, leg. M. Brichard, v. 1973, Urundi, Lake Tanganyika, Usumbura. Potamolepis stendelli Jaffe, 1916 holotype MRAC 410-411, Kasenga, Lake Luapula, on shell fragments, mission Stappers, 25.vii. 1911, 0–10 m depth, by dredge. Oncosclera jewelli (Volkmer, 1963) holotype MNRJ 0 0 1, Rio Thainas, São Francisco da Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, 10.ix. 1960, det. C. Volkmer-Ribeiro. Oncosclera asiatica Manconi and Ruengsawang, 2012, holotype MSNG 56534 a, Pong River, Thailand; Sterrastrolepis brasiliensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and De Rosa Barbosa, 1978 holotype MNRJ 0 92 (ex- MCN 113), 3 gemmules, Turvo River, branch of Paranaiba River, Paranà Basin, Goias State, Brazil. Uruguaya corallioides (Bowerbank, 1863) BMNH 1952.6. 30.2, Uruguay River. MNHN DX 325, Orinoco River, 1885, M. Chaffangeon. ZMB 1703, Amazonia, ii. 1892, V. Honnef. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the unique combination of morphotraits. A distinctive trait is the spicular complement of the gemmular theca. Gemmular theca strongly armed by gemmuloscleres of two categories: large, stout, spiny to smooth oxeas (megascleres size) intermingled with smooth strongyles (C-like to bean-like), both tangentially embedded in the entire thickness of the theca. Pneumatic layer absent. Etymology. The specific epithet armata refers to the gemmular theca strongly armed by gemmuloscleres of two categories. FIGURE. 2. Cherokeesia armata n. sp. a, Holotype in vivo encrusting a rock. b, type locality from the Nolichucky River in the Tennessee hydrographic basin. FIGURE. 3. Cherokeesia armata n. sp. Skeleton and spicular complement of type material series from the Nolichucky and Hiwassee rivers. a, Skeletal network of megascleres. b–i, Megascleres as spiny oxeas and gemmuloscleres spiny to smooth oxeas and C- to bean-like or ovoid strongyles; see also Fig. 5. FIGURE. 4. Cherokeesia armata n. sp. Gemmular traits of type material series from the Nolichucky and Hiwassee rivers. a–l, Gemmule architecture and traits of the gemmular theca. A, Gemmules in a cluster. b–c, Gemmular theca (cross section). d, Gemmular surface with multiforamina, and gemmuloscleres strongyle-like in a mosaic. Foramen apertures with simple collar. e, Inner surface of gemmular theca with foraminal aperture and evident outlines of two categories of gemmuloscleres, strongyle-like and large spiny oxeas. f, Gemmular theca with thin wall of a few layers of gemmuloscleres; inner view of foraminal aperture on the right (detail of cross section). g, Gemmular theca with a mass of staminal cells (cross section). h, Magnification of the tri-layered gemmular theca of compact spongin armed by two categories of embedded spicules as small, smooth strongyles and large, stout, spiny oxeas (cross section). i, Inner layer of the theca (compact spongin) and gemmuloscleres (smooth, short strongyles) strictly adhering to each other by spongin. j, Gemmular surface. k, Small, smooth strongyles at the outer layer of the theca. l, Gemmular surface with single foraminal aperture and gemmuloscleres surrounding the basal portion of the short, simple collar. Description. Growth form encrusting as minute cushions, 1–4 mm in thickness, largest specimen 10 cm in diameter (Fig. 2 a). Consistency hard, fragile in vivo. Colour light gray in vivo, somewhat transparent; white (in alcohol). Surfac e alveolate with slight hispidation of more or less erected ectosomal spicules supporting small scattered conules. Oscules conspicuous in vivo, numerous, scattered. Inhalant apertures scattered. Ectosomal skeleton irregularly alveolate as a mesh network of mono- to pauci-spicular tracts (oxeas) supporting the dermal membrane. Choanosomal skeleton irregularly alveolate network, with mono-spicular polygonal meshes (100–200 µm in diameter) and few, scarcely developed, ascending pauci-spicular tracts. Spongin notably scanty, except for the gemmular theca and the basal spongin plate. Basal spongin plate well developed, and adhering to the flat base of gemmules. Megascleres stout, spiny oxeas 161.8 to 228 (199.5 ± 15.8) x 12.3 to 20.7 (16.6 ± 1.9) µm (standard error of the mean length = 2.2; standard error of the mean width = 0.3) with gradually pointed to abruptly pointed tips, straight to slightly bent; spines straight to recurving towards the spicule tips (Figs 3 a–e, 5 b). Microscleres absent. Gemmules sessile, at the sponge base, hemispherical (up to 800 µm in diameter), flat at the base (Fig. 4 a– b) strictly adhering to the substrate by the basal spongin plate; single or in small clusters of 3–4 gemmules; strongly armed by tangential gemmuloscleres of two categories. Foramen single to multiforamina (up to 3) (Fig. 4 d–f) with simple collar (Fig. 4 l) (20–40 Μm in diameter) sometimes closed by a spongin lamina. Gemmular theca of compact spongin variably thick (25–150 Μm in thickness), tri-layered, with gemmuloscleres (up to 10 layers) of two categories intermingled and tangentially embedded (Fig. 4 f–g). Outer layer of thin compact spongin, like a film on gemmuloscleres surfaces (Fig. 4 j–k). Middle layer of a thin non-alveolate layer of compact spongin (pneumatic layer absent). Inner layer of compact spongin (Fig. 4 e–f and i). Gemmuloscleres of two types (strongyle-like spicules and spiny to smooth oxeas). Type I. Dominant, in several layers (5–7) more or less in a mosaic-manner, joined by a conspicuous amount of compact spongin. Strongyle-like spicules 29.3 to 17.0 (22.4 ± 2.5) x 17.1 to 8.5 (10.3 ± 1.3) µm (standard deviation of the mean length = 0.3; standard error of the mean width = 0.1), stout, entirely smooth, from extremely bent C-shaped to bean-shaped up to ring-shaped or button-like (Fig. 3 f–i). Rare, elongate, short typical strongyles, slightly bent to straight (50–100 x 10 µm) also present. Type II. Less abundant, large, stout, spiny to smooth oxeas tangentially embedded intermingled with gemmuloscleres type I in the entire thickness of the theca (Figs 4 h, 5 a). Oxeas (173.3 to 258 (219.7 ± 16.7) x 9.8 to 17.4 (14.7 ± 1.9) µm, (standard error of length = 16.7; standard error of mean width = 0.3) abruptly pointed, spiny to smooth, with acute spines straight to recurved toward the tips. Habitat. On the underside of submerged hand size rocks to small boulders in flowing water at depths ranging from 20 to 200 cm. Gemmules were recorded only in some specimens collected during summertime. Geographic distribution. Currently known only from the Nolichucky (Fig. 1) and Hiwassee Rivers (Blue Ridge Province, Southern Appalachians) in the Tennessee River hydrographic basin.

FAMILY POTAMOLEPIDAE BRIEN, 1967 Synonymy. Potamolepidae Brien, 1967; Manconi and Pronzato, 2002; Potamophloiinae Brien, 1969 [Type genus Potamolepis Marshall, 1883] Family definition (emended from Manconi & Pronzato, 2002, 2009). Spongillina with growth form from encrusting or massive to arborescent with irregular lobes, ridges or branches. Consistency from rigid to stony hard, fragile particularly at the sponge base that generally remains adherent to substrata during sampling. Spongin scanty except for the basal spongin plate and gemmular theca. Surface smooth to irregular with chimneys, to conulose with apices of ascending primary fibers supporting conules. Oscules with exhalant star-shaped canals in some cases. No special ectosomal skeleton except for spicular tufts supporting conules and tangential microscleres in the dermal membrane (only some genera). Choanosomal skeleton irregularly alveolate-reticulate with mono- to paucispicular tracts sometimes ascending towards the surface, skeletal network notably dense at the surface and more loose and irregular at the sponge base. Megascleres strongyles to oxeas from smooth to ornamented by variably dense granules/spines/tubercles. Microscleres, if present, slender oxeas. Gemmules, when present, single to grouped, sometimes free at the sponge base or more frequently sessile and strictly adhering to the substratum by the basal spongin plate. Gemmular theca mono-, bi- to tri-layered, usually of compact spongin, with more or less tangentially embedded gemmuloscleres. Pneumatic layer absent to scarcely developed of fibrous, not chambered spongin. Foramen not always evident. Gemmuloscleres strongyle-like, short to elongate, ovular to variably bent (C-like to button-like) variably ornamented to entirely smooth. A second category of gemmuloscleres as large, stout, spiny to smooth oxeas. Parenchymella larvae entirely ciliated, with spicules., Published as part of Copeland, John, Pronzato, Roberto & Manconi, Renata, 2015, Discovery of living Potamolepidae (Porifera: Spongillina) from Nearctic freshwater with description of a new genus, pp. 37-48 in Zootaxa 3957 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3957.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/288551, {"references":["Manconi, R. & Pronzato, R. (2002) Suborder: Spongillina subord. nov.: Freshwater Sponges, In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M (Eds), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 921 - 1019.","Manconi, R. & Pronzato, R. (2009) Atlas of African freshwater sponges. Studies in Afrotropical Zoology, vol. 295. Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren."]}

Genus Cherokeesia n. gen. Diagnosis. Cherokeesia diverges from all the other known genera of the family Potamolepidae for diagnostic traits of the gemmules and skeleton. See species diagnosis. Etymology. The genus name (feminine) is derived from the valiant and proud North American native people known as the Cherokee (possibly from the Choctaw Cha-la-kee meaning ���people of the mountains��� or Chi-luk-ikbi meaning ���people of the cave country���)., Published as part of Copeland, John, Pronzato, Roberto & Manconi, Renata, 2015, Discovery of living Potamolepidae (Porifera: Spongillina) from Nearctic freshwater with description of a new genus, pp. 37-48 in Zootaxa 3957 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3957.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/288551

Copeland, John, Pronzato, Roberto, Manconi, Renata (2015): Discovery of living Potamolepidae (Porifera: Spongillina) from Nearctic freshwater with description of a new genus. Zootaxa 3957 (1): 37-48, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3957.1.2

Describes the diversity and distribution of fishes in Virginia and their role in Virginia ecosystems, key characteristics used to identify fish and basic fish taxonomy, the biology and natural history of fishes, threats and issues relating to fish in Virginia, rare of special species that indicate habitat quality, appropriate methods for studying fish, and basic principles of fisheries management.

The stability of a 1 wt % Pt/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst was tested in an ethanol/water mixture at 225 C and autogenic pressure, conditions at which it is possible to dissolve and depolymerize various kinds of lignin, and structural changes to the catalysts were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Al-27 MAS NMR, N-2 physisorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), H-2 chemisorption elemental analysis thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), and IR. In the absence of reactants the alumina support is found to transform into boehmite within 4 h, leading to a reduction in support surface area, sintering of the supported Pt nanoparticles, and a reduction of active metal surface area. Addition of aromatic oxygenates to mimic the compounds typically obtained by lignin depolymerization leads to a slower transformation of the support oxide. These compounds, however, were not able to slow down the decrease in dispersion of the Pt nanoparticles. Vanillin and guaiacol stabilize the aluminum oxide more than phenol, anisole, and benzaldehyde because of the larger number of oxygen functionalities that can interact with the alumina. Interestingly, catalyst samples treated in the presence of lignin showed almost no formation of boehmite, no reduction in support or active metal surface area, and no Pt nanoparticle sintering. Furthermore, in the absence of lignin-derived aromatic oxygenates, ethanol forms a coke-like layer on the catalyst, while oxygenates prevent this by adsorption on the support by coordination via the oxygen functionalities.

This technical consensus statement is jointly produced by the Old Age Psychiatry section of the World Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization, with the collaboration of several NGOs and the participation of experts from different regions. It is intended to be a tool for (i) promoting debate at all levels on the stigmatization of older people with mental disorders; (ii) outlining the nature, causes and consequences of this stigmatization; and (iii) promoting and suggesting policies, programs and actions to combat this stigmatization. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e a Seção de Psiquiatria da Pessoa Idosa da Associação Mundial de Psiquiatria (AMP), em colaboração com um grupo interdisciplinar de representantes das principais associações internacionais e organizações não-governamentais implicadas na saúde mental das pessoas idosas, publicaram três declarações técnicas de consenso sobre a psiquiatria da pessoa idosa (1), a organização dos cuidados em psiquiatria da pessoa idosa (2) e o ensino da psiquiatria da pessoa idosa (3). O Dia Mundial da Saúde 2001, cujo tema foi "Não à exclusão, sim aos cuidados", deu origem a uma nova reunião de consenso sobre o tema da estigmatização e discriminação das pessoas idosas com transtornos mentais. Essa nova reunião foi realizada em Lausanne nos dias 8 e 9 de outubro de 2001 e produziu uma declaração técnica de consenso. O texto inicial foi publicado pela OMS e AMP em inglês. Este artigo apresenta a versão em português desse documento.

National audience

The Global Mental Health Assessment Tool – Primary Care Version (GMHAT/PC) is a computerised clinical assessment tool developed to assess and identify a wide range of mental health problems in primary care. It generates a computer diagnosis, a symptom rating, a self-harm risk assessment, and a referral letter. Patients from primary care and community psychiatric outpatient clinics and a small sample of inpatients were interviewed for a period of two months using the GMHAT/PC. A proportion of patients were simultaneously rated by a psychiatrist and a general practitioner for inter-rater reliability. All patients also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). To conduct the interview was easy in all settings and took 10-15 minutes for patients who had psychiatric symptoms. Inter-rater agreement on mental state symptom groups ranged from 0.49 to 1 (kappa). The computer diagnosis correlated highly with the clinical diagnosis and there was a good level of agreement between HAD ratings and GMHAT/PC ratings. These data suggest that the GMHAT/PC is an easy to administer computerised tool which can be used in primary care for the standardised assessment of mental health problems.