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Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement No 838885 (NarrowbandSSL). S.M.S. acknowledges support from the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (grant agreement No 838885 NarrowbandSSL). We would like to thank the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2016-047) for financial support. E.Z-C. and I.D.W.S acknowledge support from EPSRC (EP/L017008, EP/P010482/1). Computational resources have been provided by the Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif (CÉCI), funded by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifiques de Belgique (F. R. S.-FNRS) under Grant No. 2.5020.11, as well as the Tier-1 supercomputer of the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, infrastructure funded by the Walloon Region under the grant agreement n1117545. Y.O. acknowledges funding by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS under Grant n° F.4534.21 (MIS-IMAGINE). G. R. acknowledges a grant from the ‘‘Fonds pour la formation a la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture’’ (FRIA) of the FRS-FNRS. We present a p- and n-doped nonacene compound, NOBNacene, that represents a rare example of a linearly extended ladder-type multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter. This compound shows efficient narrow deep blue emission, with a λPL of 410 nm, full width at half maximum, FWHM, of 38 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield, ΦPL of 71 %, and a delayed lifetime, τd of 1.18 ms in 1.5 wt % TSPO1 thin film. The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) using this compound as the emitter shows a comparable electroluminescence spectrum peaked at 409 nm (FWHM=37 nm) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 8.5 % at Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.173, 0.055). The EQEmax values were increased to 11.2 % at 3 wt % doping of the emitter within the emissive layer of the device. At this concentration, the electroluminescence spectrum broadened slightly, leading to CIE coordinates of (0.176, 0.068). Publisher PDF

Planting trees is widely regarded as an important part of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. As a result, large-scale tree planting projects have been initiated around the world. However, a number of these initiatives have unintentionally opened up risks to native forests and biodiversity while increasing exotic tree cover. Using the Aotearoa New Zealand One Billion Trees programme as a case study we reflect on what trees are being incentivised by these projects and the downstream impacts of how these projects are realised. We suggest ten recommendations for how these initiatives could be adapted to avoid perverse outcomes for native species while jointly achieving our carbon and biodiversity goals: (1) Diversify strategies—protect first, restore second, plant third; (2) Consider net change in trees—do not just count trees planted; (3) Consider the co-benefits of carbon and biodiversity from the outset; (4) Consider the broader landscape; (5) Consider the carbon and biodiversity benefits of soil; (6) Consider the importance of existing carbon stocks; (7) Consider potential impacts to non-tree ecosystems; (8) Consider the longevity of the future forest; (9) Support landowners in planting and maintaining native trees; (10) Remember that climate goals cannot be achieved by planting trees alone. We believe these recommendations are critical for improving the outcomes of the One Billion Trees programme in Aotearoa New Zealand, while providing important insights relevant to other tree planting initiatives around the world.

PURPOSE Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Despite aggressive therapy, the 5-year survival rate for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains poor, and beyond PAX-FOXO1 fusion status, no genomic markers are available for risk stratification. We present an international consortium study designed to determine the incidence of driver mutations and their association with clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor samples collected from patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group trials (1998-2017) and UK patients enrolled on malignant mesenchymal tumor and RMS2005 (1995-2016) trials were subjected to custom-capture sequencing. Mutations, indels, gene deletions, and amplifications were identified, and survival analysis was performed. RESULTS DNA from 641 patients was suitable for analyses. A median of one mutation was found per tumor. In FOXO1 fusion-negative cases, mutation of any RAS pathway member was found in > 50% of cases, and 21% had no putative driver mutation identified. BCOR (15%), NF1 (15%), and TP53 (13%) mutations were found at a higher incidence than previously reported and TP53 mutations were associated with worse outcomes in both fusion-negative and FOXO1 fusion-positive cases. Interestingly, mutations in RAS isoforms predominated in infants < 1 year (64% of cases). Mutation of MYOD1 was associated with histologic patterns beyond those previously described, older age, head and neck primary site, and a dismal survival. Finally, we provide a searchable companion database ( ClinOmics ), containing all genomic variants, and clinical annotation including survival data. CONCLUSION This is the largest genomic characterization of clinically annotated rhabdomyosarcoma tumors to date and provides prognostic genetic features that refine risk stratification and will be incorporated into prospective trials.

A l’origine, les mecanismes de reglement des differends entre investisseurs et Etats (RDIE, ou ISDS en anglais pour Investor-State Dispute Settlement) etaient destines a proteger les entreprises des pays du Nord contre le risque d’expropriation par les pays du Sud. A partir des annees 2000, ces mecanismes ont ete de plus en plus souvent utilises contre les pays du Nord par des investisseurs qui reclamaient d’etre indemnises a la suite de la nationalisation ou de la remunicipalisation de certains services ou tentaient de peser sur ces decisions, ou qui s’opposaient a l’adoption de reglementations environnementales ou sociales plus strictes menacant leurs interets commerciaux. La resistance aux mecanismes de reglement des differends entre investisseurs et Etats est venue des mouvements sociaux autant que des gouvernements, et malgre le pouvoir exerce par les multinationales, la tendance mondiale consiste desormais a exclure ces mecanismes des nouveaux accords d’investissement. L’objectif de cet article est de proposer une analyse d’economie politique des processus de soutien ou de contestation du role joue par les mecanismes de RDIE dans les accords internationaux, processus qui renvoient a des actions menees a l’echelon national, local et international. Les conflits qui en resultent sont interpretes en termes de contradictions postcoloniales touchant a la souverainete des Etats dans le contexte de la mondialisation, en termes de contestation persistante du role du secteur public et en termes de politiques climatiques.Remarques a l’intention des praticiensLa probabilite pour les investisseurs de voir un differend tranche en leur faveur dans le cadre d’un mecanisme de RDIE ne devrait pas etre surestimee, et l’evaluation que font ces derniers du bien-fonde et des perspectives de remporter un tel differend devrait etre soumise a un examen critique. Les gouvernements devraient etre conscients qu’il existe dans la societe civile un large consensus a l’encontre des mecanismes de RDIE et que la tendance generale actuelle est a la suppression de ces clauses des accords internationaux. Ils devraient egalement passer en revue l’ensemble des traites bilateraux d’investissement et accords de libre-echange qu’ils ont conclus, ainsi que le traite sur la Charte de l’energie ratifie par leur pays, pour evaluer les avantages potentiels respectifs de leur maintien ou de leur denonciation.2

Until ten years ago, the UK’s approach to bribery and corruption, including at its borders, was fragmented, limited in scope and unsuccessful in tackling bribery across borders. This article focuses on the changes which the Bribery Act 2010 has brought about over the last decade which has elevated the UK’s anti-bribery regime to one which is highly regarded. One might expect the natural consequence of the Bribery Act’s international reach to be a dramatic increase in the number of prosecutions (particularly in relation to bribing public officials) – however that has not proved to be the case. This article shows that the Bribery Act has instead brought about a fundamental change of approach by lawmakers and businesses alike – which is not evident from the raw statistics. The Bribery Act’s power lies in the combination of its international reach and the obligations it places on commercial organizations to prevent bribery which have caused UK corporates (including those incorporated elsewhere but who carry on a business, or part of a business, in the UK) to significantly tighten their anti-bribery internal policies and procedures. The shift in focus from the individual to the corporate has also been reflected in the approach of UK law enforcement through their use of Deferred Prosecution Agreements which has resulted in corporate offenders being punished with unprecedented fines. The paper ends by asking whether Brexit and the re-establishment of a large number of hard borders with EU countries will lead to an increase in the number of prosecutions for bribing customs officials after all. Bribery Act 2010, bribery and corruption, corporate offence, commercial organization, failure to prevent, extra-territorial reach, strict liability, Deferred Prosecution Agreement

As we reflect on the disruptive impact that the pandemic has inflicted upon our personal and professional lives, I marvel at the resilience of our Motion Imaging Technology Council’s determination to continue addressing the rapidly evolving digital imaging technology challenges that are confronting filmmakers. Since its formation in 2002 as the ASC Technology Committee, our agenda over the years has consistently identified the critical technology developments driving the evolution of digital production workflows. The unique nature of our mission has always been the fusion of a solid scientific and engineering knowledge base with a laser focus on how these technologies can best benefit the cinematographer’s ability to utilize them to enhance their creative vision.

Funding: S. W. thanks the China Scholarship Council (201906250199). A. K. G. is grateful to the Royal Society for Newton International Fellowship NF171163. EZ-C and IDWS acknowledge support from EPSRC (EP/L017008, EP/P010482/1). We are also grateful for financial support from the University of St Andrews Restarting Research Funding Scheme (SARRF) which is funded through the Scottish Funding Council grant reference SFC/AN/08/020. EZ-C is a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research fellow (SRF\R1\201089). We would also like to thank the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2016-047) for financial support. Herein, we demonstrate how judicious selection of donor decorating a central multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) core based on DiKTa can lead to very high-performance OLEDs. Decorating the DiKTa core with triphenylamine (TPA) and diphenylamine (DPA), 3TPA-DiKTa and 3DPA-DiKTa exhibit bright, narrowband green and red emission in doped films, respectively. The OLEDs based on these emitters showed record-high performance with maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) for this family of emitters, with a EQEmax of 30.8% for 3TPA-DiKTa at λEL of 551 nm and 16.7% for 3DPA-DiKTa at λEL of 613 nm. The efficiency roll-off in the OLEDs was improved significantly by using 4CzIPN as an assistant dopant in hyperfluorescence (HF) devices. The outstanding device performance has been attributed to preferential horizontal orientation of the transition dipole moments of 3TPA-DiKTa and 3DPA-DiKTa. Publisher PDF

The importance of intermediate triplet states and the nature of excited states has gained interest in recent years for the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. It is widely accepted that simple conversion between charge transfer (CT) triplet and singlet excited states is too crude, and a more complex route involving higher-lying locally excited triplet excited states has to be invoked to witness the magnitude of the rate of reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rates. The increased complexity has challenged the reliability of computational methods to accurately predict the relative energy between excited states as well as their nature. Here we compare the results of widely used DFT functionals, CAM-B3LYP, LC-ꞷPBE, LC-ꞷ*PBE, LC-ꞷ*HPBE, B3LYP, PBE0 and M06-2X against a wavefunction-based reference method, Spin-Component Scaling second-order approximate Coupled-Cluster (SCS-CC2) in fourteen known TADF emitters possessing a diversity of chemical structures. Overall, the use of the Tamm-Dancoff Approximation (TDA) together with the CAM-B3LYP, M06-2X and the two ꞷ-tuned range-separated functionals LC-ꞷ*PBE and LC-ꞷ*HPBE demonstrated the best agreement with SCS-CC2 calculations in predicting the absolute energy of the singlet S1, and triplet T1 and T2 excited states and their energy differences. However, consistently across the series and irrespective of the functional or the use of TDA, the nature of T1 and T2 is not as accurately captured as compared to S1. The presented work highlights that despite good agreement of energies, the description of the exact nature of the triplet states should be undertaken with caution.

The environments in which plant species evolved are now generally understood to be dynamic rather than static. Photosynthesis has to operate within these dynamic environments, such as sudden changes to light intensities. Plants have evolved photoprotection mechanisms that prevent damage caused by sudden changes to high light intensities. The extent of genetic variation within plants species to deal with these dynamic light conditions remains largely unexplored. Here we show that one accession ofA. thalianahas a more efficient photoprotection mechanism in dynamic light conditions, compared to six other accessions. The construction of a doubled haploid population and subsequent phenotyping in a dynamically controlled high-throughput system reveals up to 15 QTLs for photoprotection. Identifying the causal gene underlying one of the major QTLs shows that an allelic variant ofcpFtsYresults in more efficient photoprotection under high and fluctuating light intensities. Further analyses reveal this allelic variant to be overprotecting, reducing biomass in a range of dynamic environmental conditions. This suggests that within nature, adaptation can occur to more stressful environments and that revealing the causal genes and mechanisms can help improve the general understanding of photosynthetic functioning. The other QTLs possess different photosynthetic properties, and thus together they show how there is ample intraspecific genetic variation for photosynthetic functioning in dynamic environments. With photosynthesis being one of the last unimproved components of crop yield, this amount of genetic variation for photosynthesis forms excellent input for breeding approaches. In these breeding approaches, the interactions with the environmental conditions should however be precisely assessed. Doing so correctly, allows us to tap into nature’s solution to challenging environmental conditions.

Purpose: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma, which primarily occurs in children and young adults. We previously reported specific genomic alterations in RMS, which strongly correlated with survival; however, predicting these mutations or high-risk disease at diagnosis remains a significant challenge. In this study, we utilized convolutional neural networks (CNN) to learn histologic features associated with driver mutations and outcome using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images of RMS. Experimental Design: Digital whole slide H&E images were collected from clinically annotated diagnostic tumor samples from 321 patients with RMS enrolled in Children's Oncology Group (COG) trials (1998–2017). Patches were extracted and fed into deep learning CNNs to learn features associated with mutations and relative event-free survival risk. The performance of the trained models was evaluated against independent test sample data (n = 136) or holdout test data. Results: The trained CNN could accurately classify alveolar RMS, a high-risk subtype associated with PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion genes, with an ROC of 0.85 on an independent test dataset. CNN models trained on mutationally-annotated samples identified tumors with RAS pathway with a ROC of 0.67, and high-risk mutations in MYOD1 or TP53 with a ROC of 0.97 and 0.63, respectively. Remarkably, CNN models were superior in predicting event-free and overall survival compared with current molecular-clinical risk stratification. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that high-risk features, including those associated with certain mutations, can be readily identified at diagnosis using deep learning. CNNs are a powerful tool for diagnostic and prognostic prediction of rhabdomyosarcoma, which will be tested in prospective COG clinical trials.

We present a p- and n-doped nonacene compound, NOBNacene, that represents a rare example of a linearly extended ladder-type multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter. This compound shows efficient narrow deep blue emission (PL = 410 nm, FWHM = 38 nm, ФPL = 71%, d = 1.18 ms) in 1.5 wt% TSPO1 thin film. The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) using this compound as the emitter shows a comparable electrolumines-cence spectrum (EL = 409 nm, FWHM = 37 nm) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 8.5% at CIE coordinates of (0.173, 0.055). The EQEmax values were increased to 11.2% at 3 wt% doping of the emitter within the emissive layer of the device. At this concentra-tion, the electroluminescence spectrum broadened slightly, leading to CIE coordinates of (0.176, 0.068).

We show how borylation of an acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, DIDOBNA-N, transforms the compound into a multi-resonant TADF (MR-TADF) emitter, MesB-DIDOBNA-N. DIDOBNA-N emits bright blue light (𝜆PL = 444 nm, FWHM = 64 nm, 𝛷PL = 81%, 𝜏d = 23 𝜇s, 1.5 wt% in TSPO1). The deep blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) based on this compound shows a very high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 15.3% for a device with CIEy of 0.073. The MR-TADF emitter, MesB-DIDOBNA-N shows efficient and narrowband violet emission (𝜆PL = 402 nm, FWHM = 19 nm, 𝛷PL = 74.7%, 𝜏d = 133 𝜇s, 1.5 wt% in TSPO1). The OLED with MesB-DIDOBNA-N shows out-standing efficiency for a violet OLED at 9.3% and CIEy = 0.044, which is the bluest EL reported for a MR-TADF OLED to date. Noteworthy are the CIE coordinates of (0.166, 0.045), which are very close to the Rec.2020 standard for blue (0.131, 0.046). The EQEmax values were improved from 9.3% to 13.6% by increasing the concentration of the emitter in the host from 1.5 wt% to 5 wt%.

Funding: Walloon Region, Grant/Award Number:n1117545; Leverhulme Trust, Grant/Award Numbers: RPG‐2016047,SRF\R1\201089; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada, Grant/Award Numbers: DG RGPIN‐2018‐06556, SPG STPGP‐2016‐493924; Fonds dela Recherche Scientifiques de Belgique, Grant/Award Numbers: 2.5020.11,F.4534.21; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Grant/Award Number: EP/P010482/1. The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of a multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule has been investigated for the first time by means of ECL-voltage curves, newly designed ECL-time observatory, and ECL spectroscopy. The compound, Mes3DiKTa, shows complex ECL behavior, including a delayed onset time of 5 ms for ECL generation in both the annihilation pathway and the coreactant route, which we attribute to organic long-persistent ECL (OLECL). Triplet-triplet annihilation, thermally activated delayed fluorescence and uncompensated solution resistance cannot be ruled out as contributing mechanisms to the ECL. A very long ECL emission decay was attributed to OLECL as well. The absolute ECL efficiencies of Mes3DiKTa were enhanced and reached 0.0013% in annihilation route and 1.1% for the coreactant system, which are superior to those of most other organic ECL materials. It is plausible that ECL materials with comparable behavior as Mes3DiKTa are desirable in applications such as ECL sensing, imaging, and light-emitting devices. Publisher PDF

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement No 838885 (NarrowbandSSL) and under the Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement No 812872 (TADFlife). S.M.S. acknowledges support from the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (grant agreement No 838885 NarrowbandSSL). The St. Andrews team would like to thank the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2016-047) for financial support. E. Z.-C. is a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research fellow (SRF\R1\201089). Computational resources have been provided by the Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif (CÉCI), funded by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifiques de Belgique (F. R. S.-FNRS) under Grant No. 2.5020.11, as well as the Tier-1 supercomputer of the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, infrastructure funded by the Walloon Region under the grant agreement n 1117545. Developing high-efficiency purely organic blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that meet the stringent industry standards is a major current research challenge. Hyperfluorescent device approaches achieve in large measure the desired high performance by combining the advantages of a high-efficiency thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) assistant dopant with a narrowband deep-blue multi-resonant TADF (MR-TADF) terminal emitter. However, this approach requires suitable spectral overlap to support Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the two. Here, a color tuning of a recently reported MR-TADF B,N-heptacene core through control of the boron substituents is demonstrated. While there is little impact on the intrinsic TADF properties—as both singlet and triplet energies decrease in tandem—this approach improves the emission color coordinate as well as the spectral overlap for blue hyperfluorescence OLEDs (HF OLEDs). Crucially, the red-shifted and more intense absorption allows the new MR-TADF emitter to pair with a high-performance TADF assistant dopant and achieve maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 15% at color coordinates of (0.15 and 0.10). The efficiency values recorded for the device at a practical luminance of 100 cd m–2 are among the highest reported for HF TADF OLEDs with CIEy ≤ 0.1. Publisher PDF

Actinomycin-D and vincristine are cytotoxic drugs commonly used to treat cancers in children. This prospective study assessed pharmacokinetic variability and toxicity of these drugs in children. Blood samples were collected in 158 patients. Actinomycin-D or vincristine concentrations were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental methods. Target toxicities were collected prospectively. Actinomycin-D pharmacokinetics (n=52 patients) were highly variable. The median (coefficient of variation, CV%) area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was 332 ng/ml•hr (110%); Clearance was 4.6 L/hr/m(2) (90%); half-life was 25 hours (60%). No patient met the defined criteria for myelosuppression. In multivariate analysis, none of the demographic nor pharmacokinetic parameters were predictors of acute hepatotoxicity. Vincristine pharmacokinetics (n=132 patients) demonstrated substantial variability. The median (CV%) AUC was 78ng/ml•hr (98%); clearance was 17.2L/hr/m(2) (67%); half-life was 14.6 hours (73%). In multivariate analysis, the effect of increasing age for a given BSA was an increase in neuropathy while the effect of increasing BSA for a given age was a decrease in neuropathy. CONCLUSION: Pharmacokinetics of both drugs were highly variable. For actinomycin-D, there was no correlation between demographic or pharmacokinetic parameters and target toxicities. For vincristine, the correlations of age and BSA and neuropathy are confounded by the correlation between age and BSA in children and the ability to ascertain neuropathy in infants. Variability may be attributed to dose reductions and capped doses for both drugs. Investigation of BSA-based dosing in young children is warranted to decrease variability of exposure.

Investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms were intended to protect companies from the Global North against expropriation by Global South countries. Since 2000, investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms have increasingly been used against Northern countries to obtain compensation for and constrain policy decisions around nationalisation and remunicipalisation, as well as around the environmental or social regulation of service provision that threatens commercial interests. Social movements and governments alike resisted investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms, and despite the power wielded by multinational companies, the global trend is now to exclude investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms from new investment treaties. The purpose of this article is to provide a political-economy analysis of the processes of supporting and contesting the role of investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms in international treaties, processes that include activity at national, sub-national and international levels. The ensuing conflicts are analysed in terms of post-colonial contradictions over sovereignty under globalisation, continued contestation over the role of the public sector and climate change policies.Points for practitionersThe probability of investor success with investor–state dispute settlement mechanism claims should not be overestimated, and investor assessments of the basis and prospects for such cases should be subject to critical scrutiny. Governments should be aware of widespread popular antagonism towards investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms and global trends to remove such clauses from agreements. They should also review all bilateral investment treaties, free trade agreements and the Energy Charter Treaty that the country has ratified to assess the potential relative advantages of retention or leaving.

Promising new opportunities to apply artificial intelligence (AI) to the Earth and environmental sciences are identified, informed by an overview of current efforts in the community. Community input was collected at the first National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) workshop on “Leveraging AI in the Exploitation of Satellite Earth Observations and Numerical Weather Prediction” held in April 2019. This workshop brought together over 400 scientists, program managers, and leaders from the public, academic, and private sectors in order to enable experts involved in the development and adaptation of AI tools and applications to meet and exchange experiences with NOAA experts. Paths are described to actualize the potential of AI to better exploit the massive volumes of environmental data from satellite and in situ sources that are critical for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and other Earth and environmental science applications. The main lessons communicated from community input via active workshop discussions and polling are reported. Finally, recommendations are presented for both scientists and decision-makers to address some of the challenges facing the adoption of AI across all Earth science.

Research has shown that having meaningful occupations and active, valued social roles is important in successfully transitioning into retirement. Golf is often associated with retirees and studies ...

Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae) is a tropical mirid bug used as a biocontrol agent in protected crops, including tomatoes. Although N. tenuis predates important insect pests, especially whitefly, it also causes damage by feeding on tomato plants when prey populations decline, resulting in significant economic losses for growers. The pest is now established in some all-year-round tomato crops in Europe and control measures involve the application of pesticides which are incompatible with current IPM programs. As part of future IPM strategies, the pheromone of N. tenuis was investigated. Volatile collections were made from groups and individuals of mated and unmated, females and males. In analyses of these collections by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic (EAG) recording from antennae of male bugs, two EAG-active components were detected and identified as 1-octanol and octyl hexanoate. Unlike other mirids, both male and female N. tenuis produced the two compounds, before and after mating, and both sexes gave EAG responses to both compounds. Furthermore, only octyl hexanoate was detected in whole body solvent washes from both sexes. These compounds are not related to the derivatives of 3-hydroxybutyrate esters found as pheromone components in other members of the Bryocrinae sub-family, and the latter could not be detected in volatiles from N. tenuis and did not elicit EAG responses. Nevertheless, experiments carried out in commercial glasshouses showed that traps baited with a blend of the synthetic pheromone components caught essentially only male N. tenuis, and significantly more than traps baited with octyl hexanoate alone. The latter caught significantly more N. tenuis than unbaited traps which generally caught very few bugs. Traps at plant height caught more N. tenuis males than traps 1 m above or at the base of the plants. The trap catches provided an indication of population levels of N. tenuis and were greatly reduced following an application of insecticide.

Within political philosophy and particularly in the work of Chantal Mouffe and Hannah Arendt, “agonism” has been described as representing the notion of being able to challenge and dissent in a pro...