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Dental erosion is an oral problem which often occurs in children and adolescents. The most common cause of dental erosion is excessive consumption of soft drinks. One of the methods to prevent dental erosion caused by soft drinks is using products that are able to increase the remineralization of dental structure. A remineralization agent that can be used is CPP-ACPF which contains calcium, phosphate, and fluoride. Purpose: To examine the microporosity changes on the enamel surface of primary teeth exposed to soft drinks followed by application of CPP-ACPF. Methods: Five primary lower incisor crowns were vertically separated in half. Two samples (4 × 4 × 2 mm) were made by dividing one tooth into each group sample. Group A was immersed in 50 ml of soft drink (Coca Cola®) for 15 minutes for 7 days, while in group B, this was followed by CPP-ACPF application for 4 minutes twice a day for 7 days. Samples were scanned with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with 1000× magnification and the enamel surface microporosity was scored using Dudea criteria. Results: The average number of micropores on the enamel surface of primary tooth group A was 3,7500+0,43301, while in group B it was 1,6000+0,45415. Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in microporosity on the enamel surface after CPP-ACPF application in primary teeth exposed to soft drinks.

Various types of dental preparations for laminate veneers have been proposed,depending on factors such as the properties of the ceramic material, remaining dental structure color, need for altering the dental contour, laboratory fabrication technique, and occlusal relationships. Clinical observations of successes and failures associated with the development of techniques and materials have allowed some safe parameters to be delineated for effectively performing dental preparations for ceramic veneers or even placing veneers without any preparation. This article describes the use of an additive diagnostic wax-up that is transferred to the mouth by means of an intraoral mock-up (aesthetic pre-evaluative temporary) with associated mathematic parameters to guide dental preparations. This technique, called Do the Math and presented here in the form of a clinical case report, aims to avoid excessive or incorrect tooth preparation by indicating the exact amount and location of the tooth reduction necessary to attain the desired color and shape.

The main objective of the study was to recognize the effect of ceramic thickness and luting agent on the extent to which the restoration masks color variations that may be present in the underlying dental structure. Two pressable ceramics were used: Lithium disilicate reinforced (IPS e.max- Ivoclar Vivadent) and Leucite reinforced (Cergo- Dentsply). Fifteen ceramic discs were manufactured from each ceramic and divided into three groups, according to the thickness (0.5, 1, 1.5 mm). To simulate the color of a dark underlying dental structure, background discs, color C3, with 20 mm diameter, were made using resin composite. The ceramic discs with varying thicknesses were seated on the dark background of the resin composite with either resinous opaque cement or resinous cement. The color parameters were determined by the CIE Lab system of colors using a spectrophotometer and color differences (ΔE) were calculated. The results were then statistically analyzed, using ANOVA test and Tukey HSD test. The ΔE values of both ceramic systems were affected by both the luting agent and the ceramic thickness (P

Since the dental structure and the mechanical parameters of dental hard tissues would affect the propagation features of ultrasonic waves, laser ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique can be used to assess human teeth. With the application of an expansion Laguerre polynomial technique, surface acoustic waves (SAW) in human incisors are calculated, and the effects of inhomogeneous elastic properties of enamel and initial dental caries on SAW are also discussed. An experimental setup to generate and detect SAW in incisor by noncontact and nondestructive manner is established. A focused laser line source is used to generate broadband SAW, which is detected by laser Dopple vibrometer on healthy incisor and initial dental carious, respectively. The results demonstrate that some dental parameters such as dental structures and initial dental carious can affect the phase velocities of laser induced SAW. Laser ultrasonic NDE methods have the potential for evaluation of human teeth in vivo. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.I-M2014815]

Objectives: To compare the distribution of chemical elements among the carious and normal enamel layers on teenagers, using energy dispersive X ray spectrometer (EDS Rx). Materials and Methods: The EDS Rx analyzer is integrated to scanner electron microscope. The macro and mi-croelements were made in 30 premolars of teenager: 14 carious enamel layers and 16 normal enamel layers. Results: The quantitative and qualitative microanalyses of macro and microele-ments were found between the enamel layers of carious and normal premolar in term of variation and concentration expressed in percentage atomic weight. The statistical data analysis of ANOVA showed that the macroelements [C, Ca, P] and the microelements [Al, Cl, Mg, Na] were significantly different (P < 0.05) while, the macro [O] and the microelements [In, Si, W, S] were not significantly different (P < 0.05) among the carious and normal enamel layers. Moreover, the microelements Sb, Ba, Br, I, Ir, K, Pt, Sc, Sr, Sn and Yb were absent in carious enamel layers and present in normal enamel layers. Conclusion: The macro and microelements differ in composition and variation from the external to the internal enamel layers between the carious and the normal premolars. However, the deficiency or excess of these elements in the enamel layers determines the degree of susceptibility to carious and other dental disease. Clinical Relevance: The carious enamel in dental structure could be a major dental problem due to the deficiency or excess of macro and microele-ments which are responsible for secondary or recurrent caries, discoloration, pulpal inflammation, re-infection, abscess in jaw bone and dental disease.

Computational three-dimensional (3D) models of a dental structure generated from 3D dental computed tomography (CT) images are now widely used in digital dentistry. To generate precise 3D models, high-resolution imaging of the dental structure with a dental CT is required. However, a small head motion of the patient during the dental CT scan could degrade the spatial resolution of CT images to the extent that digital dentistry is no longer possible. A bench-top micro-CT has been built to evaluate the head motion effects on the dental CT images. A micro-CT has been built on an optic table with a micro-focus x-ray source and a flat-panel detector. A rotation stage, placed in between the x-ray source and the detector, is mounted on two-directional goniometers that can rotate the rotation stage in two orthogonal directions while the rotation stage is performing the CT scan. The goniometers can make object motions of an arbitrary waveform to simulate head tilting or head nodding. CT images of a phantom have been taken with and without introducing the motions, and the motion effects on the CT images have been evaluated. Object motions parallel to the detector plane have greater effects on the CT images than those against the detector plane. With the bench-top micro-CT, the motion effects have been visually seen at a tiny rotational motion as small as 0.3°. The bench-top micro-CT can be used to evaluate head motion effects on the dental CT images. The projection data, taken with the motion effects, would be used to develop motion artifact correction methods for a high-resolution dental-CT.

Dentists routinely encounter non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in daily clinical practices. The dental literature is contradictory regarding the occlusal etiology of NCCLs. NCCL is defined as the loss of dental structure at the cemento&ndash, enamel junction, with no association of bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of dynamic occlusal factors and dental hygiene practices with NCCLs. In total, 100 participants were selected by the random stratified sampling method, 50 each for control and NCCL groups. Information regarding oral hygiene practices, including frequency, duration, force, and technique of brushing, was recorded. Dynamic occlusal parameters like initial contact, occlusion time (OT), disocclusion time (DT), and center of force were recorded with T-scan analysis. The obtained data were analyzed with Pearson&rsquo, s correlation and binary logistic regression. We found that 68% of participants in the NCCL group and 31% in the control group utilized the horizontal brushing technique, 46% of NCCL group participants used hard brush against 7% of participants in the control group. The mean OT was 0.727 and 0.516 s for NCCL and control groups, respectively. The OT and left and right lateral DT were strongly related to NCCL, with r-values of 0.661, 0.642, and 0.534, respectively, with p &le, 0.001. Using a hard toothbrush was found to be associated with NCCL. The NCCL group had extended mean occlusion time and disocclusion time in all eccentric mandibular movements.

SUMMARY Dental ceramics make it possible to restore anterior teeth that have been esthetically compromised, presenting a high resistance to wear, biocompatibility, color stability, and low thermal conductivity. The development of different types of ceramic and techniques for adhesive cementation have made it possible to produce more conservative restorations without involving the healthy dental structure and with minimally invasive preparation, such as the bonding of ceramic fragments. The purpose of this article is to describe a clinical case in which diastemas were closed by using nanofluorapatite ceramic (e.max Ceram, Ivoclar-Vivadent) fragments on teeth 7 and 10 with minimal tooth preparation and metal-free ceramic crowns (e-max Ceram) reinforced with zirconia copings through a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing system (Lava, 3M-ESPE) on teeth 8 and 9.

Endocrown-type restorations are single prostheses fabricated from reinforced ceramics that can be acid etched, indicated for endodontically treated molar teeth that have significant loss of coronal structure. Endocrowns are formed from a monoblock containing the coronal portion integrated into the apical projection that fills the pulp chamber space, and possibly the root canal entrances. In this study, the proposal was to discuss the indication and use of the endocrown to replace single crowns with intraradicular retention, and to present a clinical case report on the 3-year follow-up of an endocrown-type restoration, fabricated from injected lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.Max Press/Ivoclar Vivadent) in a mandibular first molar with extensive coronal destruction from fracture. It was found that endocrown restorations could be made following the development of reinforced ceramics that can be acid etched, that have aggregate strength and esthetics, that bond to the dental structure, and that have developed from broader knowledge of the biomechanical behavior of depulped teeth restored with and without intraradicular posts. Clinical studies have shown that the endocrown has functional longevity, and has become a promising alternative in the esthetic and functional recovery of endodontically treated molar teeth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It should be borne in mind that endocrowns offer advantages for the restoration of depulped molar teeth, insofar as they promote adequate function and offer adequate esthetics, and also maintain the biomechanical integrity of the compromised structure of non-vital posterior teeth. By eliminating the use of a post and filling core, the number of adhesive bond interfaces is reduced, thus making the restoration less susceptible to the adverse effects of degradation of the hybrid layer. In this clinical case, the 3-year survival of the endocrown restoration may be considered successful. (J Esthet Restor Dent 25:383-391, 2013)

The aim of this article is to describe the possibility of improving dental esthetics with low-thickness glass ceramics without major tooth preparation for patients with small to moderate anterior dental wear and little discoloration. For this purpose, a carefully defined treatment planning and a good communication between the clinician and the dental technician helped to maximize enamel preservation, and offered a good treatment option. Moreover, besides restoring esthetics, the restorative treatment also improved the function of the anterior guidance. It can be concluded that the conservative use of minimum thickness ceramic laminate veneers may provide satisfactory esthetic outcomes while preserving the dental structure.

To evaluate the dental structure loss associated with procedures of replacement or maintenance for ditched amalgam restorations in primary molars and the time required to perform each treatment.Ditched amalgam restorations (n = 40) were submitted to four different strategies: polishing group-polishing and finishing of restorations; amalgam group-replacement of ditched amalgam restorations with new amalgam restorations; resin group-replacement of amalgam restorations with resin composite restorations; flowable resin group-filling the ditch with a flowable resin composite. The teeth were analysed with a stereomicroscope and the areas pre- and post-treatment were determined by image analysis software to evaluate structural loss. The time required to perform each treatment was recorded in seconds.Student's t test was used to compare areas pre- and post-treatments. ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (p 0.05) were used to compare differences among groups and the time to perform each procedure.Dental structure loss was observed in resin and amalgam groups. Replacing the restorations with amalgam took more time, while polishing and applying flowable resin composite consumed less than half of the time compared with amalgam and resin groups.Maintenance of ditched amalgam restorations by polishing and sealing preserves dental structure and involves less time compared with that for replacement of restorations.

Despite all the dental information acquired over centuries and the importance of proteome research, the cross-link between these two areas only emerged around mid-nineties. Proteomic tools can help dentistry in the identification of risk factors, early diagnosis, prevention, and systematic control that will promote the evolution of treatment in all dentistry specialties. This review mainly focuses on the evolution of dentistry in different specialties based on proteomic research and how these tools can improve knowledge in dentistry. The subjects covered are an overview of proteomics in dentistry, specific information on different fields in dentistry (dental structure, restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, oral pathology, oral surgery, and orthodontics) and future directions. There are many new proteomic technologies that have never been used in dentistry studies and some dentistry areas that have never been explored by proteomic tools. It is expected that a greater integration of these areas will help to understand what is still unknown in oral health and disease.

Periodontal disease is a serious dental problem because it does not heal naturally and leads to tooth loss. In periodontal disease, inflammation at periodontal tissue is thought as predominant, and its effect against tooth itself remains unclear. In this study, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to teeth for the first time. By comparing anatomical structure of tooth affected with periodontal disease with normal ones, we analyzed traces of the disease on tooth. We found signals characteristic of enamel, dentin, and dental pulp, respectively, in mass spectra obtained from normal teeth. Ion images reconstructed using these signals showed anatomical structures of the tooth clearly. Next, we performed IMS upon teeth of periodontal disease. Overall characteristic of the mass spectrum appeared similar to normal ones. However, ion images reconstructed using signals from the tooth of periodontal disease revealed loss of periodontal ligament visualized together with dental pulp in normal teeth. Moreover, ion image clearly depicted an accumulation of signal at m/z 496.3 at root surface. Such an accumulation that cannot be examined only from mass spectrum was revealed by utilization of IMS. Recent studies about inflammation revealed that the signal at m/z 496.3 reflects lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC). Infiltration of the signal is statistically significant, and its intensity profile exhibited the influence has reached deeply into the tooth. This suggests that influence of periodontal disease is not only inflammation of periodontal tissue but also infiltration of LPC to root surface, and therefore, anti-inflammatory treatment is required besides conventional treatments.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of bonding and debonding of orthodontic brackets on dental in-home bleaching, taking into account three different adhesive systems. METHODS: Forty-four bovine incisors were divided into four groups according to the primer system used for orthodontic bracket bonding. Following the debonding of orthodontic brackets, the teeth were stored in staining solution for 96 hours. Then, teeth were whitened using 10% carbamide peroxide for two weeks at a 6-hour-a-day regime. Standardized digital photographs were taken at the following intervals: T0 (initial); T1 (after debonding); T2 (after pigmentation); T3, T4 and T5 representing 1, 7, and 14 days of bleaching. Repeatability and stability tests were carried out to check the method accuracy. Images were analyzed using Adobe Photoshop 7.0 software considering (L*a*b*)color coordinate values and a modified color difference total (Δ;E'). RESULTS: The results of this study (ANOVA and Tukey; p < 0.01) demonstrated that after 7 days of bleaching, experimental groups showed significantly less teeth whitening compared to the control group. However, there were no significant color differences between the groups after 14 days, according to values of lightness (L*). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the adhesive primer system applied, bonding and debonding of orthodontic brackets alters the outcome of tooth whitening in the first 7 days of bleaching, however it has no influence on the whitening of the dental structure after 14 days of in-home dental bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide. OBJETIVO: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da colagem e descolagem de braquetes ortodônticos no clareamento caseiro, considerando três diferentes sistemas adesivos. MÉTODOS: quarenta e quatro incisivos bovinos foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o sistema adesivo utilizado para colagem dos braquetes. Após a descolagem dos braquetes, os dentes foram pigmentados por 96 horas e depois clareados com peróxido de carbamida a 10% por 6 horas diárias, durante duas semanas. Foram realizadas fotografias digitais padronizadas nos tempos: T0 (inicial); T1 (após descolagem); T2 (após pigmentação); T3, T4 e T5 representando 1, 7 e 14 dias de clareamento. Testes de repetitividade e de estabilidade foram realizados para avaliar a acurácia do método. As imagens foram avaliadas pelo software Adobe Photoshop 7.0, considerando os parâmetros de cor (L*a*b*) e a diferença total de cor adaptada para esse estudo (Δ;E'). RESULTADOS: os resultados do presente estudo (ANOVA e Tukey; p < 0,01) demonstraram que, após uma semana de clareamento, os grupos experimentais apresentaram uma resposta mais lenta ao clareamento que o grupo controle. Contudo, após 14 dias, não houve diferença cromática significativa entre os grupos, observada pelos valores de luminosidade (L*). CONCLUSÕES: independentemente do sistema adesivo utilizado, a colagem e descolagem de braquetes ortodônticos altera os resultados de obtenção de cor com sete dias de avaliação. Contudo, após 14 dias não se observa nenhuma diferença de cor na estrutura dentária clareada pela técnica caseira.

Aim To obtain temperature distribution data through human teeth focusing on the pulp-dentine junction (PDJ). Methodology A three-dimensional tooth model was reconstructed using computer-aided design software from computed tomographic images. Subsequently, temperature distribution was numerically determined through the tooth for three different heat loads. Loading type I was equivalent to a 60° C mouth temperature for 1 s. Loading type II started with a 60° C mouth temperature, decreasing linearly to 37° C over 10 s. Loading type III repeated the pattern of type II in three consecutive cycles, with a 5 s resting time between cycles. Results The maximum temperatures of the pulp were 37.9° C, 39.0° C and 41.2° C for loading types I, II, and III, respectively. The largest temperature rise occurred with the cyclic loading, that is, type III. Conclusion For the heat loads considered, the predicted peak temperatures at the PDJ were less than the reported temperature thresholds of irreversible pulpal damage.

The aim of this work was to verify the existence of correlation between Raman spectroscopy readings of phosphate apatite (∼960 cm−1), fluoridated apatite (∼575 cm−1) and organic matrix (∼1450 cm−1) levels and Diagnodent® readings at different stages of dental caries in extracted human teeth. The mean peak value of fluorescence in the carious area was recorded and teeth were divided in enamel caries, dentin caries and sound dental structure. After fluorescence readings, Raman spectroscopy was carried out on the same sites. The results showed significant difference (ANOVA, p

Thorough knowledge of root canal morphology is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. There are rare aberrant, variations in canal number and configuration in maxillary and mandibular molars, which could affect treatment outcome. This paper presents the endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with two palatal canals and three buccal canals and mandibular first molar with two mesial and three distal canals. In this paper this morphology was confirmed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and surgical operating microscope . CBCT can provide dentists with high quality 3-dimensionals images of dental structure due to it's high spatial resolution. This paper is intended to reinforce clinician's awareness of the rare morphology of root canals

The study modifies an adhesive system with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as load, characterizing it and evaluate the effectiveness of its bond to dental structure. The middle thirds of healthy premolar tooth crowns were obtained, and each crown was sectioned vertically, resulting in two sections. The sections were divided into ten groups (n = 15), in which resin composite restorations were simulated: (G1E and G1D) conventional adhesive system (SAC); (G2E and G2D) SAC modified with HAP; (G3E and G3D) Primer modified with HAP; (G4E and G4D) monocomponent adhesive system; (G5E and G5D) self-etching adhesive system. The specimens were submitted to the microshear test and characterization technique. There was statistically significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis) between the groups (p 0.01). G3 presented the highest bond strength to enamel (64.40 MPa, ±7.36) and dentin (39.59 MPa, ±21.46). The majority of specimens were found adhesive fractures. Bond strength to enamel and dentin of the primer modified with HAP of SAC showed higher values.

BACKGROUND It is stated anecdotally that patients with liver diseases in childhood who develop green teeth have increased risk for rampant caries, which may be secondary to changes in dental structure. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that hyperbilirubinemia affects the dentin morphology of green teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen primary teeth were prepared and divided into two groups (green teeth, n = 8 and control, n = 8), which were transversely fractured across the cervical third of the dental crowns; dentin was prepared and sputter-coated with gold, and examined under a scanning electron microscope. The mean density and mean diameter of dentin tubules, as well as the thickness of peritubular dentin, were compared. RESULTS Hyperbilirubinemia was associated with a decrease in the density of the dentin tubules (p< .01) and the thickness of peritubular dentin of green teeth (p< .01). CONCLUSIONS There was a correlation between childhood hyperbilirubinemia and changes in the dentin morphology, including a decrease in the density of the dentin tubules and a reduction in the thickness of peritubular dentin in green teeth. Key words:Hyperbilirubinemia, liver disease, childhood, dentin tubules, human teeth, scanning electron microscopy.

As restaurações livres de metal são buscadas pelos anseios estéticos da população. Para o sucesso deste tratamento restaurador deve-se observar as peculiaridades de cada sistema cerâmico e seguir uma estratégia adequada para cimentação. Este artigo objetiva apresentar o tratamento de superfície das interfaces envolvidas durante a cimentação, a estrutura dental e a peça protética, e elucidar o agente cimentante. Enfatiza os diferentes tipos de tratamento de superfície para cerâmicas ácido-sensíveis, ácido-resistentes e cerâmicas híbridas. A revisão de literatura baseou-se em artigos científicos publicados em diferentes base de dados (PubMed, Medline, Scielo, Bireme e Google Acadêmico), utilizando os descritores: Prótese Dentária, Cerâmica, Tratamento de superfície e Cimentação. Foram selecionados artigos relevantes entre 2002 a 2015 referente à temática em revisão. O conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista sobre as estratégias de cimentação, conforme o tipo de cerâmica utilizada, é necessário para tomada de decisão durante a cimentação e para promover o sucesso clínico do tratamento com restaurações livres de metal.

Bruxism is a parafunctional activity related to clenching or grinding the teeth and tooth wear can be a consequence of sleep bruxism (SB). Management of severe tooth wear due to SB is a challenging situation because of the common reduced amount of remaining dental structure and loss of vertical dimension of occlusion. Rationale for the planning of oral rehabilitation of patients with SB presenting severe tooth wear should rely on evidence-based approaches; however, few studies have discussed properties of dental materials for SB rehabilitation and how to cosmetically manage severe tooth wear. This review aimed to provide an overview into bruxism cosmetic rehabilitation and how this can be implemented with good outcomes for the patient., Video abstract

International audience; Oreopithecus bambolii, a large-bodied fossil ape, lived in the Tusco-Sardinian archipelago during the Late Miocene, until ca. 6.7 Ma. Its dentition, an apparent blend of hominoid and cercopithecoid-like features, has been a matter of discussion since its first description, in 1872. While the height and sharpness of its molar cusps recall some Cercopithecidae, Oreopithecus is currently considered by many as more likely related to dryopithecines. Here, we use microtomographic-based quantitative imaging and histological evidence to link outer and inner tooth structural morphology with enamel development in Oreopithecus permanent teeth. The material consists of 14 teeth/crowns from the sites of Baccinello and Casteani, in Tuscany, and Fiume Santo, in Sardinia. In particular, we add to the record of 2–3D of molar enamel thickness topographic variation and enamel-dentine junction morphology, and using high-resolution replicas of the outer crown and ground sections, comparatively assess molar growth trajectory (crown formation times and enamel extension rates). Our results shed new light on dental development of this “enigmatic anthropoid” and provide additional evidence concerning the still debated question of its evolutionary history.; Oreopithecus bambolii est un grand singe fossile qui a vécu dans l’archipel tusco-sarde durant le Miocène tardif, jusqu’à il y a environ 6,7 Ma. Sa denture, un mélange apparent de caractéristiques similaires à celles des hominoïdes et des cercopithécoïdes, a été sujet à discussions depuis sa première description en 1872. Tandis que la hauteur et l’aspect saillant des cuspides des molaires rappellent ceux de certains Cercopithecidae, Oreopithecus est actuellement considéré par beaucoup comme étant très probablement lié aux dryopithécinés. Nous exploitons ici des données quantitatives basées sur l’imagerie microtomographique et histologique pour relier la morphologie structurale externe et interne des dents permanentes avec le développement de l’émail chez Oreopithecus. Le matériel comprend 14 dents/couronnes provenant des sites de Baccinello et Casteani, en Toscane, et de Fiume Santo, en Sardaigne. Plus précisément, nous combinons au registre 2–3D des variations topographiques de l’épaisseur de l’émail et de la morphologie de la jonction émail-dentine des molaires, des moulages haute résolution de la surface externe de la couronne et des sections histologiques, et nous estimons comparativement la trajectoire de croissance des molaires (temps de formation de la couronne et taux d’extension de l’émail). Nos résultats apportent un nouvel éclairage sur le développement dentaire de cet « anthropoïde énigmatique » et fournissent des informations supplémentaires concernant la question toujours débattue de son histoire évolutive.

It has been proposed that a resin coating can serve as a means to protect dental structure after preparation of the tooth for indirect restorations, sealing the exposed dentin. The resin coating is applied on the cut surfaces immediately after tooth preparation and before making an impression by assembling a dentin bonding system and a flowable composite. Resin coatings minimize pulp irritation and improve the bond strength between a resin cement and tooth when bonding the restoration to tooth. Recently, thin-film coating dental materials based on all-in-one adhesive technology were introduced for resin coating of indirect restorations. The thin coating materials are applied in a single clinical step and create a barrier-like film layer on the prepared dentin. The thin coatings play an important role in protecting the dentin from physical, chemical, and biological irritation. In addition, these thin-film coating materials reportedly prevent marginal leakage beneath inlays or crown restorations. In light of the many benefits provided by such a protective layer, these all-in-one adhesive materials may therefore also have the potential to cover exposed root dentin surfaces and prevent caries formation. In this paper, recent progress of the dental coating materials and their clinical applications are reviewed.

The finite element (FE) analysis is an effective method to study the strength and predict the fracture risk of endodontically-treated teeth. This paper presents a rapid method developed to generate a comprehensive tooth FE model using data retrieved from micro-computed tomography (μCT). With this method, the inhomogeneity of material properties of teeth was included into the model without dividing the tooth model into different regions. The material properties of the tooth were assumed to be related to the mineral density. The fracture risk at different tooth portions was assessed for root canal treatments. The micro-CT images of a tooth were processed by a Matlab software programme and the CT numbers were retrieved. The tooth contours were obtained with thresholding segmentation using Amira. The inner and outer surfaces of the tooth were imported into Solidworks and a three-dimensional (3D) tooth model was constructed. An assembly of the tooth model with the periodontal ligament (PDL) layer and surrounding bone was imported into ABAQUS. The material properties of the tooth were calculated from the retrieved CT numbers via ABAQUS user's subroutines. Three root canal geometries (original and two enlargements) were investigated. The proposed method in this study can generate detailed 3D finite element models of a tooth with different root canal enlargements and filling materials, and would be very useful for the assessment of the fracture risk at different tooth portions after root canal treatments.

Direct composite resin restorations have become a viable alternative for patients that require anterior restorative procedures to be integrated to the other teeth that compose the smile, especially for presenting satisfactory esthetic results and minimum wear of the dental structure. Technological evolution along with a better understanding of the behavior of dental tissues to light incidence has allowed the development of new composite resins with better mechanical and optical properties, making possible a more artistic approach for anterior restorations. The combination of the increasing demand of patients for esthetics and the capacity to preserve the dental structure resulted in the development of different incremental techniques for restoring fractured anterior teeth in a natural way. In order to achieve esthetic excellence, dentists should understand and apply artistic and scientific principles when choosing color of restorative materials, as well as during the insertion of the composite resin. The discussion of these strategies will be divided into two papers. In this paper, the criteria for color and material selection to obtain a natural reproduction of the lost dental structures and an imperceptible restoration will be addressed.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-11-12T17:35:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1981-86372015010500446.pdf: 584485 bytes, checksum: a5bc024c427da50a6079109329e12bec (MD5) Objetivo:Analisar o funcionamento do serviço de Saúde Bucal em um município e desenvolver um protocolo de avaliação diagnóstica da Saúde Bucal na Atenção Básica.Métodos:Trata-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, descritiva. O local da pesquisa foi Pereira Barreto, São Paulo, por apresentar a Estratégia Saúde da Família como modelo assistencial estruturante do Sistema de Atenção à Saúde em 100% da população; equipes de saúde bucal implantadas; atenção secundária em saúde bucal. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com o gestor, 6 cirurgiões-dentistas, 6 auxiliares de saúde bucal e 6 agentes comunitários de saúde. Foram realizadas também análise documental do Plano Municipal de Saúde, Agenda de Saúde Bucal e observação in loco da estrutura odontológica.Resultados:O município oferta serviços de saúde bucal com integração entre atenção básica e especializada, sendo a atenção básica ordenadora da rede. O Plano Municipal de Saúde apresenta descrição detalhada da situação geral do município; a agenda de saúde bucal preconizada em fase de implantação contempla os três eixos de atuação da Estratégia Saúde da Família: unidade de saúde, família e comunidade. O inquérito identificou que a principal forma de acesso da população aos serviços era a demanda espontânea; havia duas equipes de Saúde da Família sem equipes de Saúde bucal.Conclusão:A análise do funcionamento do serviço possibilitou desenvolver um protocolo com dimensões específicas de Saúde Bucal para subsidiar o gestor na definição de estratégias de intervenção. Objective:The aim of this study was to analyze the oral health service performance in a certain municipality and also to develop a diagnostic evaluation protocol of Oral Health in Primary Care.Methods:This is a descriptive, quantitative and qualitative research. The research site chosen was in the city of Pereira Barreto, State of São Paulo Brazil, since it makes use of the Family Health Strategy as the structuring care model of the Health Care System in 100% of the population as well as oral health teams implemented and oral health secondary care. Data were obtained through interviews with the manager, six dentists, six oral health assistants and six community health workers. Document analysis of the Municipal Health Plan was also conducted along with the Dental Health Agenda and on-site observation of the dental structure.Results:The city Health Plan presents a detailed description of the municipality general situation, the oral health agenda recommends, in its implementation phase, the three main areas as a core in Family Health Strategy as follows: health unit, family and community.The survey found that the main form of access of the population to services was the spontaneous demand and there were only two Family Health teams without focus on oral health.Conclusion:The analysis of the service performed; made possible to develop a protocol with specific Oral Health dimensions to support the manager in defining intervention strategies Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Odontologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Odontologia

doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00583.x Evaluation of compressive strength in the first premolars between young and elderly people: ex vivo study Objective: This study evaluated the compressive strength of first maxillary premolars from young and elderly people. Background: Findings have revealed that changes happening on dental structure lead to a higher susceptibility of tooth fracture. Materials and methods: Thirty teeth were divided into four groups as follows: G I (n = 7) premolars of elderly patients with fused roots, G II (n = 8) premolars of elderly with separate roots, G III (n = 7) pre-molars of young people with fused roots and G IV (n = 8) premolars of young people with roots separated. The roots were placed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinder and embedded in acrylic resin. Afterward, the samples were subjected to fracture by compressive strength in a universal testing machine. Loads were applied in continuous and progressive speed of 0.5 mm/min until the moment of fracture. The values found underwent statistical analysis (anovaα = 0.05). Results: With regard to age, there was a statistical difference, the teeth of the elderly being more susceptible to fracture (p 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that with the methodology employed, the age factor was important with regard to fracture resistance to compression.

Forensic Odontology is the discipline of identifying, based on the recognition of certain features present in each person's dental structure. This area of forensic identification plays a major role in a natural or artificial disaster which has resulted in multiple deaths that are not possible to be identified by conventional methods like fingerprints. Forensic Odontology shall identify individuals based on dental records, mainly through their dental radiographs. In this paper we develop a biometric system for semi-automatic processing and matching of dental images, with the objective of identifying people. As a dental record, usually a post mortem dental radiography (PM), it will search the database, dental x-rays of the person before the accident (AM), consistent with dental X-rays of the autopsy (PM). To achieve the identification of the person, use a semi-automatic method to extract the contour of the teeth of the radiographs AM and P.M. to able to compare them, while also compare the separation of the contours of the teeth, x-rays taken earlier AM and PM. This paper presents a practical application of GRASP metaheuristic with double relaxation technique with double relaxation to solve the pattern comparison problem between the graphics approaches of dental records AM and PM.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:35:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:05:23Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-01 Objective: This study evaluated, in vitro, the fracture resistance of human non-vital teeth restored with different reconstruction protocols. Material and methods: Forty human anterior roots of similar shape and dimensions were assigned to four groups (n=10), according to the root reconstruction protocol: Group I (control): non-weakened roots with glass fiber post; Group II: roots with composite resin by incremental technique and glass fiber post; Group III: roots with accessory glass fiber posts and glass fiber post; and Group IV: roots with anatomic glass fiber post technique. Following post cementation and core reconstruction, the roots were embedded in chemically activated acrylic resin and submitted to fracture resistance testing, with a compressive load at an angle of 45 degrees in relation to the long axis of the root at a speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. All data were statistically analyzed with bilateral Dunnett's test (alpha=0.05). Results: Group I presented higher mean values of fracture resistance when compared with the three experimental groups, which, in turn, presented similar resistance to fracture among each other. None of the techniques of root reconstruction with intraradicular posts improved root strength, and the incremental technique was suggested as being the most recommendable, since the type of fracture that occurred allowed the remaining dental structure to be repaired. Conclusion: The results of this in vitro study suggest that the healthy remaining radicular dentin is more important to increase fracture resistance than the root reconstruction protocol. Univ Sagrado Coracao, Fac Odontol, Sch Dent, BR-17011160 Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Sch Dent Sao Jose dos Campos, Dept Restorat Dent, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Sch Dent Sao Jose dos Campos, Dept Restorat Dent, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil

SUMMARY The root of the third permanent molar is the only dental structure that continues development after completion of growth of the second permanent molar. It is claimed that the lack of a clearly defined end point for completion of growth of the third permanent molar means that this tooth cannot be used for dental age assessment. The aim of this study was to estimate the mean age of attainment of the four stages (E, F, G, and H) of root development of the third molar. The way in which the end point of completion of stage H can be identified is described. A total of 1223 dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) available in the archives of the Eastman Dental Hospital, London, were used for this study. The ages of the subjects ranged from 12.6 to 24.9 years with 63 per cent of the sample being female. Demirjan’s tooth development stages (TDSs), for the first and second molars, were applied to the third molars by a single examiner. For each of stages E, F, and G and for stage H censored data, the mean ages of the males and females were compared, separately within each tooth morphology type using the two sample t-test (P < 0.01). The same test was used to compare the mean ages of the upper and lower third molars on each side, separately for each gender. The mean age of attainment and the 99 per cent confidence interval (CI) for each TDS were calculated for each third molar. The final stage H data were appropriately censored to exclude data above the age of completion of root growth. The results showed that, for each gender, the age in years at which individuals attained each of the four TDSs was approximately normally distributed. The mean age for appropriately censored data was always lower than the corresponding mean age of the inappropriately censored data for stage H (male UR8 19.57, UL8 19.53, LL8 19.91, and LR8 20.02 and female UR8 20.08, UL8 20.13, LL8 20.78, and LR8 20.70). This inappropriately censored data overestimated the mean age for stage H. The appropriately censored data for the TDSs of the third molar may be used to estimate the age of adolescents and emerging adults assuming average growth and development and recent attainment of stage H.

Less traumatic alternative methods for removal of decayed tissue has been developed. A non-invasive technique, which consists of applying a proteolytic substance that softens the infected dentin tissue and preserves healthy tooth tissue was released in the market. Thus, this work intended to describe a clinical case of caries removal using BRIX 3000 papaine-based enzymatic gel. A 6-year-old male patient attend to a Univesity Dental Clinic complaining of painful sensitivity during mastication. After examination, acute deep carious lesion was found in dental elements 64 and 65. The caries removal procedure was performed for both teeth without anesthesia, under relative isolation, following the principles of atraumatic restorative treatment - ART. The gel was taken into the cavity and leaved to act for 2 minutes and the infected tissue was excavated. Caries lesion was then detected below the OM cusp with undercut enamel, needing to enlarge the cavity in the occlusal region with rotating cutting instruments and reapply the gel. After the second application, all the infected tissue had been removed and the teeth restoration with chemical ionomer cement was performed. At the end of the treatment, the discomfort during the performed procedure was asked to the patient using the Wong-Baker Face Scale. The child pointed to score 1, indicating mild pain for both treatments. It can be concluded that the use of enzymatic papaine gel-based was an efficient alternative for caries removal, easy to use, and preserve to the maximum the dental structure healthy, showing promise to be used as atraumatic caries removal technique.Keywords: Dental Caries. Papain. Pediatric Dentistry.ResumoMétodos alternativos menos traumáticos para remoção de cárie vem sendo desenvolvidos. Uma técnica não invasiva, que consite na aplicação de uma substância proteolítica que amolece a dentina infectada e preserva o tecido dental hígido foi lançado no mercado. Sendo assim, este trabalho visa relatar um caso clínico de remoção da lesão de cárie através do gel enzimático a base de papaína, BRIX-3000. Paciente do gênero masculino, 6 anos, compareceu à Clínica Odontológica Universitária com queixa de sensibilidade dolorosa durante a mastigação. Após avaliação, constatou-se lesão cariosa profunda aguda nos elementos dentais 64 e 65. O procedimento de remoção de cárie foi realizado sem anestesia e sob isolamento relativo, seguindo os princípios do tratamento restaurador atraumático (ART). O gel foi levado à cavidade, deixado agir por 2 minutos e realizado a escavação do tecido infectado. Foi detectado lesão de cárie abaixo da cúspide OM com esmalte socavado, necessitando de ampliação da cavidade na região oclusal com instrumentos cortantes rotatórios e reaplicação do gel. Após a segunda aplicação, todo o tecido infectado foi removido e realizada a restauração dos dentes com cimento de ionômero químico. Ao final do tratamento, foi aplicado a escala de faces de Wong-Baker. A criança apontou score 1, indicando dor leve para ambos os tratamentos. Pôde se concluir que a utilização do gel enzimático a base de papaína é uma alternativa eficiente para remoção do tecido cariado, de fácil utilização, preservando ao máximo a estrutura dental sadia, sendo promissor para ser utilizado na técnica atraumática de remoção da cárie.Palavras-chave: Cárie Dentária. Papaína. Odontopediatria.

This review elucidates the dental structure chemical degradation and saliva roles in the origin and progression of NCCLs. Dentin chemical degradation is a predominant factor that contributes to the origin and progression of noncarious cervical lesions, which includes the biocorrosive factors: chemical, biochemical, electrochemical and piezoelectric dentin effects. The biocorrosive process involves endogenous and exogenous agents. As regard to saliva roles, the flow rate, buffering capacity, pH and its protein composition are valid parameters to identify biocorrosive factors. Thus, the association of acids agents, altered salivary parameters and specifics proteases are important conditions to promote dental wear. It can be concluded that endogenous and exogenous acids agents, salivary parameters and specific oral biomarkers are important to support the diagnostic and management of dental wear and noncarious cervical lesions. Esta revisão elucida a degradação química da estrutura dental e os papéis da saliva na origem e progressão de lesões cervicais não cariosas. A degradação química da dentina é um fator predominante que contribui para a origem e progressão de lesões cervicais não cariosas que incluem fatores biocorrosivos: efeitos químicos, bioquímicos, eletroquímicos e proteolíticos da dentina. O processo biocorrosivo envolve agentes endógenos e exógenos. No que diz respeito aos papéis da saliva, a taxa de fluxo, a capacidade de tamponamento, o pH e sua composição proteica são parâmetros válidos para identificar fatores biocorrosivos. Assim, a associação de agentes ácidos, parâmetros salivares alterados e proteases específicas são condições importantes para promover o desgaste dental. Pode-se concluir que os agentes ácidos endógenos e exógenos, parâmetros salivares e biomarcadores orais específicos são importantes para apoiar o diagnóstico e manejo do desgaste dentário e lesões cervicais não cariosas.

As a science, facial and dental aesthetics is highly complex, the dentist being compelled to effectively exploit his abilities of reconstructing affected tissues, but also cultivate his aesthetic sense. Nowadays, dentists frequently face the patients high expectations, regarding dental structure and facial reconstruction. Most young patients tend to choose their model from the media, while patients over the age of 50 desire to have teeth like those of youth. It should also be noted that there is no concept of „cosmetic dentistry” as the teeth can only be adjusted in corellation to the face and body appearance. Thus, between physiognomy and the general appearance of the body and of the teeth a state of interdependence is in existence. One of the major errors that leads to endangering the quality of dental treatment and to patient dissatisfaction is the way in which the doctor-patient relationship is managed. If a person opts for an aesthetic treatment it is clear that it is facing a low self-esteem, in this case the dentist needing to address the disorder on two coordinates: an objective interpretation involves the sequencing of reconstructing a morphological and functional dentition and and establishing the issues related to patients notion of „beautiful”. At the same time, aesthetic dental treatment is based on the personality of the individual, the age, sex and patient's systemic diseases. The notion of „divine proportion” makes possible to perform „perfect” dental works that integrate the facial and somatic features, whose basic characteristics are symmetry, balance, continuity.

SUMMARY Various manipulations during endodontic treatment and restoration of endodontic treated teeth can be associated with increase of the temperature in dental structure and periodontal tissue. These manipulations include: mechanical root canal preparation, obturation with warm condensation techniques, root – canal preparation for radicular post. The critical level of temperature, that doesn’t cause irreversible consequences is 43°C. The aim of this study is to investigate the temperature changes on external root surface during endodontic treatment depending of dentin thickness. Thirty six single - rooted, human teeth extracted for prosthetic or periodontal reasons were selected for this study. Teeth were divided into four groups-nine teeth in each one. The temperature changes during mechanical root canal preparation, vertical warm condensation, continious wave of condensation and root canal preparation for radicular post are explored and the results are presented.

Facetas cerâmicas fornecem resultados estéticos satisfatórios, preservando a estrutura dentária. A cerâmica dental pode melhorar a aparência estética e restabelecer a resistência e a função dos dentes. Nos dentes anteriores restaurados, as superfícies funcionais, por exemplo, em orientação anterior e lateral podem ser restauradas efetivamente. As características da cerâmica dental, como a estabilidade da cor e as propriedades mecânicas e ópticas, tornam este material uma boa escolha para restaurações indiretas, especialmente, quando são necessárias funções ótimas e a estética. Além disso, o dissilicato de lítio é uma cerâmica dental, que imita a estética e a resistência da estrutura dentária natural e foi utilizado no presente relato de caso clínico.Palavras-chave: Prótese Dentária. Estética Dentária. Cerâmica.AbstractCeramic veneers provide satisfactory esthetic outcomes while preserving the dental structure. Dental ceramics can both improve the esthetic appearance and reestablish the teeth’s strength and function. In restored anterior teeth, functional surfaces, for example, anterior and lateral guidance, can be restored effectively. The characteristics of dental ceramics, such as color stability and mechanical and optical properties, make this material a good choice for indirect restorations, especially when optimum function and esthetics are required. Moreover, lithium disilicate is a dental ceramic that mimics the esthetics and strength of the natural tooth structure and it was used in the present clinical case report.Keywords: Dental Prosthesis. Esthetics, Dental. Ceramics.

This research evaluated the influence of the number of adhesive layers of three adhesive systems on microtensile bond strength (microTBS) to dentin and the internal adaptation between the dental structure and the resin composite restoration. Two cavities (C-factor = 3) were made on the buccal surfaces of 30 bovine incisors. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (MP), Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) and Clearfil SE Bond (CSB) were applied in one layer (MP-I, SB-I and CSB-I) and in two layers (MP-II, SB-II and CSB-II). The cavities were restored with Z250 resin composite. After 48 hours, beams were obtained (n = 15/group) for microTBS testing, and slices containing the two restorations were obtained for internal adaptation analysis. The beams were submitted to the microTBS test on a universal testing machine (EMIC DL-2000) and the failures were analyzed by SEM. The slices were analyzed under an optical microscope and the types and amounts of internal failures (gap, crack, rupture) were classified. The mean values of microTBS (MPa) were: MP-II: 56.92; MP-I: 52:23; CSB-II: 47:71; CSB-I: 42.25; SB-I: 35.12 and SB-II: 34.69. According to two-way ANOVA (alpha = 0.05), the independent variables adhesive system (p = 0.001) and the number of layers (p = 0.025) presented significant difference. The mixed failure was predominant in all groups. For the internal adaptation analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test (alpha = 0.05) showed statistical differences for cracks and ruptures between the adhesive systems. SB-I and II were shown to have the highest values for cracks, and MP-I demonstrated the lowest. SB-II showed significantly higher values for rupture. The application of two layers promoted a slight increase in microTBS for Scotchbond MP and Clearfil SE Bond, but it did not improve the internal adaptation for the tested adhesive systems.

Dentin comprises the largest dental structure available for bonding. Because of its inherent morphological and physiological characteristics, reliable and durable resin–dentin bonding remains a challenging accomplishment that is subjected to multi-factorial interferences. Adhesive technology has evolved significantly over the past decade, resulting in improved predictability of resin–dentin bonds. This article reviews the present knowledge regarding resin–dentin bonding from the perspective of the dentin substrate. Since another article in the previous issue of Endodontic Topics already covers dentin structure and composition, the intention is not to fully review these aspects. Instead, basic principles of current bonding strategies used by adhesive agents are presented. Specific attention is given to describing how the morphology and physiology of dentin affect existing bonding mechanisms, how some chemical treatments of dentin can affect its properties and bonding, and finally how bonding to root canal dentin is currently viewed and understood.

We present the optical coherence tomography (OCT) made to investigate the early dental caries in human teeth and compare its results with those taken by conventional imaging modalities including light illuminating examination (LIE), digital intra-oral radiography (DIOR), and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). Morphological features and caries-involved areas of the dental structure were mainly investigated by LIE, DIOR, and OCT to study the infection of the caries lesion in pits and fissures. The biochemical information acquired with EPMA and the morphological features taken with OCT in the early stage of caries were compared and analyzed to present an objective and practical index for the degree of caries. The experimental results allow us to conclude that OCT could be used to provide quantitative analysis of caries based on the reflectivity difference in the specimen.

The dental structure of basal ceratopsians is described. Evolutionary trends in maxillary and dentary teeth of basal ceratopsians include decrease and possible loss of enamel on the occluding side of tooth crowns, increase in the angle of wear facet, development of a prominent primary ridge and deep indentations on mesial and distal sides of the primary ridge, and increase in tooth size in neoceratopsians. Premaxillary teeth in the basalmost ceratopsian Yinlong and basal neoceratopsian Archaeoceratops oshimai exhibit wear facets and denticles along the carina, which imply use for feeding. Maxillary and dentary teeth of basal ceratopsians were probably not as effective in feeding as those in ceratopsids because of the relatively less prominent primary ridges. Some dental characters can be used to identify taxon and tooth position of isolated basal ceratopsian teeth.

Aluminum and silicon oxide-based inorganic matrices have been extensively studied because of their countless applications. Dental cements consist of aluminum and silicon-based amorphous polymeric materials containing fluoride, sodium, phosphorus and calcium, which are also good candidates for bone replacement. The nonhydrolytic sol–gel method has emerged as an alternative route for the preparation of these materials under milder conditions than those employed in traditional methods, such as oxide fusion. The main advantages of the nonhydrolytic sol–gel method include the use of low temperatures and the ready availability and easy purification of the precursors. Together, these factors have contributed to the production of highly pure materials with controlled porosity and nanometric particles. Dental restorations based on aluminosilicate matrices are known as glass ionomer cements. These materials have interesting physical and dental properties, mainly because they display anticariogenic activity and exhibit prolonged adhesiveness to the dental structure. The base of the ionomer is an aluminosilicate that is industrially synthesized by the fusion of SiO2, Al2O3, AlF3, CaF2, NaF and AlPO4, in various concentrations. The characterizations conducted in this study reveal that this ionomer displays interesting properties, so its use as a precursor of dental cement and a biomaterial for bone replacement is highly recommended.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:23:38Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:46:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-48249142840.pdf: 370036 bytes, checksum: 568b90976a301ccfd1400e3d5f12be19 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-04 The patient's diet has been considered an important etiological factor of dentin hypersensitivity. The frequent ingestion of acidic substances can promote the loss of dental structure or remove the smear layer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of smear layer removal and dentinal tubules exposure by different natural orange juices. Extracted human teeth were submitted to manual scaling in order to develop the smear layer. Seventy dentin samples were obtained and distributed into the following groups: Control, lime orange, lime, valência orange, navel orange, mandarin, and tangerine. Each group included 2 methods of application: Topical and topical + friction. After preparation for SEM analysis, photomicrographs were assessed by a blind calibrated examiner using an index system. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant influence of the orange juices on smear layer removal. Significant difference was observed between navel orange, valência orange, mandarin and the control group (p < 0.05). These orange juices resulted in greater removal of the smear layer and greater opening of dentinal tubules. The comparison between the application methods for each group using the Mann-Whitney test showed that friction increased smear layer removal significantly only for lime orange and lime. The data suggest that certain natural orange juices are more effective in terms of smear layer removal and dentinal tubules exposure than others. Department of Diagnosis and Surgery School of Dentistry at Araraquara São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-360 Department of Diagnosis and Surgery School of Dentistry at Araraquara São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-360

Because of their size and oral anatomy, it is intrinsically difficult to perform a thorough oral examination on rabbits and rodents. Furthermore, most of the dental structure (the "reserve crown" of hypsodont teeth) remains hidden to clinical inspection. The clinical crown, visible above the gingival margin, corresponds to a small portion of the tooth. Also, supporting bone and periapical structures should always be evaluated when looking for signs of dental disease. Therefore, diagnostic imaging modalities acquire particular importance in the evaluation of teeth and surrounding structures. They may permit early diagnosis, which allows early intervention, ultimately improving the patient's prognosis. Conventional radiography in particular can provide notable information to complement the clinical examination. A complete radiographic study should include extraoral laterolateral, right-to-left and left-to-right latero-oblique, dorsoventral (or ventrodorsal), and rostrocaudal head views, as well as intraoral views. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can also be useful but are relatively expensive and not always readily available. Radiographic equipment and techniques, and normal radiographic dental anatomy of rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas, are reviewed and described.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has excellent biological behavior, and its composition and crystal structure are similar to the apatite in the human dental structure and skeletal system; a number of researchers have attempted to evaluate the effect of the addition of HA powders to restorative dental materials. In this study, nanohydroxy and fluoroapatite were synthesized using an ethanol based sol-gel technique. The synthesized nanoceramic particles were incorporated into commercial glass ionomer powder (Fuji II GC) and were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Compressive, diametral tensile and biaxial flexural strengths of the modified glass ionomer cements were evaluated. The effect of nanohydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite on the bond strength of glass ionomer cement to dentin was also investigated. Results showed that after 1 and 7 days of setting, the nanohydroxyapatite/fluoroapatite added cements exhibited higher compressive strength (177-179MPa), higher diametral tensile strength (19-20MPa) and higher biaxial flexural strength (26-28MPa) as compared with the control group (160MPa in CS, 14MPa in DTS and 18MPa in biaxial flexural strength). The experimental cements also exhibited higher bond strength to dentin after 7 and 30 days of storage in distilled water. It was concluded that glass ionomer cements containing nanobioceramics are promising restorative dental materials with both improved mechanical properties and improved bond strength to dentin.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behavior of Greek elementary school students in terms of oral health and dental care. Data on students’ oral health and dental treatment as well as, the factors that define these variables were collected and evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire for a sample of 595 students. The results revealed that irregular brushing was common. Apart from the use of toothbrush and toothpaste, extra aids for oral hygiene were also in use. The role of parents in supervising the oral hygiene habits of their children was concentrated only in giving advice. The students knew the causes of gingivitis and caries and how to protect their dental health. Also, they were aware of the mouth and dental structure on the general body health. Toothache was the driving reason of visiting the dentist. Irregular visits to the dentist were mentioned, even though they knew the importance of regular dental visits. The feeling of fear, in general, and fear of dental tools and dental wheel were referred to be the main reason for not visiting the dentist on a regular basis. Students were not encouraged by their parents for regular dental visits. The outcomes of this study show that Greek elementary students knowledge, attitude and behavior towards oral health and dental care need to be improved through oral health behavior programs.

In order to understand how mandibular structure differs among the Chinese cercopithecoids (Rhinopithecus, Trachypithecus and Macaca), particularly the uniqueness of the snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus), we analysed ten mandibular measurements by principal components analysis (PCA), and examined scaling patterns. The results provided by the PCA illustrated differences due to size among the cercopithecoids and the relationship between colobines (Trachypithecus and Rhinopithecus) and cercopithecines, in which macaques (Macaca) are included. Allometric analysis indicated that, biomechanically, there is not a marked difference between macaques and leaf-eating monkeys. This may be associated with the fact that both share some similar ecology and niches in south and southwest China. The snub-nosed monkeys exhibit a significantly more robust mandible, evident in the symphysis, corpus, condyle, and masticatory momentum arm. This supports the hypothesis, based on the study of dental structure, that Rhinopithecus is a unique group in Asian Old World monkeys (OWMs) and has developed some unique characteristics in order to adapt to the tough food available in the severe cold climate of the Plateaux of Qinghai-Tibet, Yun-Gui and Qingling in China.

Dogfish sharks (Squaliformes) are a highly diverse group of neoselachians occurring in a wide range of marine environments and are common members of deep-sea faunas. The order Squaliformes comprises six families with approximately 98 extant species. The dentition of most squaliforms is characterized by a strong dignathic heterodonty and dental variation yielding a suite of potential tooth characters that could be used for taxonomic and systematic purposes. So far, no detailed study has been carried out to analyse the use of tooth morphologies in reconstructing the phylogeny of squaliforms. Also, the degree of characteristics of intraspecific variability of tooth morphologies is still unclear. Here, we analysed the dental differences between juveniles and adults and between the sexes of the Giant lantern shark, Etmopterus baxteri, and tested these dental characters for taxonomic purposes employing different statistical procedures. The results show that upper teeth of adult females and males differ morphologically in that those of females are bigger and display a lanceolate central cusp, whereas male specimens have thin and needle-like central cusps. Upper teeth of males have a higher number and a more pronounced variability of lateral cusplets than those of females. Moreover, an ontogenetic heterodonty might be developed in male specimens with sexually immature males displaying similar dental morphologies to those of adult females. Lower teeth, conversely, do not differ morphologically between the sexes. Results indicate that tooth morphologies of squaliform sharks bear high potential for phylogenetic purposes if tooth variations are considered, but have to be treated with care, if no variation is analysed.

The technological development in healthcare experienced in actual days has relationship with the integration of many knowledge areas, fundamentally by searching new solutions in order to improve the quality of life of the society. Examples of this reality appears in medicine and engineering areas, where the computer-assisted techniques works together to solve many healthcare problems. In the surgical procedures context as well, as in dental implant planning, the surgeon still determine some parameters according to his personal experience, where only the visualization of the problems through Computed Tomography images are not enough to ensure the success of the procedure. Thus, this research aims to propose a computational model, as a decision support tool, in order to define a more appropriate positioning for dental implants. This is a fundamental part to determination of the necessary parameters for the process planning because the information is obtained automatically straight from image processing. The prototype presented in this work comprises a user-friendly interface, which allows dentists to observe the bone and dental structure in multi-perspective images. Also, it determines the implant location by an automatic procedure without intervention of dentist. The text shows a study case with the autonomous determination of an implant position.

Rehabilitation of patients with anterior conoid teeth may present a challenge for the clinician, especially when trying to mimic the nature with composite resins. This clinical report exemplifies how a patient with conoid upper lateral incisors was rehabilitated with minimally invasive adhesive restorations. Following diagnostic wax-up and cosmetic mock-up, no-prep veneers and ceramic fragments (partial veneers) were constructed with feldspathic porcelain. This restorative material presents excellent reproduction of the optical properties of the dental structure, especially at minimal thicknesses. In this paper, the details about the treatment are described. A very pleasing outcome was achieved, confirming that minimally invasive adhesive restorations are an excellent option for situations in which the dental elements are healthy, and can be modified exclusively by adding material and the patient does not want to suffer any wear on the teeth.

La solución actual frente a un diente que ha sido agredido por caries profunda o por traumatismo es la realización de un tratamiento de conducto. Por lo general estos dientes han sufrido gran pérdida de estructura dentaria, es por eso que después de la realización de la endodoncia necesitan de una correcta restauración. El momento de decidir la apropiada restauración de la misma es crucial para el pronóstico del diente, ya que muchos dientes endodonciados pueden sufrir fracturas. Las fracturas dependen de la cantidad de estructura dentinaria que exista después de la preparación de la misma. En este estudio se valoró la resistencia que tiene un diente endodonciado reconstruido con y sin poste de fibra de vidrio. Es un estudio exploratorio in vitro donde se analizó la resistencia a la fuerza de compresión que tienen 30 premolares superiores e inferiores uniradiculares. Estos se dividieron en 3 grupos, el grupo de control con 10 dientes sanos sin tratamiento de conducto, en el Grupo 2 con 10 dientes con tratamiento de conducto y reconstrucción directa con resina y el Grupo 3 con 10 dientes que presentan tratamiento de conducto y reconstruidos con poste de fibra de vidrio cilíndrico. A los tres grupos se les colocó a 45º en una máquina universal de fuerzas para aplicarle compresión a 1mm/min hasta encontrar una fractura significante, donde se registraron los valores. Del análisis de los resultados con las pruebas ANOVA-Tukey, se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo control y el grupo 1. En ninguna otra comparación se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Por lo que se concluyó que un diente endodonciado reconstruido únicamente con resina directa sin colocación de poste resiste menos a las fuerzas de compresión que los dientes intactos y que los dientes endodonciados reconstruidos con poste de fibra de vidrio.