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La concepción binaria de los regímenes contractuales en Colombia —entendida como la aplicación del régimen privado por unas entidades estatales y del Estatuto General de Contratación de la Administración Pública (Ley 80 de 1993) por otras— ha generado dificultades prácticas en su implementación, debido a la naturaleza estatal de las entidades que aplican el régimen privado, pues este no regula todas las obligaciones o deberes que deben atender las entidades estatales o su aplicación podría ser incompatible con las finalidades públicas que se persiguen con la contratación estatal. Una de estas instituciones corresponde al equilibrio económico del contrato, que es una de las problemáticas ampliamente discutidas en estrados judiciales y, por lo tanto, de gran relevancia ilustrativa para demostrar la complejidad de la dualidad de los regímenes contractuales en Colombia. Dadas estas dificultades resulta importante identificar cómo se restablece el equilibrio económico de las prestaciones en los contratos celebrados por entidades con régimen exceptuado, The binary conception of contractual regimes in Colombia —understood as the application of the private regime by some state entities and the General Statute of Public Administration Contracting (Law 80 of 1993) by others has generated practical difficulties in its implementation, due to the state nature of the entities that apply the private regime, since it does not regulate all the obligations or duties that state entities must meet or its application could be incompatible with the public purposes pursued with state contracting. One of these institutions corresponds to the economic balance of the contract, which is one of the problems widely discussed in court and, therefore, of great illustrative relevance to demonstrate the complexity of the duality of contractual regimes in Colombia. Given these difficulties, it is important to identify how the economic balance of services is restored in contracts concluded by entities with an excepted regime

El derecho laboral, al ser una rama independiente y autónoma en el sistema jurídico, tiene ciertas conexiones con el derecho civil. Es por esto por lo que, al estudiar conceptos del derecho laboral, es importante tener en cuenta lo estipulado en el derecho civil, puesto que, en algunos casos o vacíos normativos, esta área ha permitido desarrollar y remarcar particularismos del derecho laboral por medio de la creación de conceptos o figuras laborales fundamentadas en normas civiles. La culpa patronal es un concepto que se fundamenta en dos áreas del derecho, dado que tiene sustento en la responsabilidad civil del artículo 1604 del Código Civil (CC) y en la culpa del empleador consagrada en el artículo 216 del Código Sustantivo del Trabajo (CST). Es la obligación que tiene todo empleador de afiliar a su personal al Sistema de Seguridad Social y de Riesgos Laborales, lo que garantiza una atención integral a los empleados en caso de accidentes o enfermedades laborales. Esta obligación se basa en la teoría de la responsabilidad objetiva, que está consagrada en la Ley 1562 de 2012, mediante la cual el empleador le garantiza al trabajador la atención idónea y el pago de las prestaciones sociales laborales. Sin embargo, es importante recordar que la obligación no se limita o termina cuando se afilia al trabajador, sino que también debe garantizar la prevención y control de los factores de riesgo laboral que su actividad pueda generar; es decir, debe tomar las medidas necesarias de seguridad para proteger la salud y la integridad de sus trabajadores. Esto crea una responsabilidad subjetiva frente al trabajador, que se despliega a partir de la existencia del contrato de trabajo.

It is known that Law, from an epistemological point of view, is not only a theoretical career but also a practical one, since it is oriented and finds its application in social relations, since it is always created and ultimately referred to, to a precise ontological reality, that is, the human being (subject of law).         &nbsp, Es sabido que, el Derecho, desde un punto de vista epistemológico, es no sólo una carrera teórica sino también práctica, desde que se orienta y encuentra su aplicación en las relaciones sociales, toda vez que es creado y referido siempre en última instancia, a una precisa realidad ontológica, es decir, al ser humano (sujeto de derecho).

En esta monografía se pretende realizar un trabajo de investigación, acerca del cumplimiento del Estado colombiano sobre lo ordenado por la Corte IDH en la sentencia Petro Urrego vs. Colombia, adicionalmente, propondré alternativas viables para el ajuste la legislación interna de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artículo 23.2 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. De manera que, expondré instrumentos jurídicos para la investigación, análisis y alternativas viables para que el Estado colombiano ajuste la legislación interna de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artículo 23.2 de la convención americana de los derechos humanos y los pronunciamientos de la Corte Interamericana en este sentido., It is intended to carry out a research work, about the compliance of the Colombian State with what was ordered by the Inter-American Court in the sentence Petro Urrego vs. Colombia will also propose viable alternatives for the adjustment of domestic legislation in accordance with the provisions of Article 23.2 of the American Convention on Human Rights. So, I will expose legal instruments for the investigation, analysis and viable alternatives so that the Colombian State adjusts the internal legislation in accordance with the provisions of article 23.2 of the American Convention on Human Rights and the pronouncements of the Inter-American Court in this sense.

In this work, an analysis, comparison and compilation of information aimed at determining the viability of the cannabis legalization process is carried out, in order to determine the measures to be taken in the face of this possibility, thus contributing to the interested social sectors and the state with information that will allow them to become directly and actively involved in the path towards the legalization of cannabis in the country. While it is true that cannabis for medicinal use has already been legalized, which represents a great step forward in this area, the recreational use of this drug is an unavoidable reality that demands immediate attention. This research focuses on gathering information to understand the social perspective of a possible project to legalize the use of recreational cannabis, aiming to achieve the benefits that have already benefited other states that have already legalized and regularized cannabis completely within their legal regulations.

Homeschooling is an alternative form of education that, as a result of the pandemic and the subsequent lockdowns during the years 2020 and 2021, has seen a significant increase in people choosing to educate their children at home using this methodology. It is a fundamental duty of the State to ensure the education of all its citizens, with a particular emphasis on girls, boys, and adolescents. Therefore, clear and comprehensive legislation is necessary to harmonize this right with that of parents or guardians, who have the power to decide how their children will receive education while always respecting the constitutional principles of the best interests of the child, freedom of upbringing and access to education.

The general objective of the research was to legally analyze the Paulian rescissory action from the Ecuadorian Civil Code. The development of the research was focused from the positivist paradigm, from the quantitative perspective, of descriptive type is complemented by a documentary-bibliographic design, which allowed the collection of information extracted from the different legal texts approaching the analytical method focusing on the study of particular aspects, examined in the analysis of written content, through the analytical-synthetic, obtaining new knowledge of the mental decomposition into several elements. Likewise, laws, norms, theses and theories were analyzed, contributing to the deepening of the subject under study. It is concluded that it is important to consider the norms established before the elaboration of a contract, in order to avoid the violation of the rights of the citizens, it is important to emphasize that the rescisory action is not limited in time., El objetivo general de la investigación fue analizar jurídicamente la acción rescisoria Pauliana desde el Código Civil ecuatoriano. El desarrollo de la investigación se enfocó desde el paradigma positivista, desde la perspectiva cuantitativa, de tipo descriptiva se complementa por un diseño documental-bibliográfico, lo que permitió la recogida de información extraída de los diferentes textos jurídicos abordando el método analítico enfocándose en el estudio de aspectos particulares, examinados en el análisis de contenido escrito, mediante lo analítico-sintético, obteniendo nuevos conocimientos de la descomposición mental en varios elementos. Así mismo se, analizaron leyes, normas, tesis y teorías, contribuyendo a la profundización del tema en estudio. Se concluye que, es importante considerar las normas establecidas antes de la elaboración de un contrato, con el objeto de evitar la vulneración de los derechos de los ciudadanos, es sustancial destacar que la acción rescisoria paulina no es limitada en el tiempo.

The focus of this article is to explain the state of research work with regard to the specialty of forensic social work in Spain. The study was carried out as part of the activities developed by Research Team 940102 ‘Observatory for Social Intervention in Organizations’ from the University Complutense of Madrid and funded by this university., Depto. de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales, Fac. de Trabajo Social, TRUE, pub

Gli accordi processuali sono negozi giuridici con cui le parti intendono influire su un determinato processo. Pur non essendo tali accordi sconosciuti negli ordinamenti spagnolo ed italiano, pare manchi in questi la spinta a definirli quale categoria giuridica per se, ossia come un insieme di negozi giuridici che condividono una serie di elementi strutturali e criteri comuni di validità ed efficacia. Obiettivo dell’indagine offerta è quello di affacciare una teoria generale dell’accordo processuale e di declinare i risultati teorici raggiunti all’esame di taluni, selezionati accordi processuali, aprendo ad una verifica della loro utilità ed opportunità anche alla luce dell’analisi economica del diritto e della crescente concorrenza regolatoria degli Stati nella disciplina delle relazioni giuridiche transfrontaliere e dell’individuazione della giurisdizione che in caso di controversia ne decida., Depto. de Derecho Procesal y Derecho Penal, Fac. de Derecho, TRUE, pub

A análise trazida neste artigo tem como perspectiva norteadora a responsabilidade pré-contratual do banqueiro, justamente porque é no cerne desta que se desenvolve a premissa da culpa in contrahendo. Assim, analisase este pressuposto como critério de aferição da culpabilidade do banqueiro quando direcione sua conduta sem tomar a específica diligência. No presente estudo esta diligência está circunscrita no dever de informação dos atos bancários precedentes à formação do contrato. Neste ponto, tomamos como referencial o princípio da boa-fé como irradiador dos fundamentos éticojurídicos na consecução dos contratos bancários. Sublinha-se que o paradigma de estudo adotado se refere ao ordenamento jurídico português, bem como a grafia adotada é o português de Portugal. [ABSTRACT]The analysis brought in this article has as mainspring perspective the pre-contractual responsibility of the banker, precisely because is in its core that is developed the premise of the guilt in contrahendo. Thus, one analyses this assumption as a benchmarking of the banker’s culpability when directing his conduct without applying the specific diligence. At the present essay, this diligence is circumscribed at the duty to inform of the bank acts previous to the creation of the contract. At this point, we take as referential the principle of good faith as the spreading point of the ethical juridical fundamentals on the pursuance of the bank contracts. One must mention that the study paradigm adopted is referred to the Portuguese legal system, and the language adopted is Portuguese (of Portugal)., Depto. de Derecho Mercantil, Financiero y Tributario, Fac. de Derecho, TRUE, pub

La propiedad intelectual pretende proteger el derecho de los creadores sobre sus creaciones, obras o ingenios. En esta materia su regulación ha evolucionado a lo largo de la historia en pro de que se dé tanto un incentivo a la creatividad como un aprovechamiento de las creaciones para el beneficio de la sociedad. Actualmente los avances tecnológicos nos han permitido llegar a lo que actualmente conocemos como “metaverso”, este revolucionario concepto busca ser un ecosistema digital en el cual, como su nombre lo indica habrá una réplica de la realidad en un ámbito digital en el cual las barreras actualmente conocidas por la sociedad podrán ser ampliadas hasta límites que no son conocidos aún. Como consecuencia de lo anterior se presentan retos y expectativas en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad actual. Esto no es indiferente al derecho, pues este nuevo mundo virtual pretende introducirnos en la digitalización total de nuestras relaciones humanas en diferentes campos, lo cual implica un gran reto para el derecho en tanto le exige la protección de los derechos de aquellos que decidan vincularse a este nuevo mundo virtual, pues de la interacción entre sujetos dentro del metaverso pueden desencadenarse situaciones que deban ser reguladas por el derecho, en especial por la propiedad intelectual.

The development of the research has been carried out based on the recognition of equal marriage in Ecuador, the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador 2008 Art.68 where it refers that adoption will correspond only to different sex couples and so far there has been no reform to the rule and no analysis in relation to the social impact that this institution can generate. The methodology used has been partly qualitative in terms of the approach of the present research so that I have collected and analyzed data for the development of the topic, so also new questions have been opened. The quantitative method has been associated in the variables within the results of the research. The instruments I used in the research are the interview, which have been directed to judges, members of the religious community and the LGBTIQ+ community to determine the possible causes of this research. After the following study, it is important to highlight that we can contribute to the analysis of the adoption situation of children and adolescents in Ecuador in order to be able to form a family and thus be able to develop within a dignified environment, in addition to considering the importance of Family Law for future research.

Ronald Dworkin and H.L.A. Hart have held a long running debate on the foundations of law that half a century after its beginning, is still open among their followers. On the one hand, the sufficiency of law is proclaimed, on the other, the need for it to be justified by higher principles. This debate is of particular interest in the age of relativism, in which human beings are looking for answers to the questions that underpin the civilisation. In Spanish Law, and especially in Civil Law, a parallel controversy has developed simultaneously between two different ways of understanding Law, one based on the principle of legal certainty and the other on the supremacy of justice through general clauses. It is also an open debate, although both in the sphere of Common Law and in Spanish Law, positivism and legal certainty prevail over the notion of justice. Given the impossibility of closing these debates, this work ends with a proposal to seek alternative ways of guiding the application of the Law on the path towards justice., Ronald Dworkin y H.L.A. Hart han mantenido un debate sobre los fundamentos del Derecho que ha perdurado y, medio siglo después de su inicio, aún sigue abierto entre sus seguidores. Por una lado, se proclama la suficiencia del derecho normado, por otro la necesidad de que se justifique en principios superiores. Este debate resulta de especial interés en la era del relativismo, en la que el ser humano busca respuestas a la preguntas que fundamentan su civilización. En el Derecho español, y muy especialmente en el Derecho Civil, simultáneamente se ha desarrollado una controversia paralela entre dos formas distintas de entender el Derecho, una fundada en la sacrosanta seguridad jurídica y otra en la supremacía de la justicia a través de cláusulas generales. Es también un debate abierto, si bien tanto en el ámbito del Common Law, como en el Derecho español prima el positivismo y la seguridad jurídica sobre la noción de justicia. Ante la imposibilidad de cerrar estos debates, termina este trabajo con una propuesta para buscar vías alternativas que puedan guiar la aplicación del Derecho en el camino hacia la justicia

The social function is one of the most instigating principles in contractual relations. In the social function, contractual limits become more fluid, in order to conform to social needs and expectations. With the new regulation of private relations, arising from the Economic Freedom Law (Law act 13.874/19), the economic characteristics of the social function, already covered in the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, gained special importance. This study seeks to demonstrate how the individual and the social aspects need to work together in the new universe of private relations., A função social é um dos mais instigantes princípios que se fazem presentes sobre as relações contratuais. A partir dela, os limites contratuais ganham contornos fluidos, de forma a se moldarem às necessidades e expectativas sociais. Com a nova regulação das relações privadas, advinda da Lei da Liberdade Econômica (Lei 13.874/19), os caracteres econômicos da função social, já percebidos na Constituição Federal de 1988 ganharam especial relevo. O presente trabalho busca demonstrar como o individual e o social são chamados a caminhar juntos no novo universo das relações privadas., La función social es uno de los principios más estimulantes de las relaciones contractuales. A partir de ella, los límites contractuales adquieren contornos fluidos, de forma que se amolden a las necesidades y expectativas sociales. Con la nueva regulación de las relaciones privadas, advinda de la Ley de la Libertad Económica (Ley 13.874/19), los caracteres económicos de la función social, ya percibidos en la Constitución Federal de 1988 ganaron especial relieve. El presente trabajo busca demostrar cómo el individual y el social están llamados a caminar juntos en el nuevo universo de las relaciones privadas.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the case 24202-2022-00017T of habeas corpus filed on behalf of Jorge David Glas Espinel, which was granted in first instance by the Unidad Judicial Multicompetente based in Manglaralto, in the province of Santa Elena, ordering the immediate release of Ing. Glas without opposition from the SNAI and without the PGE, who later appealed, carrying out a new discussion in second instance, in which the existence of an inexcusable error was declared, as well as the annulment of all proceedings due to territorial incompetence and violation of the right to defense of the PGE. The case under analysis not only generated big controversy and social interest, since many considered the judge's actions questionable, but also discussions in the legal field, which will be addressed in the present investigation, focused on the application and scope of the rule of competence, the extension of passive legitimation and the effects of corrective habeas corpus, through a bibliographical investigation complemented with interviews with experts in the field, all of which allows a qualitative analysis of the case.

Sentence 28-15/21 IN of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador involves a big search and discover of the institutions of right that are relatives to childhood and teenagers, in special to custody in ecuadorian laws such as positions and amici curiae that were presented in the chase. The declaratory of unconstitutionality brights big changes in the figure of custody in judgment of family teams only after child support, this search starts with the analysis of constitutional rights like “interés superior”, “coparetalidad, “corresponsabilidad parental” and sensitive themes like violence against women in the patriarchal system of society, the role of women in the same one and the way that this roles affected to men and women. Includes also the chase analysis and documents presents by other people and to the end suggest ideas that need to be readed and take in consideration to improve the childhood of ecuadorian kids in the not know yet “Código de Protección Integral de la Niñez y Adolescencia”.

This study aims to analyze the favorable elements of voluntary active euthanasia in patients with terminal illnesses, seeking its recognition as a fundamental right in Ecuador and its subsequent constitutionalization. To achieve this, a comparison was made between different types of euthanasia, emphasizing the current legislation in Ecuador, with a focus on the medical code of ethics, and the comparative law of countries that have legalized and regulated it, recognizing it as the right to a dignified death, as is the case in Colombia, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Furthermore, in-depth research was conducted into doctrinal trends supporting euthanasia as a human right, primarily based on the exercise of the principle of personal autonomy, the guarantee and defense of human dignity, and the alternative it offers to alleviate human suffering. These trends were evaluated to adapt them to the Ecuadorian context, considering constitutional principles such as Sumak Kawsay, dignified life, and the right to health, along with a comprehensive analysis of the principle of the progressive realization of rights to recognize euthanasia as a possible fundamental right. Finally, a comparison was presented between two studies with a time and age gap in the surveyed individuals, demonstrating the acceptance of euthanasia within the Ecuadorian population. With this study, the aim is to initiate a debate and generate discussion about euthanasia and the need for its regulation to protect the rights recognized in the Constitution.

In the Ecuadorian context, it became evident how easy it is to violate the privacy of personal data through the massive leaking of information from public and private entities, which led to the need to propose a specific law for its protection. Such a situation is not easy, and it is that few countries have managed to do it effectively, which is why it was proposed through this investigation to analyze legal protection, Habeas Data and the Organic Law on Protection of Personal Data against computer self-determination and the protection of personal data. The study was developed based on the fundamentals of Comparative Law and an analysis of information concerning laws and treaties that deal with the protection of fundamental personal data in the European Union and the United States was carried out. It is concluded in this regard that in Ecuador the development of personal data protection is just beginning, so its effectiveness is not given by the existence of a law, however it is the first step towards achieving the guarantee of the rights of privacy, intimacy, self-determination and protection of personal data, among other fundamental rights and with constitutional recognition.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the Scope and differences of the previous exceptions: incapacity and lack of legitimacy in the cause of the plaintiff or the defendant provided for in the General Organic Code of Processes, for which three chapters are addressed; The first includes the right to defense in civil proceedings, detailing: the guarantees of the right to defense, definition of the terms "action and exception", the exception and civil process, procedural exceptions, definition of exception previous. In the second chapter, it is established: the capacity of the plaintiff or its representative, where it includes topics such as: lack of capacity, scope of the previous exception: the incapacity of the plaintiff or its representative, its importance. Finally, chapter 3 called lack of legitimacy in the cause of the plaintiff or the defendant part interferes; for this, the following terms are broken down: legitimacy in the case, regulation of the Code of Civil Procedure from its inception, scope of the prior exception: lack of legitimacy in the cause of the plaintiff or defendant, problems that arise in practice on this exception, ways to be resolved this exception. Within this framework, the General Organic Code of Processes is emphasized, which determines that the prior exceptions are a strictly legal argument, so much so that Article 153 of the General Organic Code of Processes determines what these prior exceptions are. The exception has its importance in the Procedural Law, since the defendant, passive subject of the legal relationship, is responsible for facing the claim of the actor, who is firm in his claims and the defendant assumes an attitude of defense, exception, for those exceptions are called defenses.

This research looks for promoting the strength of public finances, the reform of the Ecuadorian tax system, and legal certainty for post pandemic COVID-19 economic reactivation. RIMPE (Spanish acronym) is a new simplified tax regime that entered into forcé with Ley Orgánica para el Desarrollo Económico y Sostenibilidad Fiscal, in 2021. That law regulates tax administration and looks for simplify tax returns and tax payments, based on the principle of administrative simplicity to promote the formalization of small taxpayers. This new tax regime abolishes the previous tax regime called RISE and RIM (Spanish acronyms) and incorporates in its place a new regime composed of two categories, one of which is based on presumptive income with a fixed rate against the principle of taxable capacity, which implies that only the direct or indirect manifestations of wealth can set up the generating event of a tax obligation. On the other hand, individuals are obligated to contribute progressively based on their economic capacity and other particular circumstances of them

[ES] En cuanto al objeto de estudio, el trabajo se centra en el análisis de la legislación aplicable a la residencia de ciudadanos comunitarios, tanto en cuanto a la normativa comunitaria como la española. También se analiza el procedimiento administrativo y los trámites a seguir desde que un ciudadano comunitario entra en España hasta el momento en que obtiene su residencia legal en el país. En concreto, se estudian los pasos a seguir para obtener el Certificado de Registro de ciudadano de la UE. En las últimas décadas España ha tenido un aumento de inmigración considerable, y cada vez más ciudadanos comunitarios y extracomunitarios se han asentado para residir en este país. Para ello, la Unión Europea, ha establecido la Directiva que deben cumplir los estados miembros para facilitar que los ciudadanos de la UE puedan circular y trabajar libremente en el territorio de la Unión Europea, por lo tanto, España también debe aplicarla Los ciudadanos europeos tienen derecho a circular libremente por los Estados miembros, entre los cuales se encuentra España. Además, tienen derecho a buscar empleo en otro país de la UE, trabajar en otro país sin necesidad de permiso de trabajo, residir en otro país por motivos de trabajo, permanecer en el mismo cuando haya dejado de trabajar y recibir el mismo trato que los ciudadanos de ese país en cuanto al acceso al empleo, las condiciones de trabajo y las ventajas sociales y fiscales. Respecto a los objetivos del trabajo, el principal consiste en analizar la legislación europea y española aplicable a la obtención del Certificado de Registro de Ciudadano de la UE. Como objetivos secundarios, los siguientes: Describir los requisitos necesarios para obtener la residencia en España Detallar las fases del procedimiento para la obtención del Certificado de Ciudadano de la UE Detectar defectos y lagunas en el sistema que puedan ser objeto de mejora. Elaborar una guía práctica de ayuda para la obtención del Certificado de Registro de ciudadano, [EN] The aim of this study is to determine the phenomenon of immigration in Spain and specifically of European Union citizens in this country. From there, it will proceed to study the applicable legal regime, as well as the European and Spanish regulations in this aspect. In addition, the procedure for obtaining the EU Citizen Registration Certificate will be determined, as well as the effects and benefits of obtaining it. Finally, a practical help guide will be prepared to find out what the administrative procedure for obtaining the Union citizen registration certificate is like., [CA] El treball es proposa determinar el fenomen de la immigració a Espanya i específicament dels ciutadans de la Unió Europea en aquest país. A partir d'ací, es procedirà a estudiar el règim jurídic aplicable, així com la normativa europea i espanyola en aquest aspecte. A més, es determinarà quin és el procediment per a l'obtenció del Certificat de Registre de Ciutadà de la Unió, així com els seus efectes i beneficis d'obtindre-ho. Per acabar, s'elaborarà una guia d'ajuda pràctica per conèixer com és el procediment administratiu d'obtenció del certificat de registre de ciutadà de la Unió.

Uno de los paradigmas básicos del Constitucionalismo ha sido particularmente lo que Hans Kelsen llamó “el sometimiento del derecho al derecho”, el cual, según Ferrajoli, permite verificar la disociación: a) entre forma y sustancia de la norma; b) entre vigor y validez de la misma; c) entre mera legalidad y estricta legalidad; y d) entre legitimación formal y legitimación sustancial de los actos (Ferrajoli 2014). Ese ‘derecho sobre el derecho’, este sistema de normas meta-legales de rango superior dirigidas al legislador y a los otros poderes públicos, se resume precisamente en la presencia de un doble orden normativo del Estado Moderno; y en razón de ello la Constitución Democrática es definida por dicho Autor como un acuerdo de voluntades, en primer lugar, acerca de las formas políticamente representativas de las decisiones legislativas, pero también sobre el precepto constitucional que establece lo que esas voluntades no pueden decidir (la esfera de lo no decidible), ya sea porque se trate de materia sobre la que no es lícito absolutamente decidir, o igualmente, porque se trate de materia sobre la que no se puede no decidir (Ferrajoli 2008,102).

La sucesión ab intestato tiene lugar cuando no existe testamento, cuando este ha sido revocado o declarado nulo, o en el caso de que el heredero testamentario no haya aceptado la herencia. En tales circunstancias es preciso que la voluntas testatoris sea suplida, y eso lo hace la ley, el legislador, estableciendo un orden de llamamientos que trata de sustituir la ausencia de voluntad del finado, pero intentando acercarse lo más posible a aquélla que hubiera sido su última voluntad. Pues bien, dicha sucesión intestada, también llamada sucesión legítima, sufrió una profunda transformación a lo largo de su historia, consecuencia del cambio del parentesco agnaticio, - criterio parental utilizado por el ius civile romano durante mucho tiempo para la vocación hereditaria-, por el cognaticio, parentesco de sangre, que termina por imponerse en el derecho justinianeo, estableciéndose así un nuevo sistema de llamada hereditaria intestada que en sus líneas fundamentales ha pasado a las legislaciones modernas., Intestate (ab intestato) succession takes place when there is no will, when it has been revoked, or declared null and void, or in cases where the testamentary heir has declined the inheritance. Under such circumstances, it is necessary to supplant the will of the testator (voluntas testatoris), which is what the Law and the legislator do, establishing an order of succession in an attempt to substitute the absence of a will of the deceased, while trying in so far as may be possible to approximate what might have been his last will and testament. That being so, the aforementioned intestate succession, also referred to as legitimate succession, underwent a profound transformation throughout its history, a consequence of the change from agnatic bloodlines, -a parental criterion used under Roman civil law (ius civile) during some time for hereditary vocation-, to cognate kinship, the blood relative, which was finally imposed in Justinian law, thereby establishing a new system of intestate hereditary succession, the fundamental lines of which have been passed down into modern legislation.

Los juzgados de violencia sobre la mujer, adoptan una doble vertiente, ya que además de ventilarse en ellos la responsabilidad penal, actuando como juzgados de instrucción de violencia, y celebrando los juicios por delitos leves de su competencia, también actúan como juzgados civiles, en relación al matrimonio/pareja y familia, en el ámbito civil. De ahí la extraordinaria complejidad e importancia de la materia civil, por cuanto resuelve la situación de la pareja/familia, a nivel personal, social y económico, y pese a ello sigue siendo “la gran olvidada” en su desarrollo y medidas reales de apoyo. Por medio de este proyecto de tesis se ha investigado a través de un enfoque derivado del estudio de la normativa legal tanto sustantiva como procedimental y del conocimiento de la situación real y práctica de los juzgados, el complejo mundo familiar en violencia de género, sin dejar de lado el cada vez más importante aspecto internacional de la violencia, y el importante enfoque del interés superior del menor. Todo ello con la finalidad de obtener una visión general, realista y comprometida, de la pareja/ familia que se encuentra inmersa en un procedimiento en los juzgados de violencia de género, y precisamente por ello, se convierte en punto central la defensa de la mediación también en estos casos. Un estudio profundo de ésta, supone concluir que privar de este mecanismo en los casos afectados por violencia de género, mediante una prohibición absoluta, supone un perjuicio personal, familiar y en general para toda la sociedad.

La concepción antropológica que subyace en las normas de derecho civil en España ha ido variando a lo largo de la historia, poniendo el foco en aspectos o di- mensiones parciales y aislados de la persona. En este trabajo se analizan críticamente estos cambios desde la perspectiva filosófica del personalismo. Se examina cómo se ha pasado de considerar a la persona como mero sujeto de derechos y obligaciones patri- moniales, a redescubrir la importancia de su dimensión social, o cómo, recientemente, las leyes reducen la persona a su pura voluntad olvidando el resto de sus elementos, analizando estas últimas con detenimiento. Después de ese análisis, se concluye que la antropología subyacente en el derecho civil español no coincide con la que aquí se de- fiende pues no procura la dignidad, igualdad y libertad de la persona, como ser de fines.

The present work’s research carries about an analysis of procedure’s adoption and the principle of the Higher Interest of the Child from the historical, social and legal perspective that allows to know the administrative and judicial phase in the adoption processes that are carried out in Ecuador. In addition, the interpretation of the Higher Interest of the Child that should benefit the child or adolescent in adoptability’s situation, as well as to showing which are the function of the Technical Units for Adoptions and the Family Assignment Committees in the administrative phase carried out by the MIES. Besides, the application of the norms by the Family, Women, Childhood and Adolescence Judges of the jurisdiction where the children or adolescent with an adoptability’s declaration resides in the judicial phase, and showing all the requirements and steps to follow before, during and after the adoption application until reaching the Adoption’s Declaration. Finally, through statistical data, surveys and interviews to show the causes and consequences that experienced in the practice of the adoption procedure will be shown, and they will propose recommendations that allow to avoid the latent problems in adoption procedure, because always needs respecting the Higher Interest of the Child.

This research project focuses on the access to quality, safe, and effective medicines, both at an individual and collective level, and examines the approaches and discrepancies that exist between the highest attainable standard of health and the reality of accessing medicines. The study addresses the problem of the Ecuadorian State's failure to fulfill its constitutional mandate of providing universal and free healthcare services, including medicines, which hinders thousands of individuals with catastrophic illnesses from accessing necessary medications due to their high cost. The research aims to examine the administrative system and the access to effective judicial remedies to ensure the availability and access to quality, safe, and effective medicines, as well as develop indicators for individuals with catastrophic illnesses to access their medications. It seeks to contrast constitutional precedents with the current reality, highlight shortcomings in the existing administrative system, and raise awareness about the implications of accessing medicines through judicial means.

This research work focuses on the study of the legal institution of previous exceptions, covering its origins and legal evolution up to the present as a tool by the defendant to end a judicial process or at least dilate it. It could be said, therefore, that the exception is an optional right, the defendant has this right and thanks to it, he can exercise his defense so that the actor does not come to enforce the claim that he demands against him. From the Código Orgánico General de Procesos (COGEP), the previous exceptions contained in article 151 have contemplated a series of possibilities through which the defendant can make use of this optional right, which directly affects the process, and that is why it is important to know the history and evolution of this legal institution, as well as the different treatment that has been given to it in order to determine the scope of each one of them to achieve greater legal certainty.

The right to alimony as a legal prerogative is regulated in the Code of Childhood and Adolescence, a legal body specialized in Family Law, and defines it as the guarantee to provide the necessary resources to meet the basic needs of food, establishes who are the subjects called to comply with this obligation and its beneficiaries. In order to facilitate the establishment of the amount of alimony, Ecuador has implemented through the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, the use of parameters to be considered, which are contained in the Table of Alimony and which respond to the income of the provider, the total number of children and their ages, based on which the corresponding alimony can be established. The problem with this fact is that the parameter of the number of beneficiaries is very conditioned, since the more beneficiaries there are of the same pension, the less effective it is for each one of them, which means that the amount that each beneficiary may have does not cover what is really needed to subsist, much less to achieve a decent life. Consequently, the law opens the possibility of establishing that the alimony, or part of it, is covered by other relatives, called subsidiary obligors. However, the existence of this alternative, the lack of effectiveness of alimony is still present.

The following study is a research work that has aimed to recollect the most relevant aspects regarding Social Reinsertion Politics in Social Rehabilitation Centers in Ecuador, and compare such policies with the ones instituted in Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg). Social Reinsertion is a systematic process that seeks to correct and eliminate conducts that have lead the individual to commit crimes, whilst aiding them in returning to society and becoming a part of it. In Ecuador, a public policy exists regarding social rehabilitation for the years 2022 -2025, however, in the past years, criminality has risen considerably which signifies that the measurements taken haven’t been optimal. On the other hand, the countries that constitute Benelux, have developed measurements in social reinsertion that seek to improve the life conditions of inmates and eliminate their criminal behaviors and reintegrate them into society. The objective of this research study was to analyze the politics, with the intention of -through previous comparison- determining the optimum model to achieve a dignified life for people inside the criminal system. In order to achieve this, the methodology used was bibliographic research and the study of primary sources. As a result of the research process, it can be said that: the measurements taken in Ecuador aren’t sufficient for an adequate social reinsertion, therefore, it is necessary the formulation of a good criminal policy, structured after a research of the origins of criminality in the country, and to treat prison sentences and preventive prison as a last resource measurement.

The purpose of this research work is to analyze the constitutional and conventional foundations in which the internet is recognized as a public service and as a human right; in such a way that, based on said analysis, it’s possible categorization as a basic service in the Republic of Ecuador can be established. In addition, the Ecuadorian reality is detailed, clarifying access, scope and coverage data that we Ecuadorians have regarding the internet service. In a special way, it is pointed out how beneficial it is to have access to the aforementioned service since it allows us to materialize the exercise of other rights and services, and at the same time the obligations that the Ecuadorian State has towards the citizenry at the moment of guaranteeing such access.

De acuerdo a la Constitución del Ecuador, todos los recursos naturales no renovables, como los minerales metálicos, que yacen en todo el territorio del país, son de dominio del Estado, y parte del erario nacional. Por ello, y en búsqueda de mayores ingresos económicos para inversión social de nuestra Nación, su aprovechamiento y explotación son delegados a personas naturales o jurídicas sean de carácter público o privado, a quienes otorga mediante títulos válidos, y concretamente a través de concesiones mineras, derechos necesarios para llevar a cabo las actividades mineras, siempre que cumplan con los requisitos previstos en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. La concesión minera, constituido por la doctrina clásica, como un acto administrativo de Autoridad Competente, es el título válido que otorga derechos y obligaciones a su titular, y es concedido a través de procesos de peticiones u ofertas dentro del régimen de pequeña minería, o mediante procesos de subasta o remate público dentro del régimen de mediana minería y minería a gran escala. La legislación ecuatoriana garantiza el derecho de participación homogénea y el acceso igualitario en todo proceso administrativo de otorgamiento de concesiones mineras, a todos los agentes del derecho minero.

This research project suggest mediation as a prior and mandatory conflict solution in family matters, as is the case of alimony, which, being a transigible issue, peaceful agreements can be reached without violating the rights of minors and in turn protecting the best interest of the child and adolescent. Mediation in Ecuador is governed by the Constitution of the Republic and the Arbitration and Mediation Law, but it is necessary to promote a legal culture of mediation, peace and dialogue within Ecuadorian society when resolving legal issues in which children and young people intervene to reach a solution that satisfies the parties involved to protect the family nucleus, in addition to alleviating the procedural burden of the family courts; which will benefit the parties involved in terms of time, and will strengthen the principles of speed and procedural economy.

n our country there are several sources of obligations, including unjustified enrichment. In the present monograph this principle is addressed as an autonomous source of obligations in the Ecuadorian legal system, which, despite not being positive in the Civil Code, has already been recognized in several Judgments of the National Court of Justice and it is proposed as a valid means for the repair of the patrimonial balance. Becoming necessary to create the relevant legislation to facilitate its application. This research paper analyzes the meaning and origin of unjustified enrichment, the elements through which this tool is configured, its characteristics, the way it is regulated in our country and how it should be. It also analyzes which norms of our legal system refer to this principle and what the jurisprudence has built around it, to reach the conclusion that its positivization and development in the legal system would allow us to make use of this valuable tool to the collection of obligations.

According to the article 81 of Ecuadorian Civil Code and article 52 of the Organic Law for the Management of the Identity and Civil Data (LOGIDC), before its reforms in the year 2019, marriage in Ecuador was celebrated only between a man and a woman, a bond that still find guaranteed in the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008 in its article 67. Of this way, to speak of equal marriage was not possible, due to the common-law union, a figure recognized in the Magna Carta from 2008, guaranteed the union between same-sex couples, as well as, the union between heterosexual couples, what did it generate rejection among LGBTI minority groups. In June 2019, Ecuador welcomed a new concept of marriage, and recognized Equal Marriage through the issuance of two Constitutional sentences, in which contain a strong analysis about the Advisory Opinion OC-24/17 issued by the IDH Court, as the body responsible for the analysis of the American Convention of Human Rights, and which approved marriage between same couples; it is worth mentioning, the analysis of the Ecuadorian internal regulations, that avoided a Constitutional reform in its Article 67. Thus, the struggle of LGBTI minority groups, in relation to the recognition of their right to can access to marriage as any normal couple, today it´s found duly recognized in Article 81 of the Ecuadorian Civil Code like in Article 52 of the Organic Law of Management of the Identity and Civil Data.

This research looks for promoting the strength of public finances, the reform of the Ecuadorian tax system, and legal certainty for post pandemic COVID-19 economic reactivation. RIMPE (Spanish acronym) is a new simplified tax regime that entered into forcé with Ley Orgánica para el Desarrollo Económico y Sostenibilidad Fiscal, in 2021. That law regulates tax administration and looks for simplify tax returns and tax payments, based on the principle of administrative simplicity to promote the formalization of small taxpayers. This new tax regime abolishes the previous tax regime called RISE and RIM (Spanish acronyms) and incorporates in its place a new regime composed of two categories, one of which is based on presumptive income with a fixed rate against the principle of taxable capacity, which implies that only the direct or indirect manifestations of wealth can set up the generating event of a tax obligation. On the other hand, individuals are obligated to contribute progressively based on their economic capacity and other particular circumstances of them

This research analyzes the Paulus’s rescissory action, an institution of civil law, from its grammatical and legal construction, since it develops all the concepts included in it, as requirements for its proceeding, being these: the assignment of assets, the creditors' contest, the creditor, the nature of onerous contracts, the main, accessory and gratuitous contracts, as well as bad faith, indispensable elements for this institution to succeed once it is proposed before the administration of justice. The main difficulties encountered by the creditors at the time of filing their claim are presented, which curiously arise from criteria adopted by the high courts of the country, but also from the reading of its regulation, contained in article 2370 of the Civil Code. In this sense, the purpose of this study is that, as a result of its analysis, as well as the statistical review of its success and failure in the judicial units of the canton of Cuenca, we can propose criteria that collaborate to its understanding, as well as to the correct proposal of the Paulus ́s rescissory action in trial.

At the present moment, the development of science and technology is increasing rapidly. The issue of conception no longer occurs only in the traditional way, but after several studies and Inquiries, several forms of conception have been developed that occur through the use of various technologies and methods, such as in vitro fertilization or the donation of genetic material. In this investigative work, a study will be carried out on what these technological innovations are regarding conception in our modern world, and the heterologous conception carried out through an anonymous donor. The issues that this generates in our world will also be analyzed in a concrete way. Specifically, for minors who are born under these techniques, but also a legal analysis of how the right to identity of minors who have been conceived, and who have been born from these procedures is violated.

The matter begins with some essential definitions about the moral damage in the context of an analysis of a question very important in our country since 1984 because many people are appealing to this juridical recurse to save their honor. We are analyzing the difficulties to determinate the moral damage in our legislation because frequently it is complicated to have a real estimation to know if a person has suffered moral damage and over all the consequences to define the qualification and the quantification of the moral damage in every case, especially because many people in the public gestion use the moral damage as a mechanism of persecution against the freedom of thought in people who are their contradictors. The moral damage perfectionates when many protected rights are violated in relation with the personal security, the right of the privacity, the tranquility of the spirit, the freedom of liberties, the physical integrity and other topics as the honor, the public accreditation, the fame and many others. We are analyzing specifical considerations about the juridical nature of the moral damage with the idea of the difference between a natural person and the juridical person and the way in which these people can reclama moral damage in our society. There is not equivalence between these two kind of people but in the investigation we propose an interesting debate to state that the juridical person can suffer moral damage affecting its personality in relation with the accreditation and the fame of these juridical persons or institutions in all the cases if they are companies of trade or honorific institutions. Finally, we propose a debate about the reparation of the moral damage and we are taking examples of the ecuadorian law and the international law to demonstrate that in the country the moral damage is always cause of problem for the judges.

This paper analyzes two specific rights, visitation rights and inheritance rights that an adopted person has or could have within his or her biological family, and how the recognition and exercise of these rights can contribute to better guarantee the fundamental principle on issues where the rights of children or adolescents are linked, we are talking about the principle of the best interest of the child; This study focuses on the regulations of the Ecuadorian State, with special emphasis on three bodies of law: The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador (CRE). The Code of Childhood and Adolescence (CNA) and Civil Code. The analysis starts with a general consideration of adoption and how it is established in Ecuador, then examines the principle and the most relevant rights that revolve around this institution: the best interest of the child, the right to have a say and the right to identity; and finally, all these aspects are contrasted with the Ecuadorian norms that regulate visitation rights and inheritance rights, with the purpose of generating criteria for a future reform of the Ecuadorian norms that deal with these issues.

The present research work takes into account the legal reality of the institution of adoption in relation to the recognition of different types of families, specifically in relation to single-parent families. The 2008 Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador establishes a broad catalog of rights, among them, Article 67 recognizes the right to family. This right encompasses the recognition of different types of families, including single-parent families. However, this right contrasts with the adoption principles established in the Organic Code for Children and Adolescents, specifically the one established in numeral 3 of Art 153. It is from this divergence that we pose the following question: Does the existing divergence between the constitutional recognition of different types of families, and the principle of adoption established in Art 153 numeral 3 of the Organic Code of Childhood and Adolescence, violate rights? Undoubtedly, to answer this question we will analyze the institution of adoption with its regulation in our legal system, the constitutional recognition of different types of families, whether or not there is a violation of rights due to this divergence and finally a proposal for the reform of Art 153 numeral 3 of the Organic Code of Childhood and Adolescence.

La sociedad moderna, caracterizada por el avance de las ciencias naturales, por una economía globalizada y por la ciencia jurídica que tiene sus raíces en los paradigmas del pasado siglo, se enfrenta a desafíos en los que al hombre se le considera más que un ser individual o social, un ser cósmico. Una nueva comprensión de los fenómenos naturales y sociales, así como las interacciones de las relaciones sociales con el medio ambiente, conduce a la humanidad a revisar su posición en el medio en el que se encuentra insertado. En este marco, el Derecho desempeña la función de atribuir a la sociedad la seguridad indispensable para la convivencia socio-ambiental. Dado que la responsabilidad es una consecuencia natural del derecho, las sanciones y responsabilidades deben ser unos instrumentos capaces de ordenar la sociedad de manera que pueda suplir su nueva necesidad fundamental como es la de que el hombre se relacione armónicamente con el medio ambiente. Como se trata de una cuestión de interés constitucional, el medio ambiente y las generaciones futuras son beneficiarios de las obligaciones comunitarias y solidarias, compartidas entre todos los miembros titulares de ese interés público relacionado con la protección del medio ambiente, pues no es un interés que pueda ser repartido o individualizado. Así el daño ambiental individual asume un carácter transindividual. Considerando que la teoría clásica del instituto de la responsabilidad civil fue concebida en la óptica de la protección de los intereses individuales, es el desafío de la presente Tesis Doctoral estudiar la crisis del citado instituto y su incidencia sobre el Derecho Ambiental, en una perspectiva de la evolución de los Derechos Humanos y de un denominado Estado Democrático Ambiental., The modern society, characterized by the advance of the naturals sciences, by a globalized economy, by a law science rooted in paradigms of the past century, faces challenges in that the man is considered to be more than one individual or social being, but a cosmic being. A new understanding of the naturals and social phenomena, as well as the interactions of social relations with the environment, takes mankind to revise its position in the middle which is inserted. This perspective, the law fulfills the function of attribute the society the indispensable security to socio-environmental coexistence. Since responsibility is a natural consequence of the law, the penalties and responsabilities should be tools capable to ordain the society in order to fulfill your new fundamental need, which is the man relate harmoniously with the environment. As question of constitutional concern, the environment and future generations are beneficiaries of the community and solidarity obligations, shared among all full members of this public interest related to environmental protection, that isn’t about a interest that can be shared or individualized. Thus the individual environmental damage takes a transindividual character. Whereas classical theory of the institute of civil liability has been designed from the viewpoint of protection of individual interests, study the crisis of that institute and its incidence on the Environmental Law, under the perspective of the evolution of Humans Rights and one called Environmental Democratic State is the challenge of the present thesis.

En septiembre de 2022 se ha reformado la Ley 14/2011 de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación, en cuestiones que tienen que ver con la propiedad intelectual de las obras y otros resultados que produce el profesorado al desarrollar su actividad de investigación. Ahora, el artículo 35 se ocupa de la titularidad de los derechos sobre los resultados de las actividades de investigación del personal de las universidades y otras entidades públicas, que antes se regulaba en la Ley de economía sostenible. También se ha reformado el mandato del artículo 37, sobre puesta a disposición del público en acceso abierto de los resultados de investigación. Con este trabajo se analiza cómo afectan ambos preceptos al profesorado universitario. Se trata de aclarar, entre otras cuestiones, si la nueva regulación atribuye o no con carácter general los derechos de explotación sobre las obras del profesorado a las universidades en las que desarrolla su actividad investigadora, si son las universidades o el profesorado quienes deben cumplir con el mandato de acceso abierto, y en qué medida el artículo 37 deja de ser una norma dispositiva. Se concluye que no hay atribución a las universidades de los derechos de explotación sobre las obras resultado de la investigación, sino que se conservan por el profesorado en aplicación de la Ley de propiedad intelectual a la que remite el artículo 35, 2 de la Ley de la ciencia. Que el artículo 37 regula una nueva obligación de depósito de las publicaciones y datos en repositorios, para el profesorado y otro personal de investigación de las universidades y otras entidades públicas. Y que los sujetos comprometidos a poner a disposición del público los resultados de investigación en abierto, cuando lo establecen las condiciones de las convocatorias de ayudas públicas con las que se han financiado, son los investigadores e investigadoras., In September 2022, the Law 14/ 2011 on science, technology and innovation has been reformed in matters regarding the intellectual property related the professors´works and other results produced in the course of their research activities. Now article 35 deals with right ownership of research activities outcomes coming from university staff and other public entities, which was previously regulated in the Sustainable Economy Law. The article 37 former mandate compellig to make research results available to the public in open access has also been reformed. This paper analyzes how both precepts affect university faculty. The aim is to assess, among other questions, whether or not the new regulation generally attributes the intellectual property rigths exploitation to the universities where teaching staff carry out their research activity; And in addition, knowing who is to comply with the open access mandate, the universities or the teaching staff and to what extent article 37 ceases to be a dispositive norm. It is concluded that there is no attribution to universities of rights explotation on works resulting from the research, but instead they are kept by teachers in application of the Law on Intellectual Property to which article 35, 2 of the Law of Science refers. Besides, article 37 regulates a new obligation for the teaching staff and other research personnel of the universities, consisting in the deposit of publications and data in repositories. What is more, the subjects committed to making the results of open research available to the public are the researchers, when the conditions of the calls for public grants with which they have been financed establish so.

[EN] This study analyzes the application of artificial intelligence in relation to assisted reproduction. On the one hand, the implication in the case of surrogate motherhood is analyzed; and on the other hand, in the case of embryo selection. The lack of a specific regulation of artificial intelligence, the application of ¿electronic traceability¿ systems, as well as the detection of diseases and alterations through algorithms pose a challenge for the Law that has to answer all these questions., [ES] En este estudio se analiza la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial en relación con la reproducción asistida. Por un lado, se analiza la implicación en el caso de la maternidad subrogada; y, por otro lado, en el supuesto de la selección de embriones. La falta de una regulación específica de la inteligencia artificial, la aplicación de sistemas de ¿trazabilidad electrónica¿, así como la detección de enfermedades y alteraciones mediante los algoritmos suponen un reto para el Derecho que tiene que dar respuesta a todas estas cuestiones.

[ES] Se avecinan tiempos convulsos: Chat GPT-4 es una realidad. El gigante de la Inteligencia artificial, rubro que reiteraremos a sabiendas en este texto (en versiones algoritmo Chat GPT-4 y versiones previas; GitHub Copilot; Dall-E de open AI para obras de arte e imágenes, etc.), no detiene su vertiginoso paso.

[ES] La figura femenina en el arte cinematográfico ha sido mostrada mediantearquetipos y cumpliendo distintas funciones. Nos proponemos en este estudio analizar los personajes femeninos por mediode la narrativa audiovisual en dos películas emblemáticas de la cinematografía de Hitchcock: Recuerda yVértigo, en las que la mujer se contempla como empoderada, pero también sometida,llegando a una negación de su propia identidad. Consideramos que la forma del tratamiento de la mujer en el cine de dicha época radicaen la situación social de la misma, sufriendo un tratamiento discriminatorio, que es admitido por los personajes femeninos justificándolo en un enamoramiento, que anula la propia personalidad, [EN] The female figure in cinematographic art has been shown through archetypes and performing different functions. We propose in this study to analyze female characters through the audiovisual narrative in two emblematic films of Hitchcock¿s cinematography: Spellboundand Vertigo, in which women are seen as empowered, but also subjected to a denial of their own identity. We consider that the treatment of women in the cinema of that time lies in the social situation of the same, suffering a discriminatory treatment, which is admitted by the female characters justifying it in a crush, which annuls the own personality

[ES] La necesidad de evitar prácticas comerciales desleales en el ámbito de la contratación de productos agrarios y alimentarios ha sido objeto de regulación en la Ley N° 16/2021, que modifica la conocida como ¿Ley de la Cadena¿. Estas medidas que vamos a analizar se contemplan en esta modificación se realizan para evitar que la parte contractual más débil se vea perjudicada en las relaciones contractuales de los productos agrarios. Nos detendremos en esta práctica en relación con la contratación agraria valenciana y las consecuencias de la modificación estatal respecto de las medidas contempladas para evitar la venta a pérdidas y proteger a la figura del agricultor/a como persona más vulnerable en el ámbito contractual.

[EN] This paper tries to analyze the different forms of access to housing contemplated in the recent Law 12/2023, of May 24, for the right to housing, which highlights protected housing and incentivized affordable housing. Along with this regulation, new forms of use such as collaborative housing constitute a way of accessing housing that may be of interest to certain groups and that has been the subject of regional regulation in Law 3/2023, of April 13, of collaborative housing in the Valencian Community and to which we are going to dedicate attention in relation to state regulations, [ES] En el presente trabajo se trata de analizar las distintas formas de acceso a la vivienda contempladas en la reciente Ley 12/2023, de 24 de mayo, por el derecho a la vivienda en el que destaca la vivienda protegida y la vivienda asequible incentivada. Junto a esta regulación, las nuevas formas de uso como la vivienda colaborativa constituye una forma de acceder a la vivienda que puede resultar de interés para determinados colectivos y que ha sido objeto de una regulación autonómica en la Ley 3/2023, de 13 de abril, de viviendas colaborativas de la Comunitat Valenciana y a la que vamos a dedicar atención en relación con la normativa estatal.