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This thesis concerns the topological features of plane geometric shapes and financial transaction data. Topological properties of the data such as homology groups and their stable ranks are analysed. It is investigated how to mathematically describe differences between data sets and it is found that stable ranks can be used to capture these differences. Sub sampling is introduced as a way to apply stochastic methods to geometric structures. It is found that the average stable rank can be used to differentiate data sets. Furthermore, the sensitivity of average stable ranks to random noise is explored and it is studied how a single point changes the average stable ranks of geometric shapes and financial transaction data. A method to incorporate categorical data within the analysis is introduced. The theory is applied to financial transaction data with the objective to understand if there are topological differences between fraudulent and legit transactions which can be used to classify them. I denna uppsats analyseras finansiell transaktionsdata samt plana geometriska objekt med hjälp av verktyg inom Topologisk Dataanalys. Topologiska egenskaper såsom homologi samt stabil rang analyseras och det undersöks hur en matematiskt kan beskriva skillnaden mellan geometriska objekt. Det visar sig att simplistiska komplex och dess motsvarande stabila rang kan användas för att beskriva dessa skillnader. Det undersöks även hur stokastiska metoder kan appliceras på geometrisk data och begreppet genomsnittlig stabil rang introduceras. Känsligheten för brus hos den genomsnittliga stabila rangen undersöks för plana objekt och det undersöks hur den genomsnittliga stabila rangen av en datamängd ändras om en datapunkt läggs till. En metod för att beskriva avstånd på kategorisk data introduceras eftersom analysen av stabil rang kräver ett definierat avstånd mellan datapunkter. Det undersöks huruvida det finns topologiska skillnader mellan bedrägliga och icke-bedrägliga transaktioner, samt om det finns skillnader mellan olika typer av bedrägliga transaktioner.

The Specifics of Use of Trusts in Business Relations This thesis deals with possibilities brought by trusts (in Czech: svěřenský fond) to business relations. It analyses the key features of a trust, thanks to which it has a unique and often irreplaceable position in number of financial transactions. Selected financial transaction are described in detail and the importance of trusts in these transactions is explained. The main objective of this thesis is to show that trusts have benefits far beyond the governance of personal property and its intergenerational transfers. By this I want to prompt interest in further research of the use of trusts in business relations in the Czech legal environment. After the introduction, the first chapter of this thesis briefly introduces the history of the trust. It is outlined which role the trust played in different legal systems and what were the motives for its development. The second part describes trust as an institute of civil law. There is also described the implementation of the trust into the legal system of the Canadian province Québec, because this regulation served as a model for the Czech lawmakers. This chapter of the thesis also describes the subjects of the trust and the basic concepts related to this institute. The third part introduces the trust...

Стаття у фаховому журналі України У статті звертається увага на стійке зростання загальної тенденції щодо безпосередньої участі фізичних осіб у фінансових операціях з використанням електронних платформ. Зокрема, у статті відмічається підвищений інтерес до участі в операціях на валютному ринку Forex. Підкреслюється, що відносно технічно-легкий доступ до участі у фінансових операціях за допомогою використання електронних платформ є наразі потенційною загрозою фінансової безпеки для коштів учасників таких операцій. Мова йде про недостатню фахову підготовленість більшості трейдерів-початківців, що за власним бажанням стають учасниками фінансових операцій. Наголошено, що біржові операції на фондових ринках, купівля-продаж валюти на електронних платформах, операції із золотом тощо вимагають, поряд із загальними, також і спеціальних знань щодо певних конкретних напрямків економічного розвитку та фінансових взаємовідносин. Також, у таких відносинах починають «працювати» й психологічно-поведінкові фактори. Звернуто увагу, що лише з початку 2019 року в Україні на законодавчому рівні почалося системне врегулювання структури валютного ринку та порядку торгівлі іноземною валютою. В статті визначено, що настав час звернути увагу і на цифровізовану торгівельну діяльність з фахової точки зору та почати викладати у навчальних закладах відповідні дисципліни з підготовки та набуття студентами загальних умінь та навичок щодо торгівельних та фінансових операцій на електронних платформах. З такої точки зору, у статті розгорнуто ознайомчий огляд валютного ринку Forex, зазначені принципи його функціонування, приділено більш детальну увагу торгівельним стратегіям. В результаті зроблені такі висновки, що, по-перше, валютний ринок високоприбутковий за умови опанування його тенденцій; по-друге, валютний ринок високо ризиковий; потрібно розбиратися не лише в багатьох термінах, а, особливо, в процесах та ситуаціях у фінансово-глобалізованому світі, щоб впевнено використовувати графіки зміни вартості валют для отримання прибутку; по-третє, існує багато різних стратегій, за якими можна успішно працювати на ринку валют, від найпростіших – для аматорів, до складніших – для досвідчених трейдерів, але жодна з них не підійде ідеально під конкретний психотип, професійний рівень та кількість часу, який людина-трейдер може приділяти торгівлі. Особливою цінністю, на думку авторів, є такий висновок: трейдером створюється його власна стратегія, що й забезпечує більшу ймовірність заробітку на міжнародному ринку Forex. Валютний трейдер – це творча діяльність, але діяльність на основі опанування великої бази фахових знань. В статье обращается внимание на устойчивый рост общей тенденции непосредственного участия физических лиц в финансовых операциях с использованием электронных платформ. В частности, в статье отмечается повышенный интерес к участию в операциях на валютном рынке Forex. Подчеркивается, что относительно технически-легкий доступ к участию в финансовых операциях посредством использования электронных платформ является пока потенциальной угрозой финансовой безопасности для участников таких операций. Речь идет о недостаточной профессиональной подготовленности большинства трейдеров, что по собственному желанию становятся участниками финансовых операций. Отмечено, что биржевые операции на фондовых рынках, купля-продажа валюты на электронных платформах, операции с золотом и т. д. требуют, наряду с общими, также и специальных знаний по определенным конкретным направлениям экономического развития и финансовых взаимоотношений. Также, в таких отношениях начинают «работать» и психологически-поведенческие факторы. Обращено внимание, что только с начала 2019 года в Украине на законодательном уровне началось системное урегулирования структуры валютного рынка и порядка торговли иностранной валютой. В статье определено, что пришло время обратить внимание и на цифровизованую торговую деятельность с профессиональной точки зрения и начать преподавать в учебных заведениях соответствующие дисциплины по подготовке и приобретению студентами общих умений и навыков торговых и финансовых операций на электронных платформах. С такой точки зрения, в статье развернут ознакомительный обзор валютного рынка Forex, указаны принципы его функционирования, уделено более подробное внимание торговым стратегиям. В результате сделаны следующие выводы, что, во-первых, валютный рынок высокодоходный при овладении его тенденций; во-вторых, валютный рынок высоко рисковый; нужно разбираться не только во многих терминах, а особенно в процессах и ситуациях в финансово-глобализированном мире, чтобы уверенно использовать графики изменения стоимости валют для получения прибыли; в-третьих, существует много различных стратегий, по которым можно успешно работать на рынке валют, от самых простых - для любителей, к более сложным - для опытных трейдеров, но ни одна из них не подойдет идеально под конкретный психотип, профессиональный уровень и количество времени, которое человек-трейдер может уделять торговле. Особой ценностью, по мнению авторов, является следующий вывод: трейдером создается его собственная стратегия, и обеспечивает большую вероятность заработка на международном рынке Forex. Валютный трейдер - это творческая деятельность, но деятельность на основе освоения обширной базы профессиональных знаний. The article draws attention to the steady growth of the general trend of direct participation of individuals in financial transactions using electronic platforms. In particular, the article notes the increased interest in participating in operations in the Forex currency market. It is emphasized that relatively technically easy access to participation in financial transactions through the use of electronic platforms is currently a potential threat to financial security for the funds of participants in such transactions. This is a lack of professional training of most novice traders who voluntarily become participants in financial transactions. It is emphasized that stock exchange transactions on stock markets, purchase and sale of currency on electronic platforms, transactions with gold, etc. require, along with general, also special knowledge on certain specific areas of economic development and financial relations. Also, psychological and behavioral factors begin to "work" in such relationships. It is noted that only from the beginning of 2019 in Ukraine at the legislative level began a systematic regulation of the structure of the foreign exchange market and the procedure for trading in foreign currency. The article states that it is time to pay attention to digitalized trading activities from a professional point of view and start teaching in educational institutions the relevant disciplines for training and acquiring students' general skills in trade and financial transactions on electronic platforms. From this point of view, the article provides an introductory review of the Forex currency market, outlines the principles of its operation, pays more attention to trading strategies. As a result, the following conclusions are made that, first, the foreign exchange market is highly profitable provided that its trends are mastered; secondly, the foreign exchange market is high risk; it is necessary to understand not only in many terms, but, especially, in processes and situations in the financial-globalized world to confidently use charts of change of cost of currencies for profit; thirdly, there are many different strategies that can be used successfully in the currency market, from the simplest - for amateurs, to more complex - for experienced traders, but none of them will fit perfectly for a particular psychotype, professional level and amount of time a person-trader can pay trade. Of particular value, according to the authors, is the following conclusion: a trader creates his own strategy, which provides a greater likelihood of earnings in the international Forex market. Currency trader is a creative activity, but an activity based on mastering a large base of professional knowledge. не має

Недостаточная изученность функции ресайлинга в банковской сфере привела авторов статьи к необходимости изучения эффективности внедрения данной новой технологии в банковской сфере. В статье проводится обзор внедрения новой технологии в банковской сфере – ресайклинг. Приведены преимущества внедрения банкоматов-ресайклеров: возможность оптимизировать расходы на фондирование и инкассация. Основным недостатком использования данной функции является цена. Сделаны выводы об эффективности внедрения такого рода банкоматов в пользование банками на территории РФ., The study of the effectiveness of the implementation of the recycling function in the banking sector is presupposed by the lack of information on the functions of the given new technology. The article reviews the introduction of recycling as a new technology in the banking sector. The authors present the advantage of introducing ATM-recyclers, namely the ability to optimize the costs of funding and cash collection. The cost is supposed to be the main drawback of applying this function. It is concluded that the introduction of such ATM-recyclers in the use of banks in Russia is of great economic efficiency., Ученые записки Крымского инженерно-педагогического университета, Выпуск 1 (67) 2020

One of the modern phenomena of the national economy is shadowing, some aspects of which are thoroughly investigated by scientists from around the world.Some researchers consider the introduction of innovative financial technologies aimed at increasing the transparency of financial transactions and withdrawing cash flows from the shadows as an instrument for de-shadowing the national economy. At the same time, today the role of innovative financial technologies in the policy of the national economy's de-shadowing has not been precisely defined either at national or international levels.

Artículo de revista According to the balance of payments statistics, Spain’s net lending stood at 2.3% as a percentage of GDP in 2019, slightly down on the prior year, against a backdrop of continued, albeit slowing, economic growth. Developments in net lending are explained by the reduction in the capital account surplus, resulting from the decrease in funds from the EU, stagnation in tourism receipts as a percentage of GDP and the widening of the deficit on non-energy goods, which offset the improvement in the energy balance prompted by the decline in oil prices. There has been an abrupt change in the outlook for the economy’s external balance as a result of the COVID-19 health crisis, with major uncertainty in the near future about the scale (and even sign) of its effects on this balance, against a backdrop of a drastic reduction in the foreign goods and services trade. For the time being, the information on the balance of payments relating to March shows a net borrowing position, for the first time in that month since 2012, associated with the sharp fall in tourism receipts caused by the measures to restrict movement adopted in Spain and in source countries. Future developments in inbound tourism, in particular, will depend greatly on how quickly restrictions on movement are lifted. This, in turn, hinges both on how the pandemic continues to unfold and on risk perception, which could lead potential tourists to voluntarily adopt social distancing measures. In 2019, the negative net international investment position of the Spanish economy decreased for the fifth year running, to stand at 74% of GDP, its lowest level since 2006. These developments, which represented the biggest fall in the last seven years, were underpinned by the nation’s net lending position, the positive amount of valuation effects and GDP growth. In terms of financial flows, excluding the Banco de España, the surplus balance of financial transactions of the Spanish economy was lower than in 2018, influenced by the rise in purchases of general government debt by international investors, which was only partially offset by the fall in foreign direct investment inflows. For the first time since 2014, the financial account of the Banco de España showed a surplus, affected by certain changes in the implementation of the ECB’s monetary policy.

В статье описаны приоритеты государственного управления в борьбе с коррупцией, методы экономического управления для снижения доли теневой экономики, а также методы борьбы с коррупцией в развитых странах, передовые подходы к устранению теневой экономики и сравнительный анализ норм национального законодательства. Меры изучены в соответствии с рекомендациями международных организаций, широко освещены вопросы их реализации. Кроме того, были обсуждены современные тенденции предотвращения легализации преступных доходов. Международному сообществу придется разработать документы, охватывающие важные вопросы уголовного правосудия и составляющие набор международных стандартов, принимая во внимание транснациональный характер преступности. Процесс правовой интеграции при активном участии государств СНГ определяет приближение национального законодательства к этим стандартам, их учет при развитии национальной правовой системы и деятельности правоохранительных органов страны. Нынешняя интеграция мировой экономики, высокоразвитые финансовые и информационные системы – хорошие условия для развития сотрудничества в борьбе с отмыванием денег. Поскольку в разных странах существует разное управление, теневая экономика основана как на государственном управлении, так и на его экономике. Государственная программа по борьбе с теневой экономикой включает в себя различные концепции. Обсуждены вопросы развития международных отношений в борьбе с коррупцией и теневой экономикой, взаимной правовой помощи, правовые основы либерализации экономических механизмов для достижения экономической стабильности, разработаны научно-практические рекомендации., This article describes the priorities of public administration in the fight against corruption, methods of economic governance to reduce the share of the shadow economy, as well as the methods of combating corruption in developed countries, advanced approaches to eliminating the shadow economy and comparative analysis of our national legislation. Measures are analyzed in accordance with the recommendations of international organizations, and the issues of their implementation in our national legislation are covered. In addition, current trends in preventing the legalization of criminal proceeds are discussed. The international community should develop documents covering important issues of criminal justice and compiling its set of international standards, taking into account the transnational nature of crime. The process of legal integration with the active participation of the CIS states determines the approximation of national legislation to these standards, their consideration in the development of the national legal system and the activities of law enforcement agencies of the country. The current integration of the world economy, highly developed financial and information systems are good conditions for the development of cooperation in the fight against money laundering. Because different countries have different governance, the shadow economy is based on both public administration and its economy. The state program on combating the shadow economy includes various concepts. The development of international relations in the fight against corruption and the shadow economy, issues of mutual legal assistance, the legal framework for the liberalization of economic mechanisms to achieve economic stability are discussed, and scientific and practical recommendations are developed at the end of the article.

Bu çalışma, Şafi'i okulunda örflerin finansal işlem hükümlerinin uyarlanması üzerindeki etkisinin ne ölçüde ortaya çıktığını göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu iş Örfle amel etmenin hiçbir sakıncasının olmayacağı bir şekilde bununla alakalı esaslar konulmak suretiyle tamamlanmıştır. Şafi mezhebinde örfle amel edildiğine dair tafsili yönteme ek olarak genel bir yöntem de ortaya koydum. Şafi mezhebinde örfle istidlal hususunda uygulama kısmına geçtiğimizde örfün bütün mali muamele içeren akitlere şamil geldiğini görmekteyiz. Örfün tatbiki boyutuna baktığımızda Şafi mezhebinde her türlü mali muamelede örfün etkisini görmekteyiz. Keza teberrü Akitleri ve diğer mali muamelelerde de görmek mümkündür. Bu çalışma sırasında ortaya çıktı ki Şafiler örfle amelin çerçevesini akdi yapanların sarahaten bir ifade kullanmamaları ile sınırlamıştır. Şafiler örfle amelin çerçevesini akdi yapanların sarahaten bir ifade kullanmamalarıyla sınırlandırmışladır.Çalışmamız sadece geçmişle sınırlı olmasın ve toplumun maslahatını sağlayacak bir şekilde islami ekonomiyi muasır suretiyle desteklemeye olan arzumuzdan dolayı bu çalışmamız bir bölüm güncel mali muameleleri ve örfle amelin en geniş mefhumuyla Şafi mezhebinde etkisini gösterdiği muameleleri içermiştir. Bunların başında da kabzın şekli ile alakalı örfe itimat ve yine akdin muktezasına muhalif olmayan yeni yöntemler gelmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Şafiî Mezhebi, örf, muâvaza akdi, satım akitleri, günümüz mali uygulamaları This study aims to show the extent to which the effect of custom on the adaptation of the provisions of financial transactions in the Shafi'i school has appeared, and this was done by clarifying the controlling foundations for custom application so that there is no room for imbalance when applied, and for that I have put the general approach and the detailed approach for applying custom at the Shafi's.And by moving to the application section in the inference of the effect of custom in the Shafi'i , a consideration for its effect on the financial compensation contracts of various types, then on donation contracts, then on the other financial transactions, and it was found through this study that Shafi'is define the scope of custom application within the limits in which the two contractors have not declared.And in order not to keep our study trapped in the past, and in our keen to provide the Islamic economics with its contemporary form in a way that serves the interest of society, the study came on a set of contemporary financial transactions in which custom application in its wide concept of Shafi'i resulted in making these contractual forms in the permissible circle, and at the forefront of that reliance on custom at the receivables committee, and reliance on it as well, in terms of contract consequences of a new form of obligations that does not breach the contract requirements and so.Key words: Shafi'i school, custom, netting contracts, sales, contemporary financial transaction 176

Статтю присвячено дослідженню особливостей формування та розвитку національної системи фінансового моніторингу у контексті протидії легалізації доходів, одержаних злочинним шляхом (AML/CFT). Систематизовано основні підходи до визначення сутності поняття "фінансовий моніторинг" відповідно до рівня його проведення, а також розкрито правові аспекти регулювання AML/CFT в Україні. Виокремлено основні функції фінансового моніторингу, серед яких організаційноуправлінська; контрольно-наглядова; оперативно-аналітична; інформаційна та превентивна. Здійснено огляд результатів діяльності Державної служби фінансового моніторингу України, які підтверджують, що банківський сектор є фінансово найпотужнішим каналом нелегальних потоків. У свою чергу, фінансовий моніторинг небанківського сектору характеризується низькою інституційною результативністю. У статті наведено перелік фінансових операцій, які найчастіше, пов’язані з незаконною легалізацією доходів, серед яких готівкові фінансові операції та операції, пов’язані з одержанням або наданням фінансової допомоги. Визначено, що ключовими проблемами становлення системи фінансового моніторингу в Україні є: суперечливі умови державотворчих процесів (слабкість правоохоронних та судових органів); незбалансованість регулювання підприємницької діяльності (складність та тривалість започаткування бізнесу, високий рівень податкового навантаження); особливості інвестиційної політики; низький рівень фінансової інклюзії в Україні. Враховуючи міжнародний досвід розвинених країн Україні доцільно розширити перелік фінансових злочинів, пов’язаних з AML/CFT, відповідно до Рекомендацій FATF; посилити міжвідомчу координацію та створити єдину інформаційної системи обміну; посилити персональну відповідальність посадових осіб. Основними напрямками реалізації концепції розвитку системи фінансового моніторингу в Україні мають стати: активізації міжнародного співробітництва; удосконалення механізмів ідентифікації та розкриття підозрілих операцій, усуненням "сліпих зон" чи неупорядкованості розподілу компетенцій; підвищення кваліфікації кадрів і т. д. Крім того, основним завданням проведення внутрішнього фінансового моніторингу на рівні банку має стати використання інструментів "customer due diligence / enhanced due diligence", а також "know you client / know your customer’s customer", з метою забезпечення прозорості (легальності) взаємовідносин з контрагентами. The article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of formation and development of the national system of financial monitoring in the context of Preventing and Combining the Money Legalization (Laundering) and / or Terrorism Financing (AML / CFT). The basic approaches to the definition of the essence of the concept of "financial monitoring" are systematized according to the level of its conduct, and legal aspects of AML / CFT regulation in Ukraine are disclosed. The main functions of financial monitoring, including organizational and managerial, control and supervision, operational-analytical, informative and preventative are identified. The results of the activity of the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine are reviewed, which confirm that the banking sector is the most financially powerful channel of illegal flows. In turn, financial monitoring of the non-banking sector is characterized by low institutional performance. The article provides a list of financial transactions that are most commonly associated with the illicit legalization of income, including cash transactions and transactions related to obtaining or providing financial assistance. It is determined that the key problems of establishing a system of financial monitoring in Ukraine are: contradictory conditions of state-building processes (weakness of law enforcement and judicial authorities); imbalance of regulation of business activity (complexity and duration of starting a business, high level of tax burden); peculiarities of investment policy; low level of financial inclusion in Ukraine. Given the international experience of developed countries, it is advisable to expand the list of financial crimes related to AML / CFT in accordance with the FATF Recommendations; strengthen interagency coordination and create a unified information exchange system; reinforce the personal responsibility of officials. The main directions of realization of the concept of development of the financial monitoring system in Ukraine should be: intensification of international cooperation; improvement of mechanisms for identification and disclosure of suspicious transactions, elimination of "blind zones" or disorderly allocation of competences; In addition, the main task of conducting internal financial monitoring at the bank level should be use the tools "customer due diligence / enhanced due diligence", as well as "know you client / know your customer's customer", in order to ensure transparency (legality) of relationships with counterparties.

İnsanın yeryüzündeki imtihanının en önemli noktalarından birisini “mal” ile ilişkisi oluşturmaktadır. Mal, insanın varlığını sürdürebilmesi için zorunlu olan unsurlardan birisi olduğu için İslam’ın koruma altına aldığı beş temel değerden birisi kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. İnsanlar arasındaki temel anlaşmazlık noktalarından birisi de mal konusudur. İnsanın mal ile ilişkisini ifade eden kavram “mülkiyet” kavramıdır. Mülkiyet, tarih boyunca bireysel ve toplumsal mücadele ve savaş sebeplerinin en önemlilerinden biri olduğu gibi toplumsal düzen, ekonomik rejim ve hukuk nizamlarını birbirinden ayıran en önemli konulardan birisi mülkiyet konusundaki tavır ve tutumlarıdır.İslam, mülkiyetin ilk olarak kazanılmasından başlamak suretiyle geliştirilmesi (nemalandırılması) ve nakli için birtakım kurallar belirlemiştir. İnsan davranışlarının dinî hükmünü belirlemeye çalışan fıkıh ilmi de daha ilk kuruluşundan itibaren İslam’ın mal ve mülkiyete ilişkin ortaya koyduğu düzenleme ve genel ilkelerin tek tek insan davranışlarına nasıl yansıdığını araştırmış ve fıkıh literatüründe malî konulara ilişkin muazzam bir birikim oluşmuştur. Fıkıh kitaplarında malî muamelata ilişkin hususlar hacimce oldukça geniş bir yekün tutmuştur. Fıkıh litetatüründe insanın mal üzerindeki hakimiyetini ifade eden mülkiyetin meşru sebepleri üzerinde durulmuş, bu konuda çeşitli hüküm ve kurallar ortaya konulmuştur. Bu kurallardan birisi de bu çalışmada ele alınan “mülkiyetin tebeddülü (el değiştirmesi)” konusu ile ilgili kuraldır. Çalışmamızda ele aldığımız fıkıh kaidesinin cevap bulmaya çalıştığı temel soru şudur: Bir kimsenin bir mal üzerindeki mülkiyetini elde etme yolu, söz konusu malın mülkiyetinin başkasına devredilmesi durumunda meşruiyete etki eder mi?Söz gelimi bir kimseye zekât olarak verilmiş olan bir mal, o kimse tarafından başkasına hediye ya da hibe edildiğinde zekât olma özelliğini sürdürür mü?Bir kimsenin gayri meşru yol ve yöntemlere başvurarak elde ettiği bir mülkiyet bir başkasına geçtiğinde veya devredildiğinde söz konusu gayri meşruluk vasfı devam eder mi? Ele aldığımız kuralın ortaya koyduğu temel düşünce şudur: “Malların haramlık ve helallik yönünden hükümleri malların sıfatlarındaki değişime bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterir.” Bir malın sıfatındaki değişim hakiki olabileceği gibi hükmî de olabilir. Mesela şarabın sirkeye dönüşmesi malın sıfatındaki hakiki bir değişimdir. Bizim ele aldığımız mesele bu türden bir değişim değildir. Buna karşılık bir kimseye zekât olarak verilmiş bir malın o kimse tarafından bir şahsa hediye edilmesi malın sıfatındaki hükmî bir değişimdir. Zira ilk şahıs için “zekât” sıfatı taşıyan mal, ikinci şahıs için “hediye” sıfatı taşımaktadır. İşte malın sıfatındaki bu değişim ve dönüşüm malın bizzat kendisinin değişmesi ve dönüşmesi gibi kabul edilmekte ve yeni hüküm de buna göre belirlenmektedir. Bu kuralın işletilmesi birtakım kayıtlarla sınırlandırılmış olup sınırsız değildir. Buna göre kuralın geçerli olabilmesi için özel bir delilin sebebin değişimini malın değişimi yerine koyma kuralını geçersiz kılmaması gerekir. Söz gelimi “bir kimsenin bir malı bir şahsa vadeli olarak bir fiyata satıp sonra da aynı malı peşin olarak daha ucuza alması” anlamına gelen bey’u’l-îne uygulamasında bunu yasaklayan özel bir hadis bulunduğu için malın mülkiyetinin el değiştirmesi, malın değişmesi olarak görülmemiş ve bu durumun meşruiyeti temin etmeyeceği kabul edilmiştir. Yine bir maldan amaçlanan şey elde edildiğinde artık o malın mülkiyet sebebinin değişmesine itibar edilmez. Söz gelimi bir kimse fasit bir satım akdi ile elde ettiği malı tekrar satıcıya hibe etse, müşteri malın değerini tazminle yükümlü olmaz; çünkü amaç gerçekleşmiş, fasit satımla geri verilmesi gereken mal tekrar sahibine dönmüştür. Kuralı kayıtlayan üçüncü durum ise şudur: Bir kimse herhangi bir akde dayanmaksızın hırsızlık ve gasp gibi bir haksız fiille bir malın mülkiyetini ele geçirip başkasına devrettiğinde bu devir işlemi sonucunda malın yeni maliki açısından meşruiyet oluşmaz. Mal, ilk sahibinin mülkiyetinde kalmaya devam eder.Malın mülkiyet sebebinin değişmesini bizzat malın değişimi gibi kabul eden kuralımızın şer’î dayanaklarını Hz. Peygamber’den rivayet edilen bir takım hadisler oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda en çok bilinen ve zikredilen örnek, Hz. Peygamber’in, Berîre adlı cariyeye zekât olarak verilmiş bulunan hurmayı yemesidir. Bilindiği üzere zekât, Hz. Peygamber ve yakınlarına haram kılınmıştı. Bununla birlikte Hz. Peygamber, Berîre’ye zekât olarak verilmiş olan hurmanın, onun tarafından peygamberimize hediye edilmesini malın değişimi gibi değerlendirmiş ve o hurmadan yemekte bir sakınca görmemiştir.Fıkıh literatüründe bu kuralın çok farklı alanlarda işletildiği görülür. Bunlar arasında ibadetler, bağış türünden tasarruflar bulunduğu gibi bedelli mali akitler, miras gibi konular da bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda buna dair örneklere yer verilmiştir.Çalışmamızda ayrıca söz konusu kuralın günümüzdeki malî ilişkiler alanında nasıl işletilebileceği üzerinde fikir yürütmek suretiyle günümüzde gayri meşru kabul edilen bir takım yol ve yöntemlerle edinilmiş mülkiyetin başkalarına devredilmesi halinde bu gayri meşruluğun yeni mâliklere sirayet edip etmeyeceği hususlarını da araştırdık. Bu bağlamda “haram yolla elde edilmiş kazançtan nasıl kurtulunabilir?” sorusuna da cevap bulmaya çalıştık. Kuralın ortaya koyduğu düşünce doğrultusunda “kazanç yolu itibarıyla haram olan mülkiyetin, başkasına devri halinde haramlığın sirayet etmemesi” genel kuralının yalnızca yeni mâlik için söz konusu olduğunu, o mülkü haram yolla elde eden açısından günah ve sorumluluğun kalkmadığını tespit ettik., Money is considered one of the main five necessities the Islamic Jurisprudence called for its fair saving, which is via investment and daily exchange with people. Man is considered always part and parcel of his society, thus individuals should be careful in dealing with saving their monetary transactions. Money, however, can only gained in the rightful way, which working on a business. But sometimes, money can be inherited, and even if it were evil in essence, the new owner might be virtuous and straight forward. The new owner might find himself in dilemma of the result of having this fortune and how to deal with it from an Islamic perspective, as he, the new owner, knows quite well, the given money or inheritance is not a result of approved transactions and dealings. Jurisprudential Science came to find out a solution for this perplexing question and show the right procedures to be followed. Jurisprudential Science is considered one of the most important sciences as it focuses on facilitating the daily transactions of people, make them flexible to accommodate with each era and keep up with the new emerging issues. Therefore, this study aims to clarify one of the jurisprudential rules and connect them to the modern developments. This rule talks about the transformation of ownership. The significance of this research is shown in the attempt of answering some questions about the treatment of individuals whose money is suspected of interfering with the forbidden or suspicious money. The importance of this research also lies in the interference of this rule with many branches of jurisprudence, such as acceptance of charity and gift from those who earn forbidden money, or the transfer of wealth through inheritance, etc.Therefore, the question is, since the word “forbidden” is an adjective that describes the person who acquires money through prohibited methods and it is not directly related to the earned money, is it correct to describe a person’s income with the same adjective just because he deals with the suspected person or this adjective is only for the person who earns money through forbidden ways?This study is trying first to explain the meaning of the jurisprudential rule “Reasons of changing ownership”, its legitimate reference, the related rules and the opinion of scholars in the application of this rule in the acts of worship and donations. Then, the research is attempting to clarify the effect of this rule on the daily transactions of people, in particular, the way of treating the individuals who earn and acquire money through illegal ways. Finally, the article mentions the contemporary applications of this rule through the exploitation of occupation, the transformation of financial-commercial organizations to Islamic-financial organizations and the profit from dealing with commercial banks, insurance contracts and suspicious transactions.The research concluded the following results:If the reason of possessing something is changed, then the judgment of this thing based on the Islamic law is changed.The interference of the jurisprudential rule “Reasons of changing ownership” with many branches of jurisprudence.In the course of financial transactions, the Islamic law states that it is not necessary to search for the source of money, nor the method of earning this money, but rather deal with it as it come from legal methods.The transfer of illegal money from the person who acquired it to his heirs, or to others, does not remove the sin from him and it remains in his debt.There is no sin on a creditor who has recovered his debt from a debtor who has borrowed a loan to repay the debt., تهدف هذه الدِّراسة إلى بيان مسألة ترتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بحياة النَّاساليوميَّة؛ لا سيَّما في معاملاتهم الماليَّة وعلاقاتهم الاجتماعيَّة فيما بينهم،وهي مسألة تبدُّل سبب الملك، وما ينتج عن هذا التَّبدُّل من الأحكام. مثال ذلك ظاهرةالكسب الحرام؛ حيث ينتقل فيها المال من مِلكيَّة الكاسب إلى ملكيَّة جديدة بطريقالوراثة أو بصورة من صور العقود النَّاقلة للملكيَّة كالبيع والهبة وغير ذلك، فهلهذه الحرمة هي صفة عارضة تقتصر على ذمَّة الشَّخص الَّذي اكتسب المال بطريقمحرَّم؟ أم أنَّها صفة ملازمة للمال تنتقل معه إلى المالك الجديد؟ من خلال دراسةمسألة تبدُّل سبب الملك يتَّضح أنَّ للأسباب الشَّرعيَّة أثرًا على الأشياء كماللأسباب الواقعيَّة، فبالرَّغم من أنَّ المال لم يتبدَّل في حقيقته إلَّا أنَّ تَبدُّل سببتملُّكه جعله متبدِّلًا حكمًا وكأنَّ ذاتالعين قد تغيَّرت.لقد سار هذا البحث في دراسة تبدُّل سبب الملك والآثار المترتِّبة عليه من خلال دراسة القاعدة الفقهيَّة: "تبدُّل سبب الملك يقوم مقام تبدُّلالذَّات" والصِّيغ الأخرى لها، ومقيِّداتها، ومستندها الشَّرعي، وحجيَّتهاعند الفقهاء، وذِكْر بعض الصُّور الَّتي بُنيت على هذهالقاعدة في العبادات والتَّبرعات والمعاملات الماليَّة؛ لاسيَّما معاملة الأفرادالَّذين يكسبون الحرام، ثم انتقل البحث بعد ذلك إلى ذكر مجال تطبيق هذه القاعدةالفقهيَّة في المعاملات المعاصرة؛ ومن أهم تلك الصُّور الَّتي يمكن أن نطبِّقعليها هذه القاعدة: الكسب النَّاشئ عن الاستغلال الوظيفي، وتحوُّل المؤسَّساتالماليَّة التِّجاريَّة إلى مؤسَّسات ماليَّة إسلاميَّة، والكسب الحاصل منالتَّعامل مع المصارف التِّجاريَّة، والكسب الحاصل من عقود التَّأمين، و الكسب النَّاشئعن المعاملات المشبوهة.هذا وتكمن أهميَّة هذه الدِّراسة في عدم وجود دراسة سابقة مفردة تربط هذهالقاعدة بالتَّطبيقات الفقهيَّة؛ لا سيَّما المعاصرة منها، ودخول القاعدة فيالكثير من الفروع الفقهيَّة.

Nastanak suvremenih bezgotovinskih sustava plaćanja nije moguć bez razvoja interneta, koji je kao globalna mreža nastao 1960. godine.Sustav umrežavanja korišten na početku koristi se i danas prilikom trgovanja u elektronskom obliku, jer i danas prodavatelji proizvoda i usluga traže svoje kupce, odnosno kupci traže proizvode i usluge po svojoj mjeri, a kao odgovor na izazove plaćanja javljaju se suvremeni bezgotovinskog plaćanja elektronskog novca. Elektronski novac je nositelj promjena u poslovanju svih organizacija, a njegova uloga postaje sve značajnija u ekonomiji. Pored elektronskog novca još uvijek su aktualni dosadašnji oblici bezgotovinskog plaćanja, poput općeg naloga za plaćanje – virmana, kojeg brojna poduzeća koriste prilikom naplate svojih proizvoda i usluga od svojih kupaca. The emergence of modern non-cash payment systems is not possible without the development of the Internet, which is a global network created in 1960. The networking system used at the beginning is still used today in electronic commerce as today's product and service vendors are looking for their customers.Customers are seeking products and services to their fullest extent, and in response to payment challenges, there is a recent non-cash payment for electronic money. Electronic money is the bearer of changes in the business of all organizations, and its role becomes increasingly important in the economy. In addition to electronic money, current forms of non-cash payment, such as the generalpaymentorder–transfers, are still being used by many companies when collecting their products and services from their customers.

Отмечается, что проблема собственности участников финансовых сделок до настоящего времени не имеет в науке гражданского права удовлетворительного объяснения, что ставит под вопрос действенность правового регулирования соответствующих отношений. Кроме того, внедрение в гражданское право элементов цифровизации, в частности цифровых денег, «цифровых» личностей, еще более обостряет существующую проблему. В этой связи обосновывается необходимость корректировки парадигмы института собственности как вещно-правового, предлагается внедрить в гражданское право институт цифровой собственности, объектом которой станут электронные цифровые символы, в которых будут воплощены безналичные денежные средства и цифровые деньги., It is noted that the problem of ownership of participants in financial transactions up to the present moment has no satisfactory explanation in the science of civil law, so the effectiveness of legal regulation of relevant relations is brought into question. Therewith, the introduction of elements of digitalization into civil law, in particular, digital money and “digital” personalities further exacerbates the existing problem. In this regard, the need to adjust the paradigm of the institute of property as a proprietary one is substantiated; it is proposed to introduce into civil law the institute of digital property, the object of which are electronic digital symbols embodying non-cash funds and digital money., №3 (2019)

This study aims to determine the influence of the implementation of the Islamic Accounting Standards on the Financial Transactions Management at Islamic Banks (Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah Tbk) over a 3-year period from 2017-2019. This research method used secondary data from Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah over a three-year period, starting from 2017-2019. The sample data was used as research material in examining the effect of the implementation of Islamic accounting standards on transactions management in Islamic banks using PSAK 101 as the research indicator. Based on the research results, it can be seen that there is a significant influence with the existence of business activities with Islamic accounting standards on the financial transactions management at Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah using PSAK 101 as the research indicator, the results showed that the influence of PSAK 101 in managing financial statements has a significant effect, it can be seen from the yields per period that decreased and increased rapidly using Islamic principles, the results obtained were the increase in profits generated by Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah in the last 3 (three) periods in 2017 with a profit of 8,264,000,000,- in 2018 with a profit of 514,000,000,- and in 2019 with a total profit of 6,146,000,000,- it can be seen that there are fluctuations in the dynamics of financial transactions presented over 3 periods.

Рассматривается становление и развитие сберегательных касс в Енисейской губернии, их организация и деятельность в дореволюционный период. Историография сберегательного дела в России достаточно обширна, однако обобщающего исследования по истории сберегательной системы на уровне отдельного региона (в том числе в Енисейской губернии) на сегодняшний день не существует. Дана характеристика Енисейской губернии с позиции социально-экономического развития, обоснование значимости ссудо-сберегательных и кредитных товариществ для региона. Описана роль Енисейской казенной палаты как первичного государственного учреждения в становлении финансового дела региона в дореволюционное время. Данный период характеризует кассы как объекты самопомощи для населения, вследствие чего происходил процесс увеличения их сети. Показано влияние Государственного банка на изменение социально-экономического статуса региона и его роль в финансово-кредитной системе страны. Выявлен особый путь развития сберегательных касс в Енисейской губернии, а также изменение отношения сибиряков к данным видам учреждений. Анализируется эволюция численности сберегательных касс как на российском, так и на региональном уровне, что позволяет оценить перспективы их развития.

За умов глобальних трансформаційних процесів, що відбуваються із світовою економікою, поширення світових господарських зв’язків та реалізації у фінансовій сфері новітніх технологій зростає загальний рівень уразливості міжнародної фінансової системи і, як наслідок, виникають загрози національній безпеці кожної окремої країни. Постійні процеси глобалізації світової економіки приводять до великої кількості проблем, зокрема до проблем, пов’язаних із протидією легалізації доходів, отриманих злочинним шляхом та фінансування тероризму, та низки предикативних злочинів. Пошук та ліквідація схем ML повинні стати основою спільної та цілеспрямованої діяльності уповноважених органів державної влади в Україні. Метою роботи є розробка науково-методичного підходу до оцінки рівня ефективності системи фінансового моніторингу комерційних банків в Україні на основі розрахунку інтегрального показника та вдосконалення системи протидії легалізації (відмивання) доходів, одержаних злочинним шляхом через банківський сектор. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в створенні авторської методології, яка кількісно визначає рівень ефективності системи фінансового моніторингу комерційних банків в країні за певний період часу, що, в свою чергу, вказує на динаміку ступеня захисту вітчизняної фінансової системи від таких загроз, як легалізація доходів та фінансування тероризму, і, як наслідок, дозволяє зробити більш конкретні висновки про рівень фінансової безпеки в цілому.

В статье рассмотрены основные проблемы инновационной технологии блокчейн при осуществлении финансовых операций, проанализирована практика и тенденции использования технологии блокчейн в работе финансовых институтов. Говорится о неоднозначности вопроса надежности новой технологии в виде попытки создания «редактируемого» блокчейна в финансовых операциях., The article deals with the main problems of innovative blockchain technology in the implementation of financial transactions, analyzes the practice and trends in the use of blockchain technology in the work of financial institutions. The ambiguity of the issue of reliability of the new technology in the form of an attempt to create an "editable" blockchain in financial transactions is discussed.

© 2019 The Authors. Despite the recognized importance of interfirm financial links in determining a company's performance, only a few studies have incorporated proxies for interfirm links in credit risk models, and none of these use real financial transactions. We estimate a credit risk model for small and medium-sized enterprises, augmented with information on observed interfirm financial transactions. We exploit a novel data set on about 60000 companies based in the UK and their financial transactions over the years 2015 and 2016. We develop several network-augmented credit risk models and compare their prediction performance with that of a conventional credit risk model that includes only a set of financial ratios. We find that augmenting a default risk model with information on the transaction network makes a significant contribution to increasing the default prediction power of risk models built specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises. Our results may help bankers and credit scoring agencies to improve the credit scoring of these companies, ultimately reducing their propensity to apply excessive lending restrictions. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant EP/L021250/1).

Встатье рассматриваются проблемы противодействия преступлениям, связанным с неправомерным оборотом платёжных средств. Автором даётся уголовно-правовая характеристика обозначенных преступлений, обозначаются обстоятельства, которые следователем должны устанавливаться при производстве отдельных следственных действий. Приводятся судебные прецеденты, объектом которых стали преступления, связанные с неправомерным оборотом платёжных средств., The article deals with the problems of combating crimes related to the misuse trafficking of means of payment. The author gives the criminal characteristic of these crimes, designates the circumstances that the investigator should establish during particular investigative actions. The author names case law, targeting related to the misuse trafficking of means of payment.

Artículo de revista According to the balance of payments (BoP) statistics, in an environment of ongoing economic upturn, Spain was once again a net lender in 2018, albeit to a lesser extent than in preceding years. The decline in net lending is explained by the decrease in the goods and services surplus, which largely reflected the slowdown in external markets, the negative impact on exports of the cumulative euro appreciation since 2017 and the rise in oil prices. The nation’s net lending, the positive amount of other flows and GDP growth were conducive to a decline in the Spanish economy’s negative net international investment position (IIP), as a percentage of GDP, for the fourth year in succession. In terms of financial flows, international investors made net purchases under the portfolio investment (mainly, long-term bonds issued by general government) and direct investment headings in 2018, a sign of their continuing confidence in the Spanish economy, despite the deterioration in the global macro-financial scenario in the second half of the year. However, the fact that the Spanish economy’s negative net IIP remains high (77.1% of GDP), both historically and by international standards, makes it vulnerable to shocks in the international capital markets

This essay explores the gendered performance of power in the letters of Diane de Poitiers (1499–1566), particularly during the period when, as mistress of Henri II (1519–59), she wielded considerable political influence at court. It argues that her power was established and enacted through performances of authoritative behaviors and rhetoric that were inflected by contemporary understandings about gender and explores a number of distinct strategies embedded in Diane’s correspondence. These techniques reflected the corporeal and sexual nature of her access to consideration as a political interlocutor but also aimed to position her status as a figure of social and economic influence beyond this original means to power.

Definiran je Internet stvari te je opisana njegova povijest razvoja. Definirana je klasifikacija Interneta stvari s obzirom na područje primjene, a naročito je analizirana njegova primjena u sigurnosti. Razmotren je Savez za inovacije u Internetu stvari te njegovo stajalište s obzirom na Zakon o računalnoj sigurnosti Europske unije. Opisan je idejni sustav za IoT autentikaciju financijskih transakcija. Definiran je i implementiran poslužitelj kojim se ostvaruje taj sustav. Definirana je sklopovska podrška za definirani sustav. Analizirana je sigurnost IoT sustava za autentikaciju financijskih transakcija, pri čemu su promatrani sigurnosni problemi i potencijalna poboljšanja razvijenog sustava. The Internet of Things was defined, as was its history of development. The Internet of Thing's classification with respect to its scope of application was defined, and its application in security was particularly analyzed. The Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation was considered, as well as its opinion of the European Union Cybersecurity Act Proposal. A conceptual system for IoT authentication of financial transactions was defined. A server with which such a system is realized was defined and implemented. The hardware support for the defined system was defined. The security of the IoT authentication of financial transactions system was analyzed, whereby security problems and potential improvements were considered.

La contaduría pública siendo una profesión socioeconómica; definida así debido a que satisface las necesidades económicas de una comunidad en específico; ha tenido también que adaptarse a estos cambios. Antiguamente, la contabilidad era llevada en libros; todas sus transacciones, conciliaciones, informes, estados financieros, se presentaban de forma física. El trabajo era algo tedioso, no podía haber tachaduras ni enmendaduras, así, que requería mucho tiempo pasar en limpio algún documento sin tener que equivocarse, además, existía el riesgo de que las operaciones quedaran con errores, al ser hechas con calculadora o incluso mentalmente. Con la inmersión de la tecnología en la contaduría, el desarrollo de la profesión se facilita cada vez más; el hecho de que la tecnología permita que las transacciones financieras puedan realizarse virtualmente conlleva a que la información se puede consultar y llevar a donde se quiera. La presentación de las declaraciones tributarias de forma virtual y la factura electrónica, permite más organización en la documentación; se reduce el tiempo desde que se inicia con el registro de una transacción hasta la presentación y pago de impuestos. Así mismo, contribuye a la preparación y presentación de los estados financieros. Public accounting being a socio-economic profession; defined this way because it meets the economic needs of a specific community; It has also had to adapt to these changes. Formerly, accounting was carried in books; all their transactions, reconciliations, reports, financial statements, were presented in a physical manner. The work was somewhat tedious, there could be no deletions or amendments, so, it took a lot of time to pass in a clean document without having to make a mistake, in addition, there was a risk that operations would be left with errors, to be done with a calculator or even mentally . With the immersion of technology in accounting, the development of the profession is increasingly easier; The fact that technology allows financial transactions to be carried out virtually leads to the information being consulted and taken wherever it is wanted. The presentation of the tax returns in a virtual way and the electronic invoice, allows more organization in the documentation; the time from the beginning with the registration of a transaction to the presentation and payment of taxes is reduced. Likewise, it contributes to the preparation and presentation of the financial statements. Pregrado

В статті обґрунтовано використання спеціалізовані системи управління бізнес процесами – BMP (Business Process Management) з метою моделювання та опису елементів систем виявлення фінансових операцій, що підпадають під ознаки внутрішнього фінансового моніторингу. Проведено ідентифікацію робіт, що виконуються кожним функціональним блоком алгоритму «Виявлення ризикованих операцій банком». Встановлено доцільність обрання клієнт-серверної архітектуру, яка використовує веб-додатки з метою автоматизації системи фінансового моніторингу банку. The article substantiates the use of specialized business process management systems - BMP (Business Process Management) for the purpose of modeling and describing the business processes of financial transaction detection systems that are subject to internal financial monitoring. The identification of works executed by each functional block of the algorithm "Detection of risky operations by the bank" is carried out. The expediency of choosing client-server architecture, which uses web-based applications to automate financial monitoring of the bank, is established.

Die Europäische Kommission hat 2013 einen Richtlinienentwurf vorgestellt, der die Einführung der Finanztransaktionssteuer für elf Mitgliedsstaaten vorsieht. Die Steuer zielt auf Finanzinstitute, zwischen denen 85 Prozent des Handels mit Finanzinstrumenten stattfindet. Privathaushalte sind nur insofern direkt von der Steuer betroffen, als sie steuerrelevante Wertpapiere besitzen (Aktien, Anleihen und Fondsanteile) und diese handeln. Um die Steuerlast für die Privathaushalte der unterschiedlichen Vermögens- und Einkommensklassen exakt bestimmen zu können, sind Daten zu deren Partizipationsraten an den steuerrelevanten Wertpapieren sowie zur jeweiligen Umschlagshäufigkeiten notwendig. Solche Daten existieren nicht. Geeignete Indikatoren erlauben es jedoch, die Betroffenheit der Haushalte in den einzelnen Einkommens- und Vermögensklassen durch die Finanztransaktionssteuer abzuschätzen. Die Befunde lassen auf einen überproportional hohen steuerrelevanten Wertpapierbesitz in den oberen Einkommens- und Vermögensschichten schließen. Die Steuer wirkt somit progressiv insofern, als sie die oberen Einkommens- und Vermögensklassen überdurchschnittlich belastet. Damit trägt sie zur sozialen Nachhaltigkeit im Sinne einer fairen und verteilungsgerechten Gesellschaft bei. In 2013 the European Commission presented a draft for a directive to introduce the financial transaction tax among eleven member states. The tax targets financial institutes among which 85 percent of the trading occurs. However, households owning stocks, bonds and shares of funds are also directly affected if they deal with these instruments. Accurate data on the participation rates of households of different wealth classes on tax-relevant securities and turnover rates are necessary to determine the class-specific tax burden. Because of the lack of such data the affection of households belonging to different wealth classes can only be estimated. The estimations suggest that the more wealthy households own disproportionally often tax-relevant securities. A progressive impact insofar as the tax affects the upper wealth classes far more than the lower classes can be infered from this evidence. Therefore the tax could contribute to social sustainability.

U okviru ovoga završnog rada provedena je analiza statističkih svojstava mreže financijskih transakcija unutar Bitcoin mreže. Bitcoin je sinonim za najpopularniju kriptovalutu, čija je svrha izvršavanje financijskih transakcija preko internetske mreže. Zbog brzog rasta popularnosti, samim time i vrijednosti bitcoina, Bitcoin mreža je sve češći predmet raznih istraživanja, kojima se želi pratiti i predviđati vremensku dinamiku cijelog sustava. U prvom dijelu rada objašnjeni su temeljni principi teorije grafova te njihova primjena. Potom su definirane globalne i lokalne mjere za analizu mreže. U tom smislu objašnjeni su pojmovi gustoće i centralnosti grafa, koeficijenti grupiranja te spektralna svojstava grafa, koji su, u drugom dijelu rada, primijenjeni na podatcima iz distribuirane knjige transakcija Bitcoin mreže, tj. blockchain. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je, ako se mreža financijskih transakcija rekonstruira kao neusmjereni graf, moguće pomoću statističkih svojstva ne samo pratiti vremensku dinamiku sustava, već i predvidjeti neke buduće trendove u razvoju Bitcoin mreže. As part of this thesis, an analysis of the statistical properties of a network of financial transactions in the Bitcoin network was made. Bitcoin is a synonym for the most popular cryptocurrency, whose purpose is to perform financial transactions via the Internet network. Due to the rapid growth in popularity, thus the value of Bitcoin, Bitcoin network is increasingly the subject of many studies, which aim to monitor and predict the timing of the entire system. The first part explains the basic principles of graph theory and their application. Then the defined global and local measures for network analysis. It is explained the concepts of density and centrality graph clustering coefficients and spectral properties of the graph, which, in the second part, applied to the data from the distributed books transactions Bitcoin network, ie. Blockchain. The results showed that, if a network of financial transactions reconstructs an undirected graph, possibly using statistical properties do not just follow the timing system, but also to predict some future trends in the development of the Bitcoin network.

This report was prepared as part of the World Bank engagement in the Philippines to support Islamic Finance and Financial Inclusion. It provides an overview on the context for the development of Islamic finance in the Philippines and is accompanied by two focused reports providing further detail and suggestions on enhancing financial inclusion in the Philippines through Islamic microfinance and assessment of the status of financial inclusion in Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)and the proposed Bangsamoro territory. The term Islamic finance is used to refer to financial activities conforming to Islamic Law (Shari‘ah). One of the main principles of the Islamic finance system is the prohibition of the payment and the receipt of ribā (interest) in a financial transaction. A pure debt security is replaced with an “asset-based” security, direct financing of a real asset, and different forms of partnerships of which equity financing is the most desirable.The following key principles guide Islamic Finance: i) Prohibition of interest on transactions (ribā); ii) Financing must be linked to assets (materiality); iii) Engagement in immoral or ethically problematic businesses not allowed (e.g., gambling or alcohol production); iv) Returns must be linked to risks. Table 1 provides a summary description of basic financial instruments.Over the past decade Islamic finance has emerged as an effective tool for financing development worldwide, including in non-Muslim majority countries. Discussion and interest in Islamic finance has also appeared on G20 discussions. Major financial markets are discovering solid evidence that Islamic finance has already been mainstreamed within the global financial system – and that it has the potential to help address the challenges of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity.In summary, Islamic finance is equity-based, asset-backed, ethical, sustainable, environmentally- and socially-responsible finance. It promotes risk sharing, connects the financial sector with the real economy, and emphasizes financial inclusion and social welfare.

This paper proposes a framework for ex ante evaluation of sovereign disaster risk finance instruments available to governments for funding disaster losses. The framework can be used by governments to help choose between different financial instruments, or between different combinations of instruments, to achieve appropriate and financially efficient strategies to fund disaster losses, taking into account the risk of disasters, economic conditions, and political constraints. The paper discusses the framework in the context of a hypothetical country, with parameters selected to represent a disaster-prone small island state. The paper shows how a mix of instruments can be chosen to minimize the economic opportunity cost given the underlying disaster risk faced and prevailing economic and financial conditions.

This paper uses a global general equilibrium simulation model to quantify the effects of lifting economic sanctions on Iran with and without strategic responses. Iran benefits the most, with average per capita welfare gains ranging from close to 3 percent, in the case when Iran's crude oil exports to the European Union recover to half their pre-embargo level, to 6.5 percent, in the best case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, successful domestic reforms that enable a strong supply response, and increased market access for Iranian exports in developed markets. Iran could achieve benefits close to the upper range if Gulf Cooperation Council oil exporters limit their crude oil exports to support the oil price. If they do nothing, however, the price of oil will decline by 13 percent in the case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, leaving net oil importers better off and net oil exporters worse off.

Myanmar’s financial system is undergoing a rapid transformation. A history of economic isolation has left Myanmar with small and underdeveloped financial institutions and very low access to financial services. Since 2011, however, demands on the financial system have grown exponentially with increased trade and investment, growing household income, and expanding government operations. While recent reforms have stimulated financial sector growth, much more needs to be done to establish a competitive and vibrant financial sector that can meet the needs of Myanmar’s expanding economy, boost incomes, and reduce poverty particularly among those living in rural areas. Increasing access to financial services is critical to achieving shared prosperity in Myanmar.

In 1808, the institution of public notary was introduced on Polish territories. The first transactions conducted in 1808 were entered in the notarial register of the Warta district. The majority of those records concerned the investments of one of the richest citizens of Uniejów, Stanisław Pieczyński. He made many purchases at that time, mostly in Uniejów, including land, a brewery, a ruined house owned by burghers named Ptaszkiewicz, and a property formerly belonging to a local clergyman. S. Pieczyński also donated a large sum of money to a hospital in Uniejów which catered for the poorest inhabitants of the city. These transactions are testimony to his affluence, which allowed him for investing in real estate and for charitable actions. W 1808 roku wprowadzono na ziemiach polskich instytucję publicznego notariatu. Pierwsze transakcje zawarte w 1809 r. w Uniejowie zapisano w księdze notarialnej powiatu warckiego. Większość z akt zarejestrowanych w 1809 r. dotyczyła inwestycji jednego z najbogatszych mieszczan uniejowskich Stanisława Pieczyńskiego. S. Pieczyński zakupił wówczas 20 składów stajowych ziemi przy drodze niewieskiej oraz browar w Uniejowie. Kupił także zrujnowany dom mieszczan Ptaszkiewiczów oraz od burmistrza Uniejowa posesję dawniej należącą do miejscowego duchownego. Pieczyński przekazał również w postaci legatu znaczną sumę na utrzymanie szpitala w Uniejowie, w którym przebywali najubożsi mieszkańcy miasta. Suma ta została ulokowana na hipotece domu burmistrza. Transakcje S. Pieczyńskiego świadczą o jego zamożności pozwalającej na inwestowanie w nieruchomości i działalność dobroczynną.

В магистерской диссертации систематизированы теоретические основы учета финансовых вложений по РСБУ И МСФО, проведен сравнительный анализ международных и российских стандартов, рассмотрен учет на примере организации, составлены рекомендации и предложения, проведена оценка эффективности предложенных мероприятий., In this MA thesis systematized the theoretical foundations of financial investments according to Russian and international standards, the comparative analysis of international and Russian standards, is considered by the example of accounting organization, made up of recommendations, and proposals, evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed measures.

The study aims to assess the distributional effects of taxing financial transactions including a focus on gender. It specifically investigates the impact of the low interest rate environment on tax revenues and distribution. The first part of the study is explorative, aiming to develop a concept for the assessment. This is because the role of low or even negative interest rates is not yet specifically considered in the context of FTT. In the second part, the challenge is to find appropriate data for European countries in order to assess distributional effects. The study also highlights the existing data gaps that prevent a long-term evaluation of FTT with regard to tax revenues, impact, and distributional consequences.

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business 2016 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. This regional profile presents the Doing Business indicators for economies in Latin America. It also shows the regional average, the best performance globally for each indicator and data for the following comparator regions: Caribbean States, East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), European Union (EU), South Asia (SA) and OECD High Income.. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January–December 2014).

A fiduciary systems assessment (FSA) was carried out to evaluate the arrangements relevant to the operation and to determine whether they provide reasonable assurance that the operation funds will be used for their intended purpose. Taking into account the improvements required and the agreement on the actions required to strengthen the systems (which are reflected in the program action plan (PAP), the overall fiduciary framework is considered adequate to support the operation management and to achieve the desired results. Assessments have been carried out in five states through two consulting firms. PricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited (PwC) was engaged to carry out assessments in West Bengal and Odisha, while Ernst and Young Limited (E and Y) were engaged for assessments in Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The overall objective of the operation is to accelerate efforts under swachh Bharat mission gramin (SBM-G) to achieve universal sanitation coverage, enhance cleanliness, and eliminate open defecation in rural areas by leveraging Bank funds to incentivize performance of the states and, to increase ministry of drinking water and sanitation (MDWS) capacity to facilitate states in program implementation. The proposed operation will support the national program over a five year period (2015-2020); coinciding with the timeframe of the national program. To strengthen the program’s procurement implementation capacity, several crucial measures should be adopted including additional staffing, intensive training, and hiring of qualified procurement and contract management support consultants, and robust procurement audit. The Bank will also provide assistance and support to the program implementation and will closely monitor the program procurement performance.

The existence of a sound financial consumer protection framework is fundamental to increasing access to and usage of financial services, and the quality of those financial services, along with supporting further financial sector deepening. Financial consumer protection is a necessary precursor to building trust in the formal financial sector and thus in encouraging financial inclusion. Further, consumer protection helps ensure that expanded access benefits consumers and the economy as a whole. While increased access can result in significant economic and societal benefits, it can be neutral or even harmful if consumers: (i) cannot exercise their rights as consumers, (ii) cannot select the financial products that suit them best; and (iii) are not protected from mis-selling, fraud, and other market abuses. The main objective of a CPFL Review is to assess the legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks for financial consumer protection in a country, with reference to the good practices. The following areas are addressed: (i) institutional arrangements, (ii) the legal and regulatory framework, (iii) transparency and disclosure, (iv) business practices, (v) complaints handling and dispute resolution mechanisms and (vi) financial literacy/capability. All parts of a financial sector can be considered, including banking, non-bank credit institutions, insurance, securities, private pensions, and credit reporting.

This assessment of the current state of the implementation of the Basel core principles (BCP) for effective banking supervision in Bulgaria has been completed as a stand-alone report on the observance of standards and codes undertaken by the international monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank during March of 2015 at the request of the Bulgarian authorities. It reflects the regulatory and supervisory framework in place as of the date of the completion of the assessment. The Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) has an internal governance structure which, by vesting the majority of the powers of supervision in the Deputy Governor for banking supervision, exposes the supervisory function to risks. Under the BNB’s legal structure, supervision and enforcement is dissociated from the Governing Council, and the Governing Council has no right to compel transparency of decision making or to impose a framework to ensure consistency in the use of the enforcement regime. There are material concerns that the BNB is too resource constrained to deliver effective minimum levels of supervision. Despite a broad range of supervisory powers, there are some gaps in the legal framework that unduly restrict the BNB’s locus. The BNB has a good understanding of risk and many strong practices, and also making good use of international standards and guidelines, but there are some important system wide vulnerabilities. The assessment team reviewed the framework of laws, rules, and guidance and held extensive meetings with officials of the BNB, and additional meetings with the Finance Ministry, auditing firms, professional bodies, and banking sector participants. The authorities provided a comprehensive self-assessment of the CPs, as well as detailed responses to additional questionnaires, and facilitated access to supervisory documents and files on a confidential basis as well as staff and systems.

This economy profile for Doing Business 2016 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Peru. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2016 is the 13th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business; for 2015 Peru ranks 50. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe and over time. Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period from January to December 2014).