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Frequency analysis has long been an important theme of hydrology research. Although meteorological techniques (physical approaches) such as radar nowcasting, remote sensing, and forecasting heavy rainfall events using meteorological simulation models are quite effective for urban disaster prevention, statistical and stochastic theories that include frequency analysis, which are usually used in flood control plans, are also valuable for flood control plans for disaster prevention. Master plans for flood control projects in urban areas often use the concept of T-year hydrological values with a T-year return period. A flood control target is a "landside area that is safe against heavy rainfall or floods with a return period of T years". This review emphasizes discussions of parameter estimation of stochastic models and selection of optimal statistical models, which include evaluation of goodness-of-fit techniques of statistical models. Based on those results, the authors criticize Japanese standard procedures recommended by the central government. Consistency between parameter estimation and evaluation of goodness-of-fit is necessary. From this perspective, we recommend using the maximum likelihood method and AIC, both of which are related to Kullback–Leibler divergence. If one prefers using SLSC, we recommend not SLSC itself but SLSC's non-exceedance probability. One important purpose of this review is the introduction of well-used Japanese methods. Because some techniques that are slightly different from the international standard have been used for many years in Japan, we introduce those in the review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is becoming more and more personalised. New types and forms of tourism are gradually emerging. One of them is dynamically developing cultural tourism which represents trips to tangible and intangible cultural heritage with discovery and learning objectives. The basis of the development of cultural tourism is a sufficient offer resulting from cultural heritage and it also depends on the quality of the service provided which ultimately leads to the satisfaction of visitors to these objects. As part of the research, satisfaction with the visit was evaluated using frequency analysis at three UNESCO heritage sites (Litomyšl Castle, Lednice Castle, Kroměříž Castle). Satisfaction was identified based on 1.500 reviews on the Google.cz portal. for the period 1/2022 to 6/2023. One of the outputs of the research is the creation of a frequency map of the identified key concept expressions of customer reviews. On the basis of the research results, it can be concluded that visitors are above average satisfied with the offer. Words like "comment", "beautiful", "nice", and "lock" are most often found in reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The respiratory system’s static compliance (C rs) and airway resistance (R rs) are measured during an end-inspiratory hold on volume-controlled ventilation (static method). A numerical algorithm is presented to calculate C rs and R rs during volume-controlled ventilation on a breath-by-breath basis not requiring an end-inspiratory hold (dynamic method). Methods The dynamic method combines a numerical solution of the equation of motion of the respiratory system with frequency analysis of airway signals. The method was validated experimentally with a one-liter test lung using 300 mL and 400 mL tidal volumes. It also was validated clinically using airway signals sampled at 32.25 Hz stored in a historical database as 131.1-s-long epochs. There were 15 patients in the database having epochs on volume-controlled ventilation with breaths displaying end-inspiratory holds. This allowed for the reliable calculation of paired C rs and R rs values using both static and dynamic methods. Epoch mean values for C rs and R rs were assessed by both methods and compared in aggregate form and individually for each patient in the study with Pearson’s R 2 and Bland–Altman analysis. Figures are shown as median[IQR]. Results Experimental method differences in 880 simulated breaths were 0.3[0.2,0.4] mL·cmH2O−1 for C rs and 0[− 0.2,0.2] cmH2O·s· L−1 for R rs. Clinical testing included 78,371 breaths found in 3174 epochs meeting criteria with 24[21,30] breaths per epoch. For the aggregate data, Pearson’s R 2 were 0.99 and 0.94 for C rs and R rs, respectively. Bias ± 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were 0.2 ± 1.6 mL·cmH2O−1 for C rs and − 0.2 ± 1.5 cmH2O·s· L−1 for R rs. Bias ± LOA median values for individual patients were 0.6[− 0.2, 1.4] ± 0.9[0.8, 1.2] mL·cmH2O−1 for C rs and − 0.1[− 0.3, 0.2] ± 0.8[0.5, 1.2] cmH2O·s· L−1 for R rs. Discussion Experimental and clinical testing produced equivalent paired measurements of C rs and R rs by the dynamic and static methods under the conditions tested. Conclusions These findings support to the possibility of using the dynamic method in continuously monitoring respiratory system mechanics in patients on ventilatory support with volume-controlled ventilation.

Structural damage detection is one of the primary goals of structural health monitoring. Minimum safety can be provided upon timely identification of the damaged elements and appropriate decisions (repairing or replacing the damaged elements). Today, the use of concrete-filled steel tube composite columns in the construction industry, especially high-rise buildings, is increasing. In these columns, the concrete core debonding from the steel tube is considered a prevalent type of damage. This study discusses the impact of such debonding on dynamic modal properties (natural frequencies and vibration mode shapes) and the detection of debonding damage area based on wavelet analysis. Debonding to a depth of 3 mm is defined as reduction of concrete stiffness in connection with the steel tube, and the column was subjected to frequency analysis. Modal information, including frequency values and vibration mode shapes, were extracted. Differences in frequency values and Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) smaller than one were observed between primary and secondary shapes of vibrational modes due to the presence of debonded areas. The results showed that with the addition of a new debonding damaged area, the rate of reduction of frequency values increased. The damage index was proposed based on the detail coefficients obtained from discrete wavelet analysis of primary and secondary shapes of vibration modes to identify the area of detachment damage. The results demonstrated that the relative minimum and maximum values of the damage index for all modes occurred in debonding damaged areas. Moreover, the damage index values for different damaged areas were independent of each other. Indeed, the damage index values for other debonding damage situations did not change when a new debonding damaged area was added. This is a positive point in the damage detection process with multiple debonded areas because in this case, the inability to detect a debonding damaged area cannot affect the detection of other debonding damage situations.

Abstract In this paper frequency analysis of annual extreme daily rainfall of 14 gauging stations located in an arid zone of Iran were performed using parametric and nonparametric approaches. The parametric methods include normal, two- and three-parameter log-normal, two-parameter gamma, Pearson and log-Pearson type III, extreme value type I (Gumbel), generalized extreme value and generalized logistic distributions. The nonparametric approach is Fourier series method. The data were fitted to all of above mentioned models and the results showed that the goodness of fit of the data to Fourier series is much better than other parametric methods. Thus the Fourier series can be used as an alternative approach for frequency analysis of extreme daily rainfall in an arid zone. In addition, the quantiles can be calculated by the Fourier series.

Abstract Statistical analysis and simulation of annual maximum discharge values, while considering the corresponding maximum daily rainfall, provide a comprehensive view of flood management. This research presents the application of copula functions for simulating and modeling two variables of annual maximum discharge and corresponding precipitation. In this research, the performance of copula-based models and ARCH-based models including VAR-GARCH, copula, and copula-GARCH models was then evaluated to simulate the annual maximum discharge values. The simulation results of all three models were evaluated using NSE and NRMSE statistics. According to the 95% confidence intervals, the accuracy of all three models was confirmed. The correlation results of the studied pair variables confirmed the possibility of using copula-based models. The results of simulations revealed that a higher accuracy of the copula-GARCH approach compared with two models copula and VAR-GARCH. Considering 76% efficiency (NSE = 0.76) of the copula-GARCH approach, the results indicated 20 and 2.7% improvements in the performance of the proposed approach compared to both VAR-GARCH and copula models. The results also illustrated that by combining nonlinear ARCH models with copula-based simulations, the reliability of simulation results increased. The results obtained in this study suggest that the proposed method is very effective for increasing the certainty of frequency analysis of two variables. Because the copula-GARCH approach simulates the average values, the first and third quarters, as well as the amplitude of changes of 5 and 95% of the data better than the other two models. Graphical abstract Violin plot of AMD series in copula scale

Greening is a subsidy provided by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), related to mowing and designed to protect environment. National or regional paying agencies (PP) monitor and verify compliance of farmers’ declarations with CAP rules. In this work, an operational procedure is proposed aimed at supporting PPs in detecting, mapping and quantifying the number of times mowing occurred in a meadow field. In particular, 72,539 meadows fields within the Piemonte region (NW – Italy) were analysed with a time series of Sentinel-2 (S2) data. The procedure is based on the processing of filtered and regularized time series of NDVI maps. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied at field level to decompose the local NDVI temporal profile. The frequency ([Formula: see text] corresponding to the maximum amplitude ([Formula: see text] was therefore considered. [Formula: see text] value was used to detect not-mowed meadows by thresholding based on the application of the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mowing counting were achieved with reference to [Formula: see text] and the correspondent map (called MCM) generated for the study area. MCM was, finally, tested against the validation set (285 fields). Results showed an Overall Accuracy (OA) > 87%, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed procedure in detecting, mapping and quantifying the number of times mowing occurred.

Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi areas of West Java Province, Indonesia, are vulnerable landslide areas. This study analyzes the landslide characteristic and the factors affecting landslides. The analysis was carried out on 148 landslides from 415 of 2018-2020 landslides, which were selected purposively by considering the heterogeneity of soil, geology, slope classes, land use type, and accessibility of landslide locations. Landslide characteristics and factors affecting landslides were analyzed using frequency analysis and binary logistic regression. The results showed that the most dominant characteristics of surface and shallow landslides were the landslides characterized by slopes >45%, Quaternary geological period, Andisol soil type, agriculture land use type, the occurrence of rain, and absence of earthquake. The dominant factors affecting surface and shallow landslides are human activities in land use, soil properties, steep-very steep slopes, Inceptisol and Entisol soil orders, young rocks (Quaternary geological period), rainfall events, and high earthquake magnitude.

In recent years, extreme rainfall events with short delays and heavy rainfall have often occurred due to severe climate change. In 2015, Typhoon Soudelor caused a short-delayed heavy rainfall event in Nanshih River, which caused damage to a section of the Lansheng Bridge discharge station. The section was relocated upstream to rebuild the discharge station in 2019. However, the new discharge station cannot measure high flow due to the bridge structure. The flow observation range of Lansheng Bridge is therefore limited to normal flow, making it impossible to accurately estimate the flow during high-water stages. The purpose of this study is to use the past flow data of Nanshih River to estimate the flow rate under different return periods using frequency analysis. We used a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to map the river's topography, and used the 3D hydraulic calculations of the FLOW-3D model to estimate the water stage and discharge of the Lansheng Bridge. We then verified the accuracy of the model with the measured flow and water stage, and finally used the water stage and discharge data obtained from numerical simulation to construct the stage–discharge rating curve of the Lansheng Bridge. In addition to preventing flood disasters, this study approach can provide reliable data for use in water conservation. It may also be utilized to overcome the problem of measuring and estimating high flow during typhoon floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good postural control is considered to be a key component of an active lifestyle, and numerous studies have investigated the Center of Pressure (CoP) as a way of identifying motor deficits. However, the optimal frequency range for assessing CoP variables and the effect of filtering on the relationships between anthropometric variables and CoP are unclear. The aim of this work is to show the relationship between anthropometric variables and different ways of filtering the CoP data. CoP was measured in 221 healthy volunteers using a KISTLER force plate in four different test conditions, both mono and bipedal. The results show no significant changes in the existing correlations of the anthropometric variable values over different filter frequencies between 10 Hz and 13 Hz. Therefore, the findings with regard to anthropometric influences on CoP, with a reasonable but less than ideal filtering of the data, can be applied to other study settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic modelling of floods plays an important role in flood management and the related risk reduction. The case study in this research was a 20-km reach of the Atrak River in the upstream of Maraveh Tappeh City, which is one of the most hazardous regions of Iran from flood viewpoint. The aim of this research was to estimate the accuracy of the TanDEM-X digital elevation model with a resolution of 12 meters in simulating flood hydraulic characteristics. To achieve this aim, the HECRAS 2D model was used in steady conditions to simulate floods with a return period of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 years. The results indicated that the inundation area varied in the range of 4.40 km² (return period of 5 years) and5.93 km2 (return period of 200 years). In the return period of 200 years, the mean flow depth and velocity increased by 67.9 and 49.5% compared to the return period of 5 years, respectively. The sensitivity test also indicated that the maximum sensitivities of the inundation area, mean flow depth, and mean flow velocity to Manning’s coefficient were4.65, 4.84, and -12.23%, respectively. The validation results of the HEC-RAS 2D model by using the inundation area extracted from Landsat-8 OLI satellite images for a return period of 10 years showed that the fit percentage indicator was 86%. The results of this study indicated an initial effort for hydraulic modelling of flood characteristics with the TDX elevation digital model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the merits of performing multi-scale flood simulations with nested two-dimensional flood simulation models for flood risk management applications over an extended period with infiltration and evapotranspiration. For nested calculations, (1) inter-district, (2) district, and (3) regional scales were arranged as three levels in the nested model. Because the nested method can be useful for flat land, the Gaibandha District in Bangladesh was chosen for the study area. This area is a typical flood-prone area that is inundated frequently by flood flow from the Jamuna River. First, we performed a year-round flooding simulation for the year 2007 by focusing on a monsoon flood, and validated the results via satellite images. Second, we evaluated the differences of floods in the case of 2.33- and 100-year return periods by using discharge data produced by a flood frequency analysis. We successfully simulated the flooding in each nested level for 2007, and this enabled us to evaluate the flood risks at different scales. In addition, we delineated the flood extent for different return periods and clarified the relationship between the peak water level of the river and the flood extent. The nested method proved to be advantageous because its implementation is not computationally demanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Males and females respond differently at the muscular level to various tastes and show varied responses when eating different foods. In this study, we used surface electromyography (sEMG) as a novel approach to examine gender differences in taste sensations. We collected sEMG data from 30 participants (15 males, 15 females) over various sessions for six taste states: a no-stimulation physiological state, sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. We applied a Fast Fourier Transformation to the sEMG-filtered data and used a two-sample t -test algorithm to analyze and evaluate the resulting frequency spectrum. Our results showed that the female participants had more sEMG channels with low frequencies and fewer channels with high frequencies than the male participants during all taste states except the bitter taste sensation, meaning that for most sensations, the female participants had better tactile and fewer gustatory responses than the male participants. The female participants responded better to gustatory and tactile perceptions during bitter tasting because they had more channels throughout the frequency distribution. Moreover, the facial muscles of the female participants twitched with low frequencies, while the facial muscles of the male participants twitched with high frequencies for all taste states except the bitter sensation, for which the female facial muscles twitched throughout the range of the frequency distribution. This gender-dependent variation in sEMG frequency distribution provides new evidence of differentiated taste sensations between males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the introduction of photovoltaic power generation systems has been increasing from the perspective of global warming countermeasures. However, there is a problem that it becomes difficult to adjust the supply and demand balance of electric power. Therefore, in this research, the inverter by using estimation signal estimates the load of the consumer, then we aim to adjust the supply‐demand balance at the demand side. By the verification of experimental, three‐phase inverter, which is assumed to be an industrial photovoltaic power generation system, estimates the load by using pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) signal and two proposed methods. The load estimation results show that the error rate of the estimated resistance of each phase is within a few percent by using the two proposed methods, and the load estimation is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a frequency analysis of the occurrence of authors' key terms (KTs) in scientific publications are considered using a system developed by us; this system makes it possible to process data presented in the RIS format containing KTs in one of the fields. It is possible to import data in RIS format from WoS and Scopus, as well as from some journal websites and from the MathNet system using special program settings. The frequency analysis of an author's KTs makes it possible to select the most frequently used KTs and consider them as "candidates for places" in the subject ontologies of the Common Digital Space of Scientific Knowledge (CDSSK) and encyclopedic reference books in various scientific fields. A brief description of the capabilities of the developed software environment and the results of the analysis of KTs presented in the articles that are reflected in the WoS (Core Collection) and related to information systems in different fields of natural sciences are given. The correspondence of the distribution frequencies of KTs and separate words composing these KTs to Pareto's law is assessed; the results of the assessment show significant discrepancies with this law for KTs and, at the same time, certain convergences for separate words and their permutation within KTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental changes such as ablation of ice and snow, drying of lakes, deforestation, desertification and urbanization may affect the thermal properties of the land surface, and hence, it affects the land surface temperature (LST). MODIS LST data, make it possible to investigate the variations in the frequency distribution of LST. In this research, 16 years of MODIS\Aqua LST data (2002–2022) have been analyzed using principal component analysis. This study shows that the frequency distribution of LST in Iran depends to a great extent on altitude and then depends on the terrain surface features. Lakes, river systems, sand dunes, deserts, woodlands, forests and metropolitan areas are among the terrain surface features that affect the frequency distribution of LST. Hence, analysis of the frequency distribution of LST may be considered as a tool for identifying the geographical boundaries of these terrain features. Additionally, it could be a robust tool for tracking the changes in the boundaries of such geographical phenomena over time. Frequency analysis of LST in Iran reveals many natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. For example, the analysis shows that the drying out of Zayanderud downstream and Urmia Lake is related to man-made changes in the upstream. The comparison of the interdecadal of LST shows that the frequency of LST has increased in some temperature categories and decreased in some other temperature categories. In general, the frequency shift of LST both during the day and at night has been toward higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term ice hockey camps are integral to the development and preparation of top players. However, research has shown that language anxiety may deter foreign athletes from considering these camps as a viable option for advancement. In consideration, this study sought to identify the semantic content and complexity of the real-time instructional discourse of four elite-level coaches instructing at the 2018 West Coast Hockey Prep Camp in Port Alberni, Canada. Recordings of the coaches were transcribed verbatim and analyzed for frequency (>2) using Provalis QDA Miner v5.0.1 and Provalis WordStat v7.1.6 text analytics software. Following the application of a pre-set exclusion list--removing superfluous text holding limited semantic value--a mere 2.9% of the original transcribed discourse remained for manual categorization and analysis. Results of the analysis showed a near 15:1 ratio of vocabulary common to general English language learning (63.5%) and that specific to ice hockey (4.1%). The awareness that this instructional discourse is comprised largely of vocabulary common to general language learning provides significant linguistic insight for foreign athletes. In looking forward, linguistic considerations such as those of collocations and contextual understanding may also provide even further insight into the genuine communicative discourse between camp coaches and their players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher-order linear moments (LH-moments) method is one of the most commonly used methods for estimating the parameters of probability distributions in flood frequency analysis without sample censoring. This article presents the relationships necessary to estimate the parameters for eight probability distributions used in flood frequency analysis. Eight probability distributions of three parameters using first- and second-order LH-moments are presented, namely the Pearson V distribution, the CHI distribution, the inverse CHI distribution, the Wilson–Hilferty distribution, the Pseudo-Weibull distribution, the Log-normal distribution, the generalized Pareto Type I distribution and the Fréchet distribution. The exact and approximate relations for parameter estimation are presented, as are the exact and approximate relations for estimating the frequency factor specific to each method. In addition, the exact and approximate relationships of variation in the LH-skewness–LH-kurtosis are presented, as is the variation diagram of these statistical indicators. To numerically represent the analyzed distributions, a flood frequency analysis case study using the annual maximum series was carried out for the Prigor River. The analysis is presented compared to the linear moments (L-moments) method, which is the method that is intended to be used in the development of a new norm in Romania for determining the maximum flows. For the Prigor River, the most fit distributions are the Pseudo-Weibull and the generalized Pareto Type I for the linear moments method and the CHI and the Wilson–Hilferty distributions for the first higher-order linear moments method. The performance was evaluated using linear and higher-order linear moment values and diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The probability of a train running over a bridge when an earthquake occurs is increasing with the total mileage of China's high-speed railway network expanding. To study this issue, a three-dimensional train-track-bridge dynamic interaction system subjected to seismic excitations is established based on commercial mathematical software. Besides, a set of motion equations of the system are derived according to the multibody dynamics, the finite element method theory and the bridge seismic theory. Moreover, in order to study the dynamic response of high-speed railway bridges under earthquake, a series of experiments are conducted on a scaled high-speed railway simple supported bridge model with a ballastless track slab excited by shaking table tests. Meanwhile, the strain of rails, track slabs, base plates and girder in various working conditions are measured by quasi-distributed optical fiber sensing stuck in bridge members. At last, the dynamic response of each structure member is demonstrated in the time and frequency domains. Furthermore, the seismic isolation performance of bridge members, such as fasteners, cement asphalt (CA) mortar layer and so on, is explained in details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locomotive syndrome (LS) is a condition in which a person's mobility is impaired due to musculoskeletal disorders caused by aging or lack of exercise, signaling an imminent need for primary nursing care. This study aims to develop a smartphone application that can distinguish the LS stage in a safe, simple, and quantifiable manner. Using a six‐axes accelerometer built into the smartphone, acceleration and angular velocity data were collected from elderly subjects performing alternating one‐legged stances at intervals of 2.66 s. Frequency analysis was then performed with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and an autocorrelation coefficient to compare the data characteristics of subjects with and without LS. Due to huge individual variances, significant differences were not observed between LS and non‐LS, and discriminating the LS stage using frequency analysis was considered difficult in the present study. In contrast, the autocorrelation coefficient showed significant differences between LS and non‐LS in acceleration and angular velocity in specific directions. Using the autocorrelation coefficient of acceleration and angular velocity data to detect the presence of LS was concluded to be effective. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the accuracy and refinement level of urban flood management is the key to solving the urban flooding. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the role of rainfall resolution in detecting rainfall variability and performing rainfall frequency analyses (RFA). A total of 16 rainfall products with a variety of space-time resolutions were used to obtain RFA results in Shanghai, China. Results are based on diagnostic indicators of rainfall variability and the stochastic storm transposition method. The results indicate that storm magnitudes are underestimated when coarse space-time resolutions are used. Furthermore, the use of low-resolution data results in a lagged estimation of storm occurrence and an under- and overestimation of rainfall variations. Depending on the return period, the rainfall resolution has a significant impact on the RFA outputs: coarser data resolution and longer return periods tend to underestimate the intensity-duration-frequency curves. It is also evident that temporal resolution has a greater impact than spatial resolution, as it accounts for five times as much of the effect. These results emphasize the importance of high-resolution rainfall data for the analysis of extreme rainfall intensities, particularly in relation to urban flooding. For flood control design purposes in urban areas, we recommend using rainfall data with a resolution of 12 h and 0. 05° or finer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Conv-MSA based on contextual querying dot-products to improve the fine-grained features representation for self-attentions. • Tanh-Softmax hybrid nonlinearization method in linear self-attention for fast convergence on visual recognition tasks. • FlexFormer model achieved the state-of-the-art recognition accuracy on several benchmarks. • FlexFormer model works with fewer parameters and higher computation efficiency. Vision Transformers have shown overwhelming superiority in computer vision communities compared with convolutional neural networks. Nevertheless, the understanding of multi-head self attentions, as the de facto ingredient of Transformers, is still limited, which leads to surging interest in explaining its core ideology. A notable theory interprets that, unlike high-frequency sensitive convolutions, self-attention behaves like a generalized spatial smoothing and blurs the high spatial-frequency signals with depth increasing. In this paper, we design a Conv-MSA structure to extract efficient local contextual information and remedy the inherent drawback of self-attention. Accordingly, a flexible transformer structure named FlexFormer , with linear computational complexity on input image size, is proposed. Experimental results on several visual recognition benchmarks show that our FlexFormer achieved the state-of-the-art results on visual recognition tasks with fewer parameters and higher computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim: to conduct a clinical and economic analysis of the state of pharmaceutical support for patients with breast cancer in women. Materials and methods. During the research, data from the National List of Essential Medicines, the 14th State Formulary of Medicines, the Ukrainian clinical protocol, the clinical protocols of Great Britain and the United States of America for the treatment of breast cancer, and a depersonalized database of drug prescriptions were used. The research used such methods as clinical-economic, organizational-economic, mathematical-statistical, graphic, grouping and generalization. Research results. It was established that 46 schemes of schemes for the treatment of breast cancer are presented in Ukrainian and international clinical protocols (Great Britain, USA). In all three protocols, there were 5 regimens for the treatment of breast cancer, such as CMF (Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexat, Fluorouracil), AC (Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide), DC (Docetaxel, Cyclophosphamide), TC (Trastuzumab, Capecitabin), EC (Epirubicin, Cyclophosphamide). Analysis of the pharmaceutical component in the protocols for individual drugs showed that they included 23 drugs according to the INN, which belong to the group of antineoplastic drugs. The Ukrainian clinical protocol includes 17 drugs, the British protocol - 14 drugs, and the American one - 15 drugs. The frequency analysis of antineoplastic drugs included in the Ukrainian clinical protocol revealed the TOP-3 in terms of drug prescription frequency: L01A A01 Cyclophosphamide (Ki=0.037), L01C D02 Docetaxel (Ki=0.029), L01D B01 Doxorubicin (Ki=0.026). The largest number of prescribed drugs are vital drugs - 61.96 %, the smallest share - essential drugs - 2.17 %, and the share of non-essential drugs is 35.87 %. The ABC analysis made it possible to determine the group of the most expensive drugs in the treatment of breast cancer - these are antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents. The total expenses for this group amounted to UAH 772,459.96, which according to the US dollar exchange rate of the National Bank of Ukraine at the end of August 2022 was USD 21,122.77. According to the analysis of the matrix of the integrated ABC-VEN-frequency analysis, it was established that the largest number of prescriptions belonged to the group of less expensive and vital drugs (B/V) - 7 drugs (48.73 % of the total amount. At the same time, the largest amount of expenses is observed in for the A/V group - UAH 772,459.96 (52.83 % of all costs directed to the pharmaceutical support of patients). The results of the structural analysis of the group of the most expensive drugs showed that the highest costs were characteristic of L01CD02 Docetaxel (UAH 1166,531.31; 39.81 % of the total cost in the group), and the lowest - for L01DB01 Doxorubicin - UAH 63,694.14 (5.46 %, respectively). Conclusions. According to the results of the conducted research, it was established that the largest costs fall on the group of essential drugs (1047735.07 UAH, 71.65 % of all costs). This determines the need for further pharmacoeconomic calculations of breast cancer treatment to optimize the costs of antineoplastic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes six probability distributions from the Generalized Pareto family, with three, four and five parameters, with the main purpose of identifying other distributions from this family with applicability in flood frequency analysis compared to the distribution already used in the literature from this family such as Generalized Pareto Type II and Wakeby. This analysis is part of a larger and more complex research carried out in the Faculty of Hydrotechnics regarding the elaboration of a norm for flood frequency analysis using the linear moments method. In Romania, the standard method of parameter estimation is the method of ordinary moments, thus the transition from this method to the method of linear moments is desired. All the necessary elements for the distribution use are presented, such as the probability density functions, the complementary cumulative distribution functions, the quantile functions, and the exact and approximate relations for estimating parameters, for both methods of parameter estimation. All these elements are necessary for a proper transition between the two methods, especially since the use of the method of ordinary moments is done by choosing the skewness of the observed data depending on the origin of the maximum flows. A flood frequency analysis case study, using annual maximum and annual exceedance series, was carried out for the Prigor River to numerically present the analyzed distributions. The performance of this distribution is evaluated using a linear moments diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical fluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique to image biological specimen under close-to-native conditions, but light diffraction limits its optical resolution to 200–300 nm-two orders of magnitude worse than the size of biomolecules. Assuming single fluorescent emitters, the final image of the optical system can be described by a convolution with the point spread function (PSF) smearing out details below the size of the PSF. In mathematical terms, fluorescence microscopy produces bandlimited space-continuous images that can be recovered from their spatial samples under the conditions of the classical Shannon-Nyquist theorem. During the past two decades, several single molecule localization techniques have been established and these allow for the determination of molecular positions with sub-pixel accuracy. Without noise, single emitter positions can be recovered precisely – no matter how close they are. We review recent work on the computational resolution limit with a sharp phase transition between two scenarios: 1) where emitters are well-separated with respect to the bandlimit and can be recovered up to the noise level and 2) closely distributed emitters which results in a strong noise amplification in the worst case. We close by discussing additional pitfalls using single molecule localization techniques based on structured illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency analysis of daily rainfall or return period of rainfall and flooding events is very important considering the behavioral complexity in water resources management; because ignoring it can lead to urban destructive floods. In the present research, three distribution functions of Pearson, Beta, and Gamma were compared to investigate and select the most appropriate distribution function for the precipitation data acquired from meteorology stations and CHIRPS satellite in seven stations in the watershed of Bustan Dam. Statistical analyses showed that satellite data were ineffective to estimate daily precipitation due to high errors in RMSE, MAD, and NASH. Meteorological data were used to spot the best distribution. Google Earth Engine and Python programming language were used. Then, the selected distribution function was used to determine the maximum daily rainfall, frequency probability, and return period of 2, 10, 50, 100, and 200 years. The results of the goodness of fit test, Error Sum of Squares, Bayesian Information Criterion, Akaike Information Criteria well as Kullback-Leibler Divergence showed that in five stations of Kalaleh, Qarnaq, Golestan National Park, Golestan Dam, and Glidagh, the Pearson function is the most suitable distribution function. Also, in the other two stations (Gonbad and Tamar), the Beta function was recognized as a suitable function. However, Gamma distribution in the study area is not efficient. So, it can be concluded that heavy and irregular rainfall can be effective in choosing the best distribution function at each station. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the maximum possible rainfall and as a result of the possible occurrence of floods with principled and accurate management to prevent human and financial losses in susceptible areas, especially in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability and maintenance analysis in transport focus on the main objective of accident and incident investigations that benefit to better understanding of the causes of accidents and prevention of them in the future. The conducted research presents theoretical and experimental research on composite pneumatic tire used in transport engineering. The approach of the numerical simulation sequence which is offered in this research facilitates engineers in efficient determination of the dynamic properties and behaviour of vehicle tire at design stage. The tire materials have been tested by employing piezoelectric micro-vibration tests and frequency analyses. The Finite Element Method used for numerical simulation in combination with experimental measurements based on optimization by material frequency response, was applied in modelling tire material behaviour avoiding problems of composite structure modelling. The obtained results indicate that the offered methodology can be used in numerical simulation of composite tire investigation and considering material viscos-elastic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents three families of distributions, namely the Beta, Beta Prime and Beta Exponential families of distributions. From all the distributions of these families, 14 statistical distributions of three, four and five parameters are presented that have applicability in the analysis of extreme phenomena in hydrology. These families of distributions were analyzed regarding the improvement of the existing legislation for the determination of extreme events, specifically the elaboration of a norm regarding frequency analysis in hydrology. To estimate the parameters of the analyzed distributions, the method of ordinary moments and the method of linear moments were used; the latter conforms to the current trend for estimating the parameters of statistical distributions. The main purpose of the manuscript was to identify other distributions from these three families with applicability in flood frequency analysis compared to the distributions already used in the literature from these families, such as the Log–logistic distribution, the Dagum distribution and the Kumaraswamy distribution. The manuscript does not exclude the applicability of other distributions from other families in the frequency analysis of extreme values, especially since these families were also analyzed within the research carried out in the Faculty of Hydrotechnics and presented in other materials. All the necessary elements for their use are presented, including the probability density functions, the complementary cumulative distribution functions, the quantile functions and the exact and approximate relations for estimating parameters. A flood frequency analysis case study was carried out for the Prigor RiverRiver, to numerically present the proposed distributions. The performance of this distributions were evaluated using the relative mean error, the relative absolute error and the L-skewness–L-kurtosis diagram. The best fit distributions are the Kumaraswamy, the Generalized Beta Exponential and the Generalized Beta distributions, which presented a stability related to both the length of the data and the presence of outliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an optimized memristor emulator circuit is designed, by using nine MOSFET transistors and a ground capacitor. Our area- and power-optimized emulator circuit can be used for basic data storage and processing at the monitoring edge, in real-time applications. The memristor shows a nonlinear voltage–current relationship, but no multiplier circuit provides the memristor's nonlinear characteristics. As a result, the proposed memristor emulator has a very low chip area. The memristor circuit is designed in LTSpice, using 16 nm and 45 nm CMOS technology parameters, and the operating voltage is ±0.9 V. In this research, the theoretical derivations are validated using the simulated results of the memristor emulator circuit using different frequencies, capacitors, and input voltages in SPICE simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coastal global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations equipped with a standard geodetic receiver and antenna enable water level measurement using the GNSS interferometry reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique. By using GNSS-IR, the vertical distance between the antenna and the reflector surface (e.g., water surface) can be obtained in the vertical (height) reference frame. In this study, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data from four selected stations over three months are used for this purpose. We determined the predominant multipath frequency in SNR data that is obtained using Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP) method. The obtained sea surface heights (SSH) are assessed using tide gauge observations regarding accuracy and correlation coefficients. In this study, we investigated daily and hourly GNSS observations and used single frequencies of GPS (L1, L2 and L5), GLONASS (L1 and L2), Galileo (L1, L5, L6, L7 and L8), and BeiDou (L2 and L7) signals to estimate the SSH. The results show that the optimal signals for extracting the SSH are the L1 signal for the GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS systems and the L2 signal for the BeiDou system. The accuracy and correlation parameters for the optimal GPS signal in the daily mode are 2 cm and 0.87, respectively. The same parameters for the optimal GLONASS signal are 4 cm and 0.91. However, the obtained accuracy and correlation coefficients using the best Galileo and BeiDou signals are reduced, i.e., 4 cm and 0.88 using Galileo and 12 cm and 0.52 by employing the Galileo signals, respectively. Our results also show that the GPS L1 signal is more consistent with the tide gauge data. In the following, using the time series derived from the L1 signal and tide gauge readings, the tidal frequencies are extracted and compared using the Least Square Harmonic Estimation (LS-HE) approach. The findings demonstrate that 145 significant tidal frequencies can be extracted using the GNSS-IR time series. The existence of an acceptable correlation between the tidal frequencies of the GNSS-IR and the tide gauge time series indicates the usefulness of the GNSS-IR time series for tide studies. From our results, we can conclude that the GNSS-IR technique can be applied in coastal locations alongside tide gauge measurements for a variety of purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular disrupting agents disrupt tumor vessels, blocking the nutritional and oxygen supply tumors need to thrive. This is achieved by damaging the endothelium lining of blood vessels, resulting in red blood cells (RBCs) entering the tumor parenchyma. RBCs present in the extracellular matrix are exposed to external stressors resulting in biochemical and physiological changes. The detection of these changes can be used to monitor the efficacy of cancer treatments. Spectroscopic photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an ideal candidate for probing RBCs due to their high optical absorption relative to surrounding tissue. The goal of this work is to use PA imaging to monitor the efficacy of the vascular disrupting agent 5,6‐Dimethylxanthenone‐4‐acetic acid (DMXAA) through quantitative analysis. Then, 4T1 breast cancer cells were injected subcutaneously into the left hind leg of eight BALB/c mice. After 10 days, half of the mice were treated with 15 mg/kg of DMXAA and the other half were injected with saline. All mice were imaged using the VevoLAZR X PA system before treatment, 24 and 72 hours after treatment. The imaging was done at six wavelengths and linear spectral unmixing was applied to the PA images to quantify three forms of hemoglobin (oxy, deoxy and met‐hemoglobin). After imaging, tumors were histologically processed and H&E and TUNEL staining were used to detect the tissue damage induced by the DMXAA treatment. The total hemoglobin concentration remained unchanged after treatment for the saline treated mice. For DMXAA treated mice, a 10% increase of deoxyhemoglobin concentration was detected 24 hours after treatment and a 22.6% decrease in total hemoglobin concentration was observed by 72 hours. A decrease in the PA spectral slope parameters was measured 24 hours after treatment. This suggests that DMXAA induces vascular damage, causing red blood cells to extravasate. Furthermore, H&E staining of the tumor showed areas of bleeding with erythrocyte deposition. These observations are further supported by the increase in TUNEL staining in DMXAA treated tumors, revealing increased cell death due to vascular disruption. This study demonstrates the capability of PA imaging to monitor tumor vessel disruption by the vascular disrupting agent DMXAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies a new framework for damage detection in composite plate systems made of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) through analysis of electrical capacitance sensors (ECS) measurements. First, the plate damage finite element model is established, where one side of the plate is subjected to the fatigue effect of applied pressure, then the electrical potential difference between the electrode pairs (EPD) is measured before and after damage. The distributed ECS measuring electrodes are installed around the Plate and loaded the transient external excitations between each other. The transfer function (TF) of the “open loop” plate system is suggested and applied to reflect damage evolution. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed technique are validated with available experimental results in the literature. Results show that the signal magnitude will suddenly and sensitively change when the damage starts to grow under electrode pairs, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach and promising potential for engineering applications.

IntroductionBenzodiazepines (BDZs) are commonly used to treat the symptoms of movement disorders; however, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a popular treatment for these disorders. Previous studies have investigated the effects of BDZ on cortical activity, no data are currently available on their effects on deep brain regions, nor on these regions’ responses to DBS. How the BDZ affects the thalamus and basal ganglia in dystonia patients remains unknown.MethodsDBS recordings were performed in ventral oralis anterior/posterior (VoaVop), ventral intermediate (VIM) and ventral anterior (VA) thalamic subnuclei, as well as globus pallidus interna (GPi) and subthalamic nucleus (STN). Evoked potentials (EP) and frequency domain analysis were performed to determine the BDZ effect on neural activities compared to the control condition (off-BDZ). Three male pediatric patients with dystonia treated with BDZ and undergoing depth electrode evaluation for clinical targeting were recruited for the study. Stimulation was administered at 25 and 55 Hz frequencies and recordings were simultaneously gathered through pairs of externalized stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) electrodes. EP amplitude and the effect of stimulation on the frequency spectrum of activity were compared at baseline and following clinical administration of BDZ.ResultsFrequency analysis showed consistent reductions in activity during BDZ treatment in all studied brain regions for all patients. Evoked potential (EP) analysis showed increased subthalamic nucleus (STN) EP amplitude and decreased ventral intermediate (VIM) and STN EP amplitude during BDZ treatment.InterpretationBDZs reduce thalamic and basal ganglia activity in multiple regions and alter the efficacy of transmission between these regions. While the mechanism is unknown our results confirm the known widespread effects of this class of medications and identify specific areas within the motor system that are directly affected.

This study focuses on investigating the behavior of slider–crank mechanisms with different bearing failures using a vibration analysis technique. The reliability and lifespan of bearings are crucial for such mechanisms, which convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion. Previous research primarily addressed ball-bearing failures, neglecting needle bearings due to their specific applications. To bridge this gap, our experimental setup integrated both roller and ball bearings within a slider–crank mechanism. Vibration data were collected during normal operation, as well as under failure conditions of the ball and roller bearings. By analyzing the vibration signatures during simultaneous multiple failures, we gained insights into the nature of vibrations in the system. Furthermore, a mathematical model based on Hertzian contact was employed to calculate the theoretical frequency of ball bearings; however, due to the variable motion of the needle bearing, a novel mathematical model was proposed to estimate the defective impulse frequency, considering the inter-impact time between two impacts. The experimental results were compared with the healthy crank mechanism setup to draw meaningful conclusions. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of bearing failures in slider–crank mechanisms and provides valuable insights for designing reliable and long-lasting systems.

This study aims to validate a piezoelectric driven-rod scour monitoring system that can sense changes in scour depth along the entire rod at its instrumented location. The proposed sensor is a polymeric slender rod with a thin strip of polyvinylidene fluoride that runs through its midline. Extraction of the fundamental frequency allows the direct calculation of the exposed length (or scour depth) of the slender rod undergoing fluid flow excitation. First, laboratory validation in dry conditions is presented. Second, hydrodynamic testing of the sensor system in a soil-bed flume is discussed. Each rod was installed using a three-dimensional-printed footing designed for ease of installation and stabilization during testing. The sensors were installed in a layout designed to capture symmetric scour conditions around a scaled pier. In order to analyze the system out of steady-state conditions, water velocity was increased in stages during testing to induce different degrees of scour. As ambient water flow excited the portion of the exposed rods, the embedded piezoelectric element outputted a time-varying voltage signal. Different methods were then employed to extract the fundamental frequency of each rod, and the results were compared. Further testing was also performed to characterize the relationship between frequency outputs and flow velocity, which were previously thought to be independent. In general, the proposed driven-rod scour monitoring system successfully captured changing frequencies under varied flow conditions.

Abstract Mathematical modeling is widely used for the time‐and frequency‐domain analysis of hydraulic systems. To explore the complicated hydraulic transients of the piping system under various operating conditions, different formulations of the equivalent circuit model (ECM) are systematically discussed in this study. In particular, comparative studies are performed regarding the restrictions on the tempo‐spatial discretization of the time‐domain ECM and the state‐of‐the‐art numerical schemes. In addition, the eigenanalysis of the free oscillation response and frequency features of the forced oscillation response were discussed in detail, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of spatial discretization on the frequency response precision for ECM is also quantified. Analytical results indicate that the ECM can achieve satisfactory performances in both numerical simulation and frequency analysis with affordable computational effort and relatively loose tempo‐spatial discretization restriction.

Extreme climate events represented by extreme precipitation seriously constrain the sustainable and healthy development of economy and society. In this study, based on 59-year precipitation data from 15 meteorological stations in the Longtan watershed, seven extreme precipitation indices (continuous drought index (CDD), consecutive wet days (CWD), maximum 1-day precipitation amount (RX1D), maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation amount (RX5D), precipitation on very wet days (R95p), simple daily intensity index (SDII) and heavy precipitation days (R50 mm)) were selected from three perspectives of duration, frequency and intensity, and then the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of Longtan watershed extreme precipitation were clarified. The results indicated that the indices related to the frequency or intensity of extreme precipitation basically had a non-significant increasing trend in the past 59 years, but the CWD showed a significant decrease, reflecting a trend of drought in the watershed as a whole. Spatially, three spatial variation types of extreme precipitation were observed by the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, that was, the variation of consistent in the whole region, southwest–northeast reverse phase, and partial-whole reverse phase, among which the first type was the most typical. Frequency analysis was also performed with nine distribution models, and from the results of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test, the generalized extreme value (GEV) model was found to fit each index series better. At different levels of return periods, the indices for RX1D, RX5D and R95p roughly showed an increasing trend from upstream to downstream, with large differences in spatial precipitation. HIGHLIGHTS Spatial and temporal characteristics and frequency analysis in karst basins were conducted.; The overall trend of the watershed was becoming drier, but precipitation was more concentrated.; Precipitation conditions were better in Guangxi and Guizhou regions in the watershed, while drought risk was higher in Yunnan regions.; Study results can be used to better protect agricultural production.;