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Background: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a highly infectious plant virus that affects a wide variety of plants and reduces crop yields around the world. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of using Ammi visnaga aqueous seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and their potential to combat TMV. Different techniques were used to characterize Ag-NPs, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results: TEM demonstrated that the synthesized Ag-NPs had a spherical form with an average size of 23–30 nm and a zeta potential value of -15.9 mV, while FTIR revealed various functional groups involved in Ag-NP stability and capping. Interestingly, the Pre-treatment of tobacco plants (protective treatment) with Ag-NPs at 100–500 µg/mL significantly suppressed viral symptoms, while the Post-treatment (curative treatment) delayed their appearance. Furthermore, protective and curative treatments significantly increased chlorophyll a and b, total flavonoids, total soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzymes activity (PPO, POX and CAT). Simultaneously, the application of Ag-NPs resulted in a decrease in levels of oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA). The RT-qPCR results and volcano plot analysis showed that the Ag-NPs treatments trigger and regulate the transcription of ten defense-related genes (SbWRKY-1, SbWRKY-2, JERF-3, GST-1, POD, PR-1, PR-2, PR-12, PAL-1, and HQT-1). The heatmap revealed that GST-1, the primary gene involved in anthocyanidin production, was consistently the most expressed gene across all treatments throughout the study. Analysis of the gene co-expression network revealed that SbWRKY-19 was the most central gene among the studied genes, followed by PR-12 and PR-2. Conclusions: Overall, the reported antiviral properties (protective and/or curative) of biosynthesized Ag-NPs against TMV lead us to recommend using Ag-NPs as a simple, stable, and eco-friendly agent in developing pest management programs against plant viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur(VI)‐based functional groups are popular scaffolds in a wide variety of research fields including synthetic and medicinal chemistry, as well as chemical biology. The growing interest in sulfur(VI)‐containing molecules has motivated the scientific community to explore new methods to synthesize and modify them. Here, photocatalysis plays a key role granting access to new types of reactivity under mild reaction conditions. In this Perspective, we present a selection of works reported in the last six years focused on the photocatalytic assembly and reactivity of sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfoximines. We addressed the key synthetic intermediates for each transformation, while discussing limitations and strength points of the protocols. Future directions of the field are finally presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An In(III)‐catalyzed [2+3+1] annulation strategy is developed for the diastereoselective construction of diversely functionalized tetrahydroxanthones bearing chromone rings. This protocol is based on a three‐component reaction involving various 3‐formylchromones and α‐methylstyrenes via a carbonyl‐ene and formal [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. Notable features of this reaction include its wide substrate scope, high tolerance towards functional groups, atom economy, and excellent diastereoselectivity. In addition, the synthesized tetrahydroxanthones are readily transformed into 2‐hydroxybenzophenone products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gold(I)‐catalyzed intramolecular dehydrative amination method has been developed to synthesize diverse cyclic sulfamides efficiently. Reactions proceed smoothly at room temperature using a combination of (IPr)AuCl (5 mol%) and AgBF4 (5 mol%). This method showcases a broad substrate scope, encompassing challenging seven‐membered ring structures, and exhibits functional group compatibility. Moreover, the reaction demonstrates high stereoselectivity, allowing the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched cyclic sulfamides from chiral secondary allylic alcohols. The synthesized cyclic sulfamides serve as valuable intermediates for generating 1,3‐diamines. This approach provides an improved route for cyclic sulfamide synthesis and a strategic entry point for obtaining essential 1,3‐diamine derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymmetric decarboxylative Mannich addition of β‐keto acids or malonic acid half‐esters to β,γ‐alkynyl‐α‐ketimino esters catalyzed by cinchona alkaloid‐derived squaramide has been developed. The reaction proceeded by forming a nucleophilic enolate after decarboxylation, followed by its addition to β,γ‐alkynyl‐α‐ketimino esters facilitated by the bifunctional catalyst. A broad range of substrates with various substituents are tolerated in this reaction, yielding a series of α,α‐disubstituted amino acid derivatives bearing alkynyl functional groups in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. The practicality of this method was demonstrated by a gram‐scale reaction and subsequent elaboration of the Mannich adducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β‐epoxy ketones and α‐ketoamides is achieved at room temperature (25 °C) using 2.0 bar H2 and a pincer‐ligated Mn(I) catalyst that provides synthetically valuable α‐hydroxy epoxides and α‐hydroxy amides. This protocol applies to a wide range of alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted α,β‐epoxy ketones, including terpenes (α‐ionone, nootkatone, and R‐carvone)‐ and steroids (testosterone and progesterone)‐derived epoxy ketones, and tolerates H2 sensitive functionalities, such as halides, acetyl, nitrile, nitro, epoxide, alkenyl and alkynyl groups. Additionally, α‐ketoamides bearing reducible functional groups, including acetyl and diazo benzene, were untouched under this protocol and selectively converted to α‐hydroxy amides. A preliminary mechanistic study highlighted the metal‐ligand cooperative H2 activation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of heavy metals in wastewater is an environmental concern and the current treatment procedures are very expensive so it is necessary to find effective and inexpensive biosorbents. In this study, Fucus vesiculosus was used as a biosorbent for the biosorption of Cr(III) ions from the aqueous solutions. Biosorption parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial concentrations of Cr(III) had the most impact on the sorption process. The required pH value for sorption was 5, the biosorbent dose was 4.0 g/L, the contact time was seen to occur after 90 min, and the Cr(III) removal decreased from 98.9 to 92%. The maximum biosorption capacity of chromium was 14.12 mg/g. FTIR analysis of Fucus vesiculosus biomass before the sorption process contains carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, alkyne, and carbonyl groups, and according to the analysis after the sorption process, it was found that Cr(III) metal ions were incorporated within the sorbent during the interaction with (=C–H) active functional groups. The biosorption data were found to be perfectly suited by Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model. According to the results of this study, Fucus vesiculosus is an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general and modular protocol is reported for olefin difunctionalization through mechanochemistry, facilitated by cooperative radical ligand transfer (RLT) and electron catalysis. Utilizing mechanochemical force and catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), ferric nitrate can leverage nitryl radicals, transfer nitrooxy‐functional group via RLT, and mediate an electron catalysis cycle under room temperature. A diverse range of activated and unactivated alkenes exhibited chemo‐ and regioselective 1,2‐nitronitrooxylation under solvent‐free or solvent‐less conditions, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated a significant impact of mechanochemistry and highlighted the radical nature of this nitrative difunctionalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A visible-light-induced hydroxycarboxylation of α-trifluoromethylstyrenes is reported herein, which provides a series of α-trifluoromethyl-β-carboxyl tertiary alcohols under mild and environmentally friendly conditions in moderate to good yields. This protocol is enabled by SET between a photocatalyst and sodium formate to obtain CO2˙− without adding an additional HAT reagent. Broad substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility, gram-scale synthesis and synthetic applications show the significant potential application of this protocol in the synthesis of a variety of compounds with densely functionalized α-CF3 tertiary alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using smart or low salinity waters known as green processes gained increasing attention due to their unique features and their positive impacts on the environment. In light of this fact and since there is limited knowledge about the effects of salts under engineered concentrations or binary mixtures and crude oil fractions on the interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability alteration of the resinous (RSO) and asphaltenic synthetic oil (ASO), the current investigation is designed and performed for the first time. Moreover, the dynamic behavior of the IFT variation was carefully investigated and the relaxation time was obtained and modeled to see the impact of mono and divalent salts individually and in binary conditions. The relaxation times revealed that the lowest adsorption times were obtained for NaCl/CaCl2 brine regardless of the examined oil types of ASO and RSO due to the high movement affinity of the polar functional groups toward the interface consequently reducing the required time for coverage and packing of active agents at the interface. Finally, the measured contact angle values revealed a significant effect of binary salts on the wettability alteration toward strongly water-wet conditions, especially for the RSO and ASO compared with crude oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the paramount importance of the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling (SMC) in academia and industry, and the great promise of iron to offer sustainable catalysis, iron‐catalyzed SMC involving sp3‐hybridized partners is still in its infancy. We herein report the development of a versatile, well‐defined electron‐deficient anilido‐aldimine iron(II) catalyst. This catalyst effectively performed C(sp3)−C(sp2) and C(sp3)−C(sp3) SMC of alkyl halide electrophiles and (hetero)aryl boronic ester and alkyl borane nucleophiles respectively, in the presence of a lithium amide base. These couplings operated under mild reaction conditions and displayed wide functional group compatibility including various medicinally relevant N‐, O‐ and S‐based heterocycles. They also tolerated primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides (Br, Cl, I), electron‐neutral, ‐rich and ‐poor boronic esters and primary and secondary alkyl boranes. Our methodology could be directly and efficiently applied to synthesize key intermediates relevant to pharmaceuticals and a potential drug candidate. For C(sp3)−C(sp2) couplings, radical probe experiments militated in favor of a carbon‐centered radical derived from the electrophile. At the same time, reactions run with a pre‐formed activated boron nucleophile coupled to competition experiments supported the involvement of neutral, rather than an anionic, (hetero)aryl boronic ester in the key transmetalation step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the cross‐coupling reaction between two different radicals is a long‐standing challenge due to the process occurring statistically, which would lead to three products, including two homocoupling products and one cross‐coupling product. Generally, the cross‐coupling selectivity is achieved by the persistent radical effect (PRE) that requires the presence of a persistent radical and a transient radical, thus resulting in limited radical precursors. In this paper, a highly selective cross‐coupling of alkyl radicals with acyl radicals to construct C(sp2)−C(sp3) bonds, or with alkyl radicals to construct C(sp3)−C(sp3) bonds have been achieved with the readily available carboxylic acids and their derivatives (NHPI ester) as coupling partners. The success originates from the use of tridentate ligand (2,2′ : 6′,2′′‐terpyridine) to enable radical cross‐coupling process to Ni‐mediated organometallic mechanism. This protocol offers a facile and flexible access to structurally diverse ketones (up to 90 % yield), and also a new solution for the challenging double decarboxylative C(sp3)−C(sp3) coupling. The broad utility and functional group tolerance are further illustrated by the late‐stage functionalization of natural‐occurring carboxylic acids and drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radical‐involved multicomponent difunctionalization of 1,3‐dienes has recently emerged as a promising strategy for rapid synthesis of valuable allylic compounds in one‐pot operation. However, the expansion of radical scope and enantiocontrol remain two major challenges. Herein, we describe an unprecedented photoinduced copper‐catalyzed highly enantioselective three‐component radical 1,2‐azidooxygenation of 1,3‐dienes with readily available azidobenziodazolone reagent and carboxylic acids. This mild protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and exceptional control over chemo‐, regio‐ and enantioselectivity, providing practical access to diverse valuable azidated chiral allylic esters. Mechanistic studies imply that the chiral copper complex is implicated as a bifunctional catalyst in both the photoredox catalyzed azidyl radical generation and enantioselective radical C−O cross‐coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessing versatile C(sp3)−C(sp3) bond through the cross‐electrophile coupling of two distinct etheric C−O bonds is crucial in organic synthesis but remains barely explored. Herein, we report an innovative photoinduced low‐valent zirconocene catalysis enabling the reductive coupling of ethers with high activity and cross‐selectivity. Mechanistic investigation suggests that photoexcitation of low‐valent zirconocene facilitates the C(sp3)−O bond scission of benzylic ethers, leading to the benzylic radicals intermediate via a single‐electron reduction pathway. The subsequent recombination of this benzylic radical with the Zr center followed by carbomagnesiation generates benzylic Grignard reagents for downstream coupling with aliphatic ethers through an SN2‐like mechanism. In application, a wide range of ethers readily in situ derived from aldehydes and ketones becomes feasible with high functional group compatibility as well as excellent cross‐selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructuration of dynamic helical polymers such as poly(phenylacetylene)s (PPAs) depends on the secondary structure adopted by the polymer and the functional group used to connect the chiral pendant to the PPA backbone. Thus, while PPAs with dynamic and flexible scaffolds (para‐ and meta‐substituted, ω1<165°) generate by nanoprecipitation low polydisperse nanospheres with controllable size at different acetone/water mixtures, those with a quasi‐static behavior and the presence of an extended, almost planar structure (ortho‐substituted, ω1>165°), aggregate into a mixture of spherical and oval nanostructures whose size is not controlled. Photostability studies show that poly(phenylacetylene) particles are more stable to light irradiation than when dissolved macromolecularly. Moreover, the photostability of the particle depends on the secondary structure of the PPA and its screw sense excess. This fact, in combination with the encapsulation ability of these polymer particles, allows the creation of light stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers, whose cargo can be delivered by light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of the functional renormalization group and of the perturbative, algebraic approach to quantum field theory (pAQFT), in D’Angelo et al. [Ann. Henri Poinc. 25 (2024) 2295–2352] it has been derived a Lorentzian version of a flow equation à la Wetterich, which can be used to study nonlinear, quantum scalar field theories on a globally hyperbolic spacetime. In this work, we show that the realm of validity of this result can be extended to study interacting scalar field theories on globally hyperbolic manifolds with a timelike boundary. By considering the specific examples of half-Minkowski spacetime and of the Poincaré patch of Anti-de Sitter, we show that the form of the Lorentzian Wetterich equation is strongly dependent on the boundary conditions assigned to the underlying field theory. In addition, using a numerical approach, we are able to provide strong evidences that there is a qualitative and not only a quantitative difference in the associated flow and we highlight this feature by considering Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on half-Minkowski spacetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We established a straightforward electrochemical dihalogenation (F, Cl, and Br) process for gem‐difluoroalkenes. This reaction exhibits a broad functional group tolerance and has been effectively utilized in the construction of complex molecules. The subsequent synthetic transformations of the products have highlighted the adaptable nature of the dihalogenated compounds, demonstrating their potential application in drug discovery and the investigation of innovative materials. The effective utilization of the dihalogenated product for 18F‐labeling represents a novel approach in generating highly potent 18F‐labeled tracers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an efficient approach for synthesizing pyridoquinazolinones in the presence of triflic anhydride utilizing anthranils and 2-chloropyridines as starting materials. In this process, Tf2O initially activates anthranils forming an electrophilic 1-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzo[c]isoxazol-1-ium species. This species undergoes an in situ annulation reaction with 2-chloropyridines, resulting in therapeutically useful pyridoquinazolinones. The reaction is tolerant to various functional groups, allowing access to a wide range of substituted pyridoquinazolinones in good yields. Furthermore, the synthesis of euxylophoricine B, known to be an antitumor agent, was also achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of two classes of oxazolinyl‐indolate ligand precursors with an equivalent trimethylaluminum reagent afforded four corresponding aluminum dimethyl complexes. Intramolecular functional groups were employed to switch coordination behaviors, resulting in the formation of two classes of five‐ or six‐membered aluminum metallocyclic complexes. The screening of the prepared aluminum complexes, mediated by 9‐anthracenemethanol as the initiating reagent in the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone, showed significant activities at room temperature. The aluminum compound ligated by 2‐(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐4,5‐dihydrooxazole possessed a suitable chelated ring size, and its intrinsic electronic properties maintained higher activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus (BP) has been recognized as an ideal anode material for fast‐charging lithium (Li)‐ion capacitors (LICs) due to its high theoretical capacity (2596 mAh g−1), appropriate lithiation potential (0.7 V vs Li+/Li) and fast ion diffusion capability. However, large volume change and soluble polyphosphides (LixPs)‐based intermediates during charging‐discharging process seriously deteriorate cycling performance. To address the aforementioned issues, an elaborated design is reported on the binder for BP electrode. The ‐NH2 polar functional group in grafted chitosan (GCS) binder presents strong chemical anchoring effect for both BP and soluble LixPs, achieving superior adhesion force and LixPs constraining capability for enhanced structure integrity of BP electrode. In addition, GCS exhibits strong Li‐ion binding energy that promotes the Li‐ion adsorption at electrode level, leading to a boosted cycle life for BP. As a result, the graphene (G) incorporated BP electrode using GCS binder shows specific capacity of 997.6 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 1 A g−1. This study unravels the crucial role of functional groups for binder in high‐performance BP electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysulfides shuttle and lithium dendrites growth greatly restricts the practical application of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). A rational designed separator combined polysulfide catalyst and lithium regulator can achieve the effect of killing two birds with one stone. Herein, organic–inorganic hybrid materials are designed to construct a complementary interface for LSBs. Specially, two kinds of covalent organic frameworks (COF) with different pore size are in situ grown on the MXene surface by forming Ti–N bond. The high electronic conductivity and abundant surface functional groups of MXene allow it to work as a catalyst to effectively accelerate the polysulfides conversion, while COF can be used as an ion calibrator to guide homogeneous lithium deposition. As expected, the MXene@COF (MCOF) integrated separator realizes complementary advantages that enable a Li||Li symmetric cell to achieve a surprisingly stable lithium plating/stripping process up to 4750 h at 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the assembled LSBs exhibit high capacities of 584/563 mAh g−1 at 3 C and low‐capacity decay rates of 0.042%/0.048% per cycle after 1000 cycles at 1 C. This work proposes a strategy of complementary advantages based on the MXene and COF composites in the interface layer, which is of great significance for the separator construction of high‐performance LSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers with well‐defined structures, synthesized through metal‐catalyzed processes, and having end groups exhibiting different polarity and reactivity than the backbone, are gaining considerable attention in both scientific and industrial communities. These polymers show potential applications as fundamental building blocks and additives in the creation of innovative functional materials. Investigations are directed toward identifying the most optimal and uncomplicated synthetic approach by employing a combination of living coordination polymerization mediated by rare‐earth metal complexes and C–H bond activation reaction by σ‐bond metathesis. This combination directly yields catalysts with diverse functional groups from a single precursor, enabling the production of terminal‐functionalized polymers without the need for sequential reactions, such as termination reactions. The utilization of this innovative methodology allows for precise control over end‐group functionalities, providing a versatile approach to tailor the properties and applications of the resulting polymers. This perspective discusses the principles, challenges, and potential advancements associated with this synthetic strategy, highlighting its significance in advancing the interface of metalorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, and materials science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly affected by rising annual mean temperatures and heatwaves. While heatwaves are expected to have more immediate effects than mean temperature increases on local communities, comparative experimental studies are largely lacking. We conducted a 1‐month mesocosm experiment to test the effect of different warming treatments, constantly raised temperatures (+3°C) and recurring heatwaves (+6°C), on plankton communities. We specifically tested how shifts in zooplankton trait composition and functional groups are reflected in ecosystem function (top‐down control on primary producers). We found that heatwaves had a stronger and more immediate effect on zooplankton trait composition (specifically on body length and body mass) and functional groups. Heatwaves led to the decrease of small‐bodied grazers (i.e., Rotifera) and the dominance of larger omnivorous Copepoda, and these shifts resulted in weaker top‐down control, leading to elevated phytoplankton biomass. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of the indirect effects of heatwaves via inducing shifts in zooplankton functional groups and trait composition, which may lead to algal blooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: A novel and eco‐friendly electrochemical activation of trifluoromethyl thianthrenium triflate (TT–CF3+OTf−) for trifluoromethylation of imidazole‐fused heteroaromatic compounds was established. This method involves the direct electrolysis of TT–CF3+OTf− without the requirement of external oxidants or catalysts, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. A wide range of imidazole‐fused heteroaromatic compounds including imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles have been successfully trifluoromethylated using this technique, exhibiting excellent compatibility with various functional groups and a broad substrate scope. Moreover, the method's applicability for one‐pot sequential reactions enables the reduction of waste and resource consumption by eliminating the need for intermediate purification steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Chemodivergent synthesis of benzofurans and 2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans has been realized. Under a reaction system consisting of DBDMH and K2CO3 as promotors, controlled conditions enabled the formation of two sets of valuable heterocycles from the tandem transformation of enaminones and salicylaldehydes. The key to success was the identification of the reaction parameters, in which the imine intermediate which was formed by transient halogenation coupling and substitution processes underwent either aldol condensation/annulation or imine hydrolysis/aldol condensation. The additives NH4Cl or Fe2(SO4)3 controlled the unique selectivity of this reaction. A broad substrate scope of enaminones and salicylaldehydes has been employed in this reaction, demonstrating excellent functional group tolerance and versatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Herein, we present a method for the homogeneous hydrogenation of nitroarenes to produce anilines using low catalyst loading (1 mo%) of copper N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes as the catalyst and ammonia borane as the source of hydrogen. A wide range of nitroarenes, featuring diverse functional groups, were selectively transformed into their corresponding primary aromatic amines with high yields. This process can be readily scaled up and exhibits compatibility with various sensitive functional groups, including halogen, trifluoromethyl, aminomethyl, alkenyl, cyano, ester, amide, and hydroxyl. Notably, this catalytic methodology finds application in the synthesis of essential drug compounds. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the in‐situ‐generated Cu‐H species may serve as active intermediates, with reduction pathways involving species such as azobenzene, 1,2‐diphenylhydrazine, nitrosobenzene, and N‐phenylhydroxylamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, microbiome research has achieved tremendous advancements driven by culture‐independent meta‐omics approaches. Despite extensive research, our understanding of the functional roles and causal effects of the microbiome on phenotypes remains limited. In this study, we focused on the rumen metaproteome, combining it with metatranscriptome and metabolome data to accurately identify the active functional distributions of rumen microorganisms and specific functional groups that influence feed efficiency. By integrating host genetics data, we established the potentially causal relationships between microbes‐proteins/metabolites‐phenotype, and identified specific patterns in which functional groups of rumen microorganisms influence host feed efficiency. We found a causal link between Selenomonas bovis and rumen carbohydrate metabolism, potentially mediated by bacterial chemotaxis and a two‐component regulatory system, impacting feed utilization efficiency of dairy cows. Our study on the nutrient utilization functional groups in the rumen of high‐feed‐efficiency dairy cows, along with the identification of key microbiota functional proteins and their potentially causal relationships, will help move from correlation to causation in rumen microbiome research. This will ultimately enable precise regulation of the rumen microbiota for optimized ruminant production. Highlights: We combined rumen metaproteome, metatranscriptome, and metabolome data to identify active functional distributions of rumen microorganisms influencing feed efficiency.By integrating host genetics data, we identified causal relationships between microbes, proteins/metabolites, and phenotypes.We found a causal link between Selenomonas bovis and rumen carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting its role in improving feed utilization efficiency in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal complexes of benzotriazole-type ligands continue to attract the intense interest of many inorganic chemistry groups around the world for a variety of reasons, including their aesthetically beautiful structures, physical properties and applications. 1-methylbenzotriazole (Mebta) is the N-substituted archetype of the parent 1H-benzotriazole. The first attempt to build a "periodic table" of Mebta, which includes its complexes with several metal ions, is described in this work. This, at first glance, trivial ligand has led to interesting results in terms of the chemistry, structures and properties of its metal complexes. This work reviews the to-date published coordination chemistry of Mebta with Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(I), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Au(I) and {UVIO2}2+, with emphasis on their preparations, reactivity, structures and properties. Unpublished results from our group comprising other Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes, as well as Cd(II), Hg(II), Ag(I), In(III) and Sn(IV) ones are briefly reported. Mebta can also provide access to 1D and 3D heterometallic thiocyanato-bridged Co(II)/Hg(II) and Ni(II)/Hg(II) compounds. In almost all cases, Mebta behaves as a monodentate ligand with the nitrogen of position 3 of the azole ring as the donor atom. However, there are two copper complexes in which this molecule adopts a bidentate bridging coordination behavior. Our efforts to complete the "periodic table" of Mebta are continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, we suggested liquid and high‐boiling TIPS‐CC‐SF5 (TASP) as a versatile reagent to access so far elusive SF5‐containing building blocks by less specialized laboratories under bench‐top conditions. The synthesis of non‐aromatic SF5 building blocks generally requires on‐site fluorination or pentafluorosulfanylation steps employing toxic and/or gaseous reagents. Herein, we underline the versatility of this reagent by reporting a benign bench‐top protocol for the synthesis of Z‐configured β‐pentafluorosulfanylated vinyl sulfides in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) with exclusive (Z)‐diasteroselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. This method exploits an in‐situ protodesilylation‐hydrothiolation sequence. This so far uncharted class of compounds was characterized by means of NMR‐spectroscopy as well as SC‐XRD. Furthermore, we suggest the reaction to proceed via a kinetically controlled closed‐shell reaction pathway, corroborated by in‐silico experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the current status of teaching quantum mechanics in undergraduate chemistry programs, the structural chemistry course group at Xiamen University has developed an undergraduate quantum mechanics module by integrating the disciplines of structural chemistry and general university physics. This paper explores the teaching content and methods of this new course and provides a future outlook for its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diapause is a strategy in insects to mitigate seasonal stress and synchronize lifecycles with favorable times. Forests are 3D, dynamic ecosystems with contrasting microhabitats where numerous insects enter diapause and the duration of diapause affects their phenology. Ecologically important forest insects, like defoliators, bark breeders, or soil/litter-dwelling species have diverse diapause strategies. Anthropogenic change, like climate change and urbanization, has and will have substantial impacts on forest insects. Some species may increase their impact on ecosystems, while that of others may be reduced. Understanding how climate change or urbanization factors, like artificial light at night and the urban-heat-island effect, affect diapause may help develop generalizable rules to predict which species will show population expansion and which are likely to contract. Insects have major impacts on forest ecosystems, from herbivory and soil-nutrient cycling to killing trees at a large scale. Forest insects from temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions have evolved strategies to respond to seasonality; for example, by entering diapause, to mitigate adversity and to synchronize lifecycles with favorable periods. Here, we show that distinct functional groups of forest insects; that is, canopy dwellers, trunk-associated species, and soil/litter-inhabiting insects, express a variety of diapause strategies, but do not show systematic differences in diapause strategy depending on functional group. Due to the overall similarities in diapause strategies, we can better estimate the impacts of anthropogenic change on forest insect populations and, consequently, on key ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different thermal treatments including pasteurisation, ultra‐pasteurisation, ultra‐high temperature instantaneous sterilisation and in‐container sterilisation on physicochemical properties and peptide profiles of infant formula protein model after in vitro digestion were investigated. Results indicated that different extent of protein–protein and protein–lactose interactions caused different particle size, colour, functional groups and thermal properties. Peptide profiles were also different after in vitro digestion. About 32, 4, 15, 157 and 42 unique peptides, as well as 14, 10, 12, 13 and 10 bioactive peptides were identified in the five groups, respectively. Pasteurisation may be better for the processing of infant formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acalypha indicais an important medicinal plant and traditionally used as throat infections, wound healing, arthritis, ulcer and diabetes mellitus. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) the present study showed separation of two deep violet colour spots with RF values 0.31 and 0.72 which may represent the presence of alkaloids. Infra-Red (IR) spectral analysis of Acalypha indica showed C-H, -C=C-, N-H bend, C-C, C-H rock, O-H bend and C-C1 stretchings which may be attributed to the presence of functional groups like alcohol, alkenes, primary amines, alphatic amines and alkylhalides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long chain branching (LCB) polyglycolide (PGA) was successfully prepared by the successive reactions of the terminal hydroxyl groups of PGA with triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The influence of LCB produced by functional group reaction on rheological and crystallization behavior was studied and discussed through linear rheology, uniaxial elongation and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The much higher viscosity and the more notable strain hardening behavior of modified PGA indicates the LCB with high degree of entanglements are created. The melt strength of PGA is finally improved greatly and can make sure that the supercritical CO2 foaming can be carried out successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a finite connected graph denoted as G = (V, E). This study explores a generalized Chern-Simons Higgs model, characterized by the equation Δ u = λ e u ( e u − 1) 2 p + 1 + f , where Δ denotes the graph Laplacian, λ is a real number, p is a non-negative integer, and f is a function on V. Through the computation of the topological degree, this paper demonstrates the existence of a single solution for the model. Further analysis of the interplay between the topological degree and the critical group of an associated functional reveals the presence of multiple solutions. These findings extend the work of Li et al. [Calc. Var. 63, 81 (2024)] and Chao and Hou [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 519, 126787 (2023)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eco-friendly, metal-free approach for synthesizing dihydrobenzo[b][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives has been established. This method employs ortho-chloroquinolin-α,β-unsaturated ketones as dipolarophiles and acyclic enaminones as amphiphilic nucleophiles, enabling a formal [3 + 3] annulation reaction under phase-transfer catalysis to offed the targeted products. It boasts transition-metal-free conditions, broad functional group compatibility, and straightforward operational procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphotericin B (AmB) is the gold standard for antifungal therapy; however, its poor solubility limits its administration via intravenous infusion. A promising formulation strategy to achieve an oral formulation is the development of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) via spray-drying. Inclusion of surfactants into ASDs is a newer concept, yet it offers increased dissolution opportunities when combined with a polymer (HPMCAS 912). We developed both binary ASDs (AmB:HPMCAS 912 or AmB:surfactant) and ternary ASDs (AmB:HPMCAS 912:surfactant) using a variety of surfactants to determine the optimal surfactant carbon chain length and functional group for achieving maximal AmB concentration during in vitro dissolution. The ternary ASDs containing surfactants with a carbon chain length of 14 ± 2 carbons and a sulfate functional group increased the dissolution of AmB by 90-fold compared to crystalline AmB. These same surfactants, when added to a binary ASD, however, were only able to achieve up to a 40-fold increase, alluding to a potential interaction occurring between excipients or excipient and drug. This potential interaction was supported by dynamic light scattering data, in which the ternary formulation produced a single peak at 895.2 dnm. The absence of more than one peak insinuates that all three components are interacting in some way to form a single structure, which may be preventing AmB self-aggregation, thus improving the dissolution concentration of AmB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating the crystal morphology of low aspect ratio, short columnar α‐hemihydrate gypsum (α‐HH) is crucial due to its distinctive physical and chemical properties, which make it widely applicable. In this work, succinic acid, malic acid, and maleic acid were selected as the research objects, among which the number and spacing of carboxyl groups were the same, while the auxiliary functional groups were different. The adsorption energy, Mulliken charge population, electronic state density, and charge density difference of the three organic acids on the surfaces of α‐HH were calculated by well‐defined ab initio calculations. The results showed that the synergistic effect of ‐COOH groups is necessary for the effective crystallization of α‐HH. Organic acids interact with the Ca atoms on the crystal surface, as evidenced by their preferential adsorption on the top surface of α‐HH crystals (002). This interaction occurs through a double‐dentate chelation between the carboxyl oxygen atoms at both ends of the organic acid and the Ca atoms on the crystal surface, resulting in the formation of a six‐membered cyclic organic acid calcium complex. This complex hinders ion diffusion and the stacking of crystal surfaces, leading to a decrease in the growth rate along the c‐axis and promoting more extensive crystal development and larger crystal sizes. The work provides insight into the preparation of short prismatic α‐HH using organic acid crystallizing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serious dendrite growth and H2O‐induced side reactions on the Zn electrode lead to a significant fading in the cycling performance, hindering the development of commercial applications of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs). Herein, a novel bifunctional network coating of dynamically cross‐linking sodium alginate with trehalose has been rationally constructed on the Zn anode (Zn@AT). Firstly, the AT coating possesses abundant zinophilic oxygen‐containing functional groups, which are able to induce uniform Zn2+ ion flux. Secondly, the AT coating as a solid barrier can effectively inhibit H2O‐induced side reactions by lowering the activity of H2O molecules. More specially, based on the dynamic cross‐linking, AT network coating is endowed with self‐healing capacity during cycling for durable battery operation. Consequentially, Zn@AT anodes in symmetric cells can cycle stably for 2787 h at 2 mA cm−2/2 mAh cm−2, and even achieve a significantly long cycle performance of 1087 h at large charge/discharge depths of 10 mA cm−2/10 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the Zn@AT//MnO2 full cell shows excellent specific capacity of 175 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles. This study lights an effective strategy to enhance the durability of Zn electrodes in AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of traditional sample preparation techniques has brought about miniaturization systems designed to scale down conventional methods and advocate for environmentally friendly analytical approaches. Although often referred to as green analytical strategies, the effectiveness of these methods is intricately linked to the properties of the sorbent utilized. Moreover, to fully embrace implementing these methods, it is crucial to innovate and develop new sorbent or solid phases that enhance the adaptability of miniaturized techniques across various matrices and analytes. Graphene-based materials exhibit remarkable versatility and modification potential, making them ideal sorbents for miniaturized strategies due to their high surface area and functional groups. Their notable adsorption capability and alignment with green synthesis approaches, such as bio-based graphene materials, enable the use of less sorbent and the creation of biodegradable materials, enhancing their eco-friendly aspects towards green analytical practices. Therefore, this study provides an overview of different types of hybrid graphene-based materials as well as their applications in crucial miniaturized techniques, focusing on offline methodologies such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE), disposable pipette extraction (DPX), dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (d-µ-SPE), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and operationally simple method for the synthesis of β-keto sulfones through the BF3·OEt2-promoted reaction of alkynes and sodium sulfinates is developed. With its facile and selective access to the targets, it features good functional group compatibility, mild conditions, easily available starting materials, and good yields. Notably, the reaction does not require metal catalysts or chemical reagents with pungent odors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important class of nitrogen-containing fused heterocyclic compounds, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines often exhibit significant biological activities, such as analgesic, anticancer, antiosteoporosis, anxiolytic, etc. Using Y(OTf)3 as a Lewis acid catalyst, a simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of C3-alkylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines through the three-component aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, aldehydes, and amines in the normal air atmosphere without the protection of inert gas and special requirements for anhydrous and anaerobic conditions. A series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives were obtained with moderate to good yields, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Furthermore, this conversion has the advantages of simple operation, excellent functional group tolerance, high atomic economy, broad substrate scope, and can achieve gram-level reactions. Notably, this methodology may be conveniently applied to the further design and rapid synthesis of potential biologically active imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with multifunctional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymptotically safe gravity is investigated in the framework of the functional renormalization group method. The low energy region of the model can account for the cosmological behavior, where it is assumed that the nonlocal effects play a crucial role. Using the Wegner–Houghton equation it is shown that the dynamically induced bilocal term modifies the infrared scaling of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application of renewal of Levilactobacillus brevis DSM 16680 as a technological feed additive (functional group: silage additives) for all animal species. The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently on the market complies with the existing terms of the authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive remains safe for all animal species, consumers and the environment. Regarding user safety, the additive should be considered as an eye irritant and a skin and respiratory sensitiser. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the phenomenon of interlayer transport channel swelling caused by the hydration of oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO membrane surface, a moderate heat treatment method was employed to controllably reduce the graphene oxide (GO) membrane and prepare a reduced GO composite nanofiltration membrane (mixed cellulose membrane (MCE)/ethylenediamine (EDA)/reduced GO-X (RGO-X)). The associations of different heat treatment temperatures with the hydrophilicity, interlayer structure, permeability and dye/salt rejection properties of GO membranes were systematically explored. The results indicated that the oxygen-containing groups of the GO membrane were partially eliminated after heat treatment, and the hydrophilicity was weakened. This effectively weakened the hydration between the GO membrane and the water molecules and inhibited the swelling of the oxidized graphene membrane. In the dye desalination test, the MCE/EDA/RGO membrane exhibited an ultra-high rejection rate of over 97% for methylene blue (MB) dye molecules. In addition, heat treatment increased the structural defects of the GO membrane and promoted the fast passage of water molecules via the membrane. In pure water flux testing, the water flux of the membrane remained above 46.58 Lm−2h−1bar−1, while the salt rejection rate was relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing need for ecosystem‐level distribution models (EDMs) and a better understanding of which factors affect their quality. We investigated how the performance and transferability of EDMs are influenced by 1) the choice of predictors and 2) model complexity. We modelled the distribution of 15 pre‐classified ecosystem types in Norway using 252 predictors gridded to 100 × 100 m resolution. The ecosystem types are major types in the 'Nature in Norway' system mainly defined by rule‐based criteria such as whether soil or specific functional groups (e.g. trees) are present. The predictors were categorised into four groups, of which three represented proxies for natural, anthropogenic, or terrain processes ('ecological predictors') and one represented spectral and structural characteristics of the surface observable from above ('surface predictors'). Models were generated for five levels of model complexity. Model performance and transferability were evaluated with data collected independently of the training data. We found that 1) models trained with surface predictors only performed considerably better and were more transferable than models trained with ecological predictors, and 2) model performance increased with model complexity, levelling off from approximately 10 parameters and reaching a peak at approximately 20 parameters, while model transferability decreased with model complexity. Our findings suggest that surface predictors enhance EDM performance and transferability, most likely because they represent discernible surface characteristics of the ecosystem types. A poor match between the rule‐based criteria that define the ecosystem types and the ecological predictors, which represent ecological processes, is a plausible explanation for why surface predictors better predict the distribution of ecosystem types. Our results indicate that, in most cases, the same models are not well suited for contrasting purposes, such as predicting where ecosystems are and explaining why they are there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many gaps in our theoretical understanding of the variations in the diversity and structure of intertidal communities exist for the Eastern Pacific. In order to fill some of these gaps, we censused intertidal communities and compared patterns of diversity on multiple spatial scales using several measures in alpha (α) and beta (β) diversities at twenty-one sites in a cold temperate, a warm temperate and a tropical Eastern Pacific ecoregion that were unique in terms of research effort and each with distinct geographic features. Diversity and richness on all spatial scales were compared using area curves, Hill numbers, ordination and cluster analyses, and the Hutcheson's t-test with post hoc PERMANOVA, which revealed significant differences in diversity within and among ecoregions. Functional group and species richness and abundance were found to be highest in the cold and warm temperate ecoregions, and the functional group richness was second highest in the tropical Guayaquil ecoregion. The Bray–Curtis similarity method proved useful for determining patterns of small-scale intertidal zonation, while the Sorensen–Dice method suggested high indices of similarity in the functional group and subclass structures among all ecoregions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the main environmental factors (abiotic and biotic) driving the phytoplankton community in a shallow tropical reservoir located in an environmentally protected area. Phytoplankton samples were collected from the surface and bottom of the reservoir. The phytoplankton samples were later identified at the species level, and the species were further assigned to morphology-based functional groups (MBFGs). Zooplankton were sampled through vertical haul, communities were identified to species level, and functional diversity was estimated based on community-weighted means (CWM). Phytoplankton MBFGs IV, V, and VI contributed the most to the biomass under high light availability coupled with low nutrient availability. Potentially toxic cyanobacteria from MBFG III were observed during thermal stratification. Hydraulic mixing plays a crucial role in reducing the phytoplankton biomass during the warmer/rainy season. Cyclopoid copepods accounted for more than 83% of the zooplankton biomass. There was a weak but significant effect of zooplankton functional diversity on phytoplankton functional diversity, mainly because of the dominance of small zooplankton. Altogether, our findings suggest that environmental filtering plays a greater role than zooplankton grazing in phytoplankton community structure in this shallow tropical reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the success rate of drug discovery, one practical strategy is to begin molecular hybridisation. The presence of two or more pharmacophores in a single unit leads to a pharmacological potency greater than the sum of each individual moiety's potency. Heterocyclic compounds are very widely distributed in nature and are essential for life activities. Benzimidazole and oxadiazole are privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and are widely used in drug discovery and development due to their vast biological properties. The drug‐like properties (like pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) of the individual scaffolds can be improved by benzimidazole–oxadiazole chimeric molecules via a molecular hybridisation approach. Benzimidazole and oxadiazole cores can either be fused or incorporated using either functional groups/bonds. Over the last few decades, drug discovery scientists have predicted that these moieties could be interconnected to yield a novel or modified hybrid compound. Benzimidazole and oxadiazole hybrids were identified as the most potent anticancer, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antihypertensive and antitubercular agents. In this context, the present review describes the biological properties of benzimidazole–oxadiazole (1,3,4 and 1,2,4) hybrids, their possible structure–activity relationship and the mechanism of action studies presented. This review article is intended to stimulate fresh ideas in the search for rational designs of more active and less toxic benzimidazole–oxadiazole hybrid prospective therapeutic candidates, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are a diversified group of natural substances which were discovered to provide a variety of health benefits in human beings. Vegetables, fruits, wine and tea are the primary flavonoid dietary sources for humans and as the flavonoids are so closely connected to human dietary items and health, it is vital to explore the structural-activity connection. The arrangement, replacement of functional groups, and total number of hydroxyl groups around flavonoid's nucleus structure affect their biological activity, metabolism, and bioavailability. Various flavonoids have been proven to have hepatoprotective properties, that help in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Similarly, these flavonoids also possess anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoids have been found to have a functional and structural link with their enzyme inhibitory action, that appears to have antiviral effect through acting as antioxidants, damaging cell membranes, blocking enzymes, activating mechanisms of host self-defense, and limiting virus penetration and attaching to cells. Identification, characterization, isolation, and biological role of flavonoids, as well as their uses on health advantages, are all major topics in research and development currently. This review represents a summary of various sources of flavonoids, class, subclass, their chemical structures, biological activities, the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids and various analytical, bioanalytical and electrochemical methods for determination of flavonoids from different matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]