157 results on '"Findlow, J"'
Search Results
152. Evidence for naturally acquired T cell-mediated mucosal immunity to Neisseria meningitidis.
- Author
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Davenport V, Guthrie T, Findlow J, Borrow R, Williams NA, and Heyderman RS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging immunology, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Antigenic Variation physiology, Cell Division immunology, Cells, Cultured, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunity, Mucosal, Immunologic Memory, Immunophenotyping, Leukocyte Common Antigens biosynthesis, Leukocytes, Mononuclear immunology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear microbiology, Male, Meningococcal Infections microbiology, Palatine Tonsil cytology, Palatine Tonsil immunology, Palatine Tonsil microbiology, Porins physiology, T-Lymphocyte Subsets metabolism, T-Lymphocyte Subsets microbiology, Meningococcal Infections immunology, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B immunology, T-Lymphocyte Subsets immunology
- Abstract
Naturally acquired protective immunity against Neisseria meningitidis is thought to partially explain the disparity between the high levels of carriage in the human nasopharynx and the rare incidence of disease. To investigate this immunity to Neisseria meningitidis at the mucosal level, in vitro cellular responses to outer membrane vesicle preparations derived from this pathogen were examined using mononuclear cells from the palatine tonsils of adults and children. Characterization of these responses was achieved by depletion of CD45RA(+), CD45RO(+), and CD19(+) populations and outer membrane vesicles derived from isogenic mutants expressing different serosubtypes of the major outer membrane protein, porin A (PorA), no PorA and membrane preparations from a mutant with no LPS (LpxA(-)). The magnitude of cellular proliferative responses against the outer membrane vesicles were strongly associated with age and were largely T cell mediated, involving both CD45RO(+) and CD45RA(+) T cell phenotypes. Responses were not dependent on LPS but consisted of both PorA cross-specific and non-PorA-dependent responses. Cellular immunity against Neisseria meningitidis was found to be frequently associated with systemic IgG Abs but was not associated with serum bactericidal Abs. For the first time our results demonstrate an age-associated acquisition of mucosal T effector/memory cell responses to Neisseria meningitidis. This mucosal cellular immunity can be present in the absence of serum bactericidal Abs, a classical marker of protective immunity.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
153. Challenges and opportunities in recruiting and retaining underrepresented populations into health promotion research.
- Author
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Warren-Findlow J, Prohaska TR, and Freedman D
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chronic Disease, Exercise, Frail Elderly, Humans, Patient Dropouts, Research Design, Black or African American education, Health Promotion methods, Patient Selection, White People education
- Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate how recruitment strategies and program characteristics interact with participant characteristics to influence recruitment and retention in an exercise intervention study targeted to African American and White older adults with multiple chronic illnesses., Design and Methods: Characteristics of 273 referrals and 103 enrollees were analyzed in conjunction with programmatic decisions about recruitment design and eligibility criteria., Results: Eligible participants who did not enroll were younger and more likely to be under 60 and to self-report having diabetes. After 1 year, 70% of the enrolled participants remained in the program. Program attrition was not associated with randomization, race, or chronic illness but was associated with functional status, having a high school degree, and program site., Implications: Program design decisions can significantly influence the participation of underrepresented populations in exercise health promotion programs for older adults. In particular, group-specific efforts targeted to recruiting and retaining African Americans can be successful.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
154. Effect of vaccination with carrier protein on response to meningococcal C conjugate vaccines and value of different immunoassays as predictors of protection.
- Author
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Burrage M, Robinson A, Borrow R, Andrews N, Southern J, Findlow J, Martin S, Thornton C, Goldblatt D, Corbel M, Sesardic D, Cartwight K, Richmond P, and Miller E
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Antibody Affinity, Bacterial Proteins administration & dosage, Child, Child, Preschool, Diphtheria Toxoid administration & dosage, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Predictive Value of Tests, Tetanus Toxoid administration & dosage, Vaccines, Conjugate administration & dosage, Carrier Proteins administration & dosage, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage
- Abstract
In order to plan for the wide-scale introduction of meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccine for United Kingdom children up to 18 years old, phase II trials were undertaken to investigate whether there was any interaction between MCC vaccines conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) or a derivative of diphtheria toxin (CRM(197)) and diphtheria-tetanus vaccines given for boosting at school entry or leaving. Children (n = 1,766) received a diphtheria-tetanus booster either 1 month before, 1 month after, or concurrently with one of three MCC vaccines conjugated to CRM(197) or TT. All of the MCC vaccines induced high antibody responses to the serogroup C polysaccharide that were indicative of protection. The immune response to the MCC-TT vaccine was reduced as a result of prior immunization with a tetanus-containing vaccine, but antibody levels were still well above the lower threshold for protection. Prior or simultaneous administration of a diphtheria-containing vaccine did not affect the response to MCC-CRM(197) vaccines. The immune responses to the carrier proteins were similar to those induced by a comparable dose of diphtheria or tetanus vaccine. The results also demonstrate that, for these conjugate vaccines in these age groups, both standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and those that measure high-avidity antibodies to meningococcal C polysaccharide correlated equally well with assays that measure serum bactericidal antibodies, the established serological correlate of protection for MCC vaccines.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
155. Evaluation of De-O-acetylated meningococcal C polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in infancy: reactogenicity, immunogenicity, immunologic priming, and bactericidal activity against O-acetylated and De-O-acetylated serogroup C strains.
- Author
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Richmond P, Borrow R, Findlow J, Martin S, Thornton C, Cartwright K, and Miller E
- Subjects
- Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunologic Memory, Infant, Male, Blood Bactericidal Activity, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Neisseria meningitidis immunology, Tetanus Toxoid immunology, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology
- Abstract
The polysaccharide capsule of serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis (MenC) has been integral to vaccine development. Licensed MenC vaccines contain the O-acetylated (OAc+) form of polysaccharide. Some MenC strains have de-O-acetylated (OAc-) polysaccharide, which may affect antibody specificity and functional activity when used in a vaccine. We evaluated an OAc-MenC conjugate-tetanus toxoid conjugate (MCC-TT) vaccine given concomitantly with whole-cell diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and oral polio immunization in 83 infants at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Serum bactericidal activities (SBA) against OAc+ and OAc- MenC strains and OAc+ and OAc- polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were evaluated. MCC-TT vaccine was well tolerated. All infants produced SBA titers of > or = 8 after a single dose at 2 months of age. The SBA geometric mean titer for OAc+ strain C11 increased from 2.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2 to 3.2) to 320 (95% CI, 237 to 432), 773 (95% CI, 609 to 982), and 1,063 (95% CI, 856 to 1319) after one, two, and three doses of MCC-TT, respectively. OAc- IgG levels were twice as high as OAc+ IgG levels after the primary series of MCC-TT vaccine, and the SBA was significantly higher against the OAc- MenC strain. Antibody responses to booster vaccination with either OAc+ MenC polysaccharide vaccine (MACP) or a fourth dose of MCC-TT at 14 months of age provided evidence of immunologic memory. The acetylation status of the booster vaccine influenced the specificity of the response, with significantly higher OAc- IgG levels and SBA after MCC-TT vaccine compared to MACP vaccine but similar OAc+ antibody levels. MCC-TT vaccine is highly immunogenic and primes for immunologic memory against OAc+ and OAc- MenC strains in infancy.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
156. Meningococcal serogroup C-specific IgG antibody responses and serum bactericidal titres in children following vaccination with a meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine.
- Author
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Borrow R, Richmond P, Kaczmarski EB, Iverson A, Martin SL, Findlow J, Acuna M, Longworth E, O'Connor R, Paul J, and Miller E
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibody Specificity, Child, Preschool, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Infant, Meningococcal Vaccines, Neisseria meningitidis classification, Rabbits, Serotyping, Vaccination, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Bacterial Vaccines immunology, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Neisseria meningitidis immunology
- Abstract
In the UK, a co-ordinated series of phase II studies is being undertaken with meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccines. The use of meningococcal A/C polysaccharide (MACP) vaccines in control arms in young children has been avoided because of the well recognised short comings of these vaccines. Following a cluster of serogroup C disease centred on a day nursery, intervention by MACP vaccination was performed as an outbreak control measure. Using this cohort, serogroup C-specific IgG ELISA and serum bactericidal assays (SBA) were performed using both de-O-acetylated (Oac(-)) and acetylated (Oac(+)) serogroup C antigen, the measurement of primarily high avidity antibody and using baby rabbit or human complement in the SBA. The effect of subject age (either less than or greater than 2 years of age) was assessed for the different assays and significant differences (P<0.05) were found using both antigen sources in the high avidity ELISA and in the rabbit complement SBA but not in the standard ELISA. When assessing results from different studies it is important that methodologies utilised allow such comparisons since the choice of reagents can have a profound influence. The importance of standardised assays is paramount at a time where immunogenicity trials are replacing efficacy trials for the introduction of MCC vaccines.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
157. Meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccine induces immunologic hyporesponsiveness in adults that is overcome by meningococcal C conjugate vaccine.
- Author
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Richmond P, Kaczmarski E, Borrow R, Findlow J, Clark S, McCann R, Hill J, Barker M, and Miller E
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Immunization, Secondary, Male, Meningococcal Vaccines, Neisseria meningitidis classification, Vaccination, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Bacterial Vaccines immunology, Neisseria meningitidis immunology, Polysaccharides, Bacterial immunology, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology
- Abstract
Widespread use of meningococcal AC polysaccharide (MACP) vaccines has raised concerns about induction of hyporesponsiveness to C polysaccharide. Whether meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccine overcomes any immunologic refractoriness following MACP vaccination in adults was investigated. University students vaccinated 6 months previously with MACP vaccine were randomized to receive MACP or MCC vaccine, and antibody responses were compared with those of previously unvaccinated students receiving MACP or MCC vaccine. In students primed with MACP vaccine, MCC vaccine induced significantly higher IgG and serum bactericidal antibody levels than did a second dose of MACP vaccine. Responses to a second dose of MACP vaccine were significantly lower than to the first dose. Previous receipt of MACP vaccine reduced serum bactericidal antibody but not IgG responses to MCC vaccine compared with those in previously unvaccinated students. This confirms that MACP vaccine induces immunologic hyporesponsiveness to C polysaccharide in adults, but this can be overcome with MCC vaccine. Repeated vaccination with MACP vaccine may be ineffective, and MCC vaccines should provide better long-term protection.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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