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Mursidah, Lahjie AM, Masjaya, Rayadin Y, Ruslim Y. 2020. The ecology, productivity and economic of swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) farming in Kota Bangun, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3117-3126. Swiftlet nest is a high-value non-timber forest product produced from the saliva of swiftlet birds. While the demands for this commodity continue to increase in global market, careless harvesting techniques have diminished the swiftlet population and the production of swiftlet nests, threatening its sustainability. One effort to solve this problem is by developing swiftlet farming which involves building swiftlet. This research aimed to analyze the ecology, productivity, and financial feasibility of swiftlet farming of different-sized swiftlet houses in Kota Bangun Subdistrict, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research used qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Data were collected using purposive sampling to determine the location, sample of swiftlet houses, and interviews with respondents. Quantitative analysis on the financial performance of swiftlet farming was analyzed using the net Benefit-Cost Ratio (net B/C), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PP) methods. The results showed that swiftlet nest production in Kota Bangun begins in the third year and ends between 27 and 45 years later, depending on the age and size of the house as well as the quality of the timber. The swiftlet house with a size of ​​512 m2 had the net B/C of 4.06, NPV of IDR 1,403.79 million, IRR of 30%, and PP of 5.44 years. The swiftlet house with a size of ​​1,600 m2 had the net B/C of 2.27, NPV of IDR 1,774.83 million, IRR of 24.09%, and PP of 9.4 years. Our study suggests that swiftlet farming is financially highly feasible, especially for the swiftlet house with a size of 512 m2.

China&rsquo, s collective forestland tenure reform has dramatically affected the business environment of domestic forest product firms. This study examines the impact of the said reform on the expected values of these firms, via the reaction of investors (as seen on the stock markets) towards the issuance of related policies. Based on signaling theory and the assumption that the Chinese stock markets are efficient in terms of work form, this study adopts an event study method and examines five policies during the 2003&ndash, 2009 period. The numbers of forest product firms used in the examinations herein differ among the policies and range from 21 to 29. This study found that the policies have differentially affected the expected values of forest product firms and that the impact on firms lacking forestland holdings is generally more significant than that on firms that hold forestland. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the effect of collective forestland tenure reform on the value of forest product firms, they also have implications on forest product firms as they work to adapt to the reform.

Private forest (PF) program has the potential to be one of the most efficient forest management programs in Nepal but it has not gained the momentum compared to the other forest management regimes. Considering this, this paper aims to portray policy provisions, existing institutional arrangements as well as landholder experiences and perceptions over the existing mechanisms of PF registration, management, and forest product harvesting. Using the Sudoorpashchim province of Nepal as a case study, we conducted policy and literature reviews, key informant interviews, household surveys, and field observations. We found only 300 PFs registered in the Sudoorpashchim province, with lowland districts having the highest proportion (87%). Institutional arrangements and procedures for timber harvesting and selling were found to be lengthy and complex, with this being a major issue for PF owners with small forest areas. Government initiatives are inadequate to facilitate PF development due to poor implementation of policy provisions, as well as the lack of appropriate incentives and program packages. Despite a very small government investment in PF development, we found the return from PFs in terms of timber supply to be substantially higher than other forest management regimes. Among others, PF owners perceive the cumbersome regulatory procedures and lack of technical support to be the most pertinent factors responsible for the limited growth of PFs. Based on our results, we have discussed and recommended a number of policy and institutional measures to mainstream PF development programs, in order to support economic prosperity of the nation.

Eastern deciduous forests in the United States have supplied marketable non-timber forest products (NTFP) since the 18th century. However, trade is still largely informal, and the market scope and structure are not well understood. One exception is American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). Ginseng’s legal status as a threatened species requires that buyers apply for a license and keep sales records that are submitted to a state authority. Other marketable medicinal plants collected from the same forests, known colloquially as ‘off-roots’, are not similarly tracked. To study the characteristics of off-root trade in the eastern deciduous forests of the United States, registered ginseng buyers in 15 eastern states were surveyed in 2015 and 2016 about business attributes, purchase volume, and harvest distribution for 15 off-root species selected for their economic and conservation value. Buyers voluntarily reported harvesting 47 additional NTFP species. The most frequently purchased off-root species were the roots and rhizomes of two perennial understory plants: black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.). Survey data were used to develop a buyer typology and describe the off-root market structure and material sourcing. The buyer typology included four distinct categories: side or specialty (small), seasonal venture (medium), large integrated or dedicated business (large), and dedicated bulk enterprise (regional aggregator). Market activity was mapped across the study area, demonstrating that most off-root trade is concentrated in central Appalachia, an area with extensive forests and a struggling economy. Study methods and data improve non-timber forest product market insights, are useful for forest management, and can support efforts to advance sustainable NTFP supply chains.

Adalina Y, Sawitri R. 2020. Vegetation analysis, physico-chemical properties and economic potential of damar (Agathis dammara) in Mount Halimun Salak National Park,West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1122-1129. Analysing the potential of non-timber forest product (NTFP) plants in Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) is one of the important aspects in supporting conservation and improving the economic status of communities around the forest. This study aims to determine the economic potential and benefits of damar plants (Agathis dammara) in MHSNP area of Kawah Ratu Resort, Sukabumi District, West Java, Indonesia along with analysis of damar plant forest and physico-chemical analysis of the copal/resin. The selection of research village was by purposive sampling and the selection of respondents was by random sampling. Forest vegetation in the Kawah Ratu Resort is entirely dominated by damar plants. The Important Value Index (IVI) of damar plant trees is 300% and the density is 582 trees/ha. The quality of copal from Kawah Ratu Resort meets SNI standards in parameters like ash content, soft point and melting point, while the saponification number is above SNI standard. Level of dung in copal chunks meet SNI standards and has better quality than copal in the form of powder. The present average income of farmers from resin tapping is Rp 624,000/person /month, which makes an average contribution of 63.08% to the total household income of farmers. But the actual economic potential of gum resin in Kawah Ratu Resort was estimated to be around Rp 596,920,000/month.

The gravity model of trade is one of the most common approaches in modern econometrics. In its basic form, the model assumes that income and distance between two partners most likely play a major role in the occurrence of trade. Despite the long history of the gravity model and its high, universal explanatory potential, its application for the forest sector is not broad and refers only to the traditional definition of the gravity approach. However, this traditional approach is not able to explain all aspects of trade at a disaggregated sector level. Consequently, the present study aims to close this research gap and reveal influencing factors for the appearance and the intensity of forest product trade by applying the structural gravity approach. This is done via linear and non-linear estimation methods for the forest sector on the whole and for thirteen forest products in detail. Three major results were found: first, the traditional gravity approach overestimates the impact of the overall income on forest sector trade. Second, the appearance of wood market trade is not always influenced by the same factors as the quantity traded. Third, with increasing processing level, determinants of forest product trade seem to be influenced by different factors.

The volume, value and distribution of the nontimber forest product (NTFP) trade in the United States are largely unknown. This is due to the lack of systematic, periodic and comprehensive market tracking programs. Trade measurement and mapping would allow market actors and stakeholders to improve market conditions, manage NTFP resources, and increase the sustainable production of raw material. This is especially true in the heavily forested and mountainous regions of the eastern United States. This study hypothesized that the tendency to purchase medicinal NTFPs in this region can be predicted using socioeconomic and environmental variables associated with habitat and trade, and those same variables can be used to build more robust estimates of trade volume. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) dealers were surveyed (n = 700), because by law they must acquire a license to legally trade in this species, and therefore report a business address. They also record purchase data. Similar data are not reported for other medicinal species sold to the same buyers, known colloquially as &lsquo, off-roots&rsquo, Ginseng buyers were queried about trade activity in eleven commonly-harvested and previously untracked medicinal NTFP species in 15 states. Multinomial logistic regression comprised of socioeconomic and environmental predictors tied to business location was used to determine the probability that a respondent purchased off-roots. Significant predictors included location in a particular subregion, population and percentage of employment in related industries. These variables were used in a two-step cluster analysis to group respondents and nonrespondents. Modeled probabilities for off-root purchasing among respondents in each cluster were used to impute average off-root volumes for a proportion of nonrespondents in the same cluster. Respondent observations and nonrespondent estimations were summed and used to map off-root trade volume and value. Model functionality and estimates of the total volume, value and spatial distribution are discussed. The total value of the species surveyed to harvesters was 4.3 million USD. We also find that 77 percent of the trade value and 73 percent of the trade volume were represented by two species: black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canqdensis L.)

In forestry applications in Turkey, forest enterprise depots (FEDs) are permanent main places where forest products such as logs and round timbers are stored and presented for sale to the market. The principal functions of FEDs are receiving, classifying, protecting, preparing the forest products for the sales and tracking the stock movements. According to Communiqué No 288 on the Production of Fundamental Forest Products published by General Directorate of Forestry in Turkey, it is obligatory to conduct stocktaking twice a year in FEDs for tracking and controlling the stock movements. The capabilities of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in tracking stock movements in FEDs have not been extensively studied yet in the current literature. This study aimed to test UAVs in determining volume of round timber storages inside a FED named "Göl", located in Gölyaka District (Düzce, Turkey). A UAV flight was conducted and volume of round timber storage was calculated from point cloud, and compared to stock records for validation of UAV-based measurements. It was found that UAV-based volume measurements of the stock were quite compatible with available stock records. This study concluded that UAVs could be used in tracking stock movements in FEDs in an effective way.

Forest inventory parameters, in particular DBH (diameter at breast height) and tree height, can be used to accurately estimate above-ground carbon, which is an important indicator of forest productivity and sequestration of carbon. This study demonstrates and tests a method to automatically and manually derive forest inventory parameters for estimating above-ground carbon (AGC) using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). The study was conducted in the Royal Belum State Park of Peninsular Malaysia by establishing 24 circular inventory sample plots of 0.05 ha. A RIEGL VZ-400 TLS system was used to acquire point cloud data of the sample plots through multiple scanning, and these data were further pre-processed and co-registered using the RiSCAN PRO software. The DBH and tree height for each tree within the plots were manually measured using a distance measurement tool in RiSCAN PRO and automatically derived from Computree software using a tree segmentation approach. The inventory parameters derived from TLS were compared with the field measurements for calculating the AGC using an allometric equation. On average, 89% and 90% of the sampled trees were detected from the point cloud data of the plots using the manual and automatic detection methods, respectively. The mean values of R 2 (coefficient of determination) and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) for manually measured DBH and tree height across the plots were 0.95 and 2.70 cm, and 0.77 and 2.96 m, respectively. We also obtained an average value of 0.86 and 2.47 cm, and 0.51 and 3.15 m for R 2 and RMSE, respectively between field-measured and automatically derived DBH and tree height from TLS data across all the sample plots of the study area. Our method provides clear evidence that TLS has the potential to derive forest inventory parameters, which can be used to estimate above-ground carbon in the tropical rainforest accurately.

Timber Legality Assurance System or Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) is implemented and recognized as a certification for timber products exported from Indonesia. SVLK applied to all the forest product chains included the smallholder Forest Management Unit (FMU). It has been a particular concern to smallholder FMU on achieving the compliance of SVLK at least at two points: 1) the capability and knowledge for the technical process; and 2) the challenges to meet the certification cost. Researches have been done on the capability, challenges and opportunity, cost and benefit, strategies, and how the absence of smallholders FMU certification on supply chain affected timber product legality uncertainty. Meanwhile, a concern on smallholder FMU’s willingness to pay (WTP) certification as one of the main constraints of SVLK implementation is still unseen. A case study in KTH Enggal Mulyo Lestari aims to reveal the actual willingness to pay to fulfill the SVLK certification cost. Research conducted by Focus Group Discussion followed by a questionnaire. This study’s findings illustrate that the WTP of smallholders FMU is still under the certification costs minimum standard stipulated on regulation. Some partnerships with the wood industries, local government and non-government organizations are suggested in this article.

Black truffles are a highly valued non-wood forest product. The success of truffle plantations is arousing the interest to establish orchards within forest settings. One main concern is that the forest may act as a source of ectomycorrhizal fungi that could displace Tuber melanosporum in plantations and impair truffle production. We studied the effects of host tree distance to the surrounding forest on T. melanosporum development and on the root-associated fungal community. Our research was carried out in a 5-year old holm oak (Quercus ilex) plantation established in an abandoned pasture surrounded by a Q. ilex forest in the Pyrenees. The spatial distribution of different fungal guilds as well as of T. melanosporum mycelium quantity and mating types frequency was correlated with the distance to the forest and the diameter of the trees. We found a higher relative abundance of non-T. melanosporum EcM fungi associated with the trees closer to the forest. Larger root collar diameter trees had greater biomass of T. melanosporum mycelium and displayed fungal community compositions less affected by the distance to the forest. No associations between the biomass of T. melanosporum mycelium in the soil and the distance to the forest or the abundance of non-T. melanosporum EcM fungi were observed. Our results indicate that T. melanosporum inoculated oaks planted in areas surrounded by forests may be colonised by other ectomycorrhizal species, and develop a distinct microbial community from those usually established in agricultural lands. Further investigations should be carried out to determine whether a different fungal community may affect truffle production in the future, but to date, truffle mycelium does not seem to be impaired. This work was supported by ‘Direcció General d’Ecosistemes Forestals i Gestió del Medi Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació’ of ‘Generalitat de Catalunya’ and the Project INNOVATRUF (PECT El bosc, el primer recurs de l’economia verda – Fons Europeu de Desenvolupament Regional de la Unió Europea-Programa operatiu FEDER de Catalunya 2014-2020). D. Oliach received support from the ‘Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya’ through the program of ‘Doctorats Industrials’. J.A. Bonet benefit from Serra Húnter fellow provided by the Generalitat de Catalunya. J. Oliva was partly supported by a “Ramón y Cajal” fellowship (RYC-2015-17459).

Main pointsThough stakeholders are already aware of the importance of sustainable non-timber forest product (NTFP) management and integrated watershed management, they have yet to fully appreciate or implement them.Experiences from community facilitation show that management of one type of traditional NTFP – tengkawang (illipe nut) – from its upstream cultivation to downstream marketing could become an entry point for integrated landscape management in the Labian-Leboyan watershed.Lessons learned from activities in several Iban Dayak communities show that external facilitation from outside the villages is important as it can accelerate collaboration processes between village communities and external stakeholders; and help in establishing local strategies that integrate modern knowledge with customary rules.

Key messagesThis policy brief shows the investment priorities of stakeholders in the field of forests protection and development from 2011-2019, focusing on 16 key areas: 1. forest conservation; 2. enhancement of forest carbon stocks (forest restoration/regeneration); 3. sustainable logging practices (RlL; forest certification); 4. afforestation and reforestation; 5. agricultural land use emission reductions (low emission agriculture/greening business practices, e.g. zero deforestation supply chains); 6. design of national level REDD+ strategies policies and programs; 7. design of sub-national level REDD+ strategies, policies and programs; 8. national level implementation of REDD+ strategy, policies and programs (e.g. MRV or safeguards institutions); 9. implementation of REDD+ site activities (including demonstration sites); 10. tenure rights (land, trees); 11. biodiversity conservation; 12. poverty alleviation; 13. forest governance (illegal logging, rule of law, corruption); 14. community-based or joint forest management (as co-benefit of REDD); 15. adaptation to climate change; and 16. REDD+ related carbon finance/trading. Stakeholder investment priorities for these 16 areas mostly expanded throughout these years to keep up with worldwide forestry sector development trends. Favorable support from stakeholders can create advantageous conditions for Vietnam to experiment with and pioneer many policy areas and new technologies.Areas such as poverty alleviation, forest governance, biodiversity conservation, agricultural land use emission reductions, and sustainable logging practices, as well as REDD+ design and implementation have attracted the greatest attention from stakeholders. Issues of tenure rights and sustainable logging practices, despite limited increases in priority, remain key investment priorities of the organizations surveyed. Stakeholder prioritization of and investment in afforestation and reforestation have decreased over time.Although the prioritization of financial and technological support during the period from 2011-2019 has created favorable conditions for developing the forestry sector, stakeholders' current priorities also show that many areas (e.g. community-based forest management, carbon finance/trading, forest product processing) remain underdeveloped and their investment potential and roles have not been met.The aims of the Forest Law are to develop a comprehensive forestry sector, a chain of management, protection, development, forest use, and forest product trade. However, stakeholders' areas of interest and priorities have so far focused mainly on forest management and protection. Comprehensive and sustainable forestry sector development requires investment prioritization for all stages.As each stakeholder requires different investment priorities, understanding these can not only help the Government to use resources more efficiently and avoid duplication, but also create more effective strategies for mobilizing capital for the forestry sector.

Aim of study: This study explores the adoption of information and communications technologies (ICTs) and current and potential ICT use in forest products industry. Based on the perceptions of the respondents, the paper investigates the underlying factors affecting the adoption of ICT. Area of study: Case study is conducted in Düzce province where nearly all types of forest product enterprises are conducting business operates. Material and method: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with owners and/or engineers of forest products companies. A questionnaire was developed with three main sections, including 20 questions and 81 judgments. Data on the study parameters were coded and analyzed using SPSS software.Main results: The three major constructs of these factors, based on the purposes of ICT use, were identified as business productivity, information exchange and customer communications. Increased access to current industry news was the principle benefit expected by the respondents from the Internet use, followed closely by enhancement of the company image and facilitation of banking transactions. According to the study, information and communications applications were more common than e-business and e-commerce use in the forest products industry. Research highlights: The forest products industry should plan to develop and implement ICT strategies focusing on increased business productivity, competitiveness and profits, in addition to efficient customer and supplier communications and expanded markets., Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışma, orman ürünleri endüstrisinde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin (BİT) benimsenme düzeyi ile mevcut ve potansiyel kullanımını incelemektedir. Makalede katılımcıların algılarına dayanarak, BİT'in benimsenmesini etkileyen temel faktörleri araştırılmaktadır. Çalışma alanı: Vaka çalışması, hemen hemen her türlü orman ürünü işletmesinin faaliyet gösterdiği Düzce ilinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.Materyal ve yöntem: Sahipler ve/veya mühendislerle yüz yüze görüşme yapıldı. 20 soru ve 81 yargı içeren üç ana bölümden oluşan bir anket formu geliştirilmiştir. Çalışma parametreleriyle ilgili veriler SPSS yazılımı kullanılarak kodlanmış ve analiz edilmiştir.Temel sonuçlar: BİT kullanım amaçlarına göre; işletme verimliliği, bilgi alışverişi ve müşteri iletişimi olarak tanımlanan üç faktörlü yapı belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların internetten beklediği temel fayda mevcut endüstri haberlerine erişimin artması olup, ardından şirket imajının iyileştirilmesi ve bankacılık işlemlerinin kolaylaştırılması faydaları gelmektedir. Çalışmada, orman ürünleri endüstrisinde bilgi ve iletişim uygulamalarının, e-işletme ve e-ticaret kullanımından daha yaygın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma vurguları: Orman ürünleri endüstrisi, etken müşteri ve tedarikçi iletişimi ile genişleyen pazarlara ilaveten, daha yüksek işletme verimliliği, rekabet gücü ve kârlara odaklanan BİT stratejileri geliştirmeli ve uygulamalıdır.

Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir) is a popular, high-demand Christmas tree species, making it an important nontimber forest product. Fraser fir is the only endemic fir to the Southern Appalachian Mountains. It is a small to medium-sized tree with a very limited range in upper elevations of western North Carolina, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Tennessee.

The wide extension area occupied by babassu palm (Atallea speciosa Mart. Ex Spreng) is usually considered as an important obstacle for agricultural activities, such as crop production and pasture maintenance in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the non-wood forest product use and income generated in an Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry (ICLF) system using babassu palm as the main forestry component in a rural area of Pindaré-Mirim, a municipality of Maranhão state, in the Amazon Eastern Region, Brazil. In order to rise a well-balanced agroforestry system in numerous rural areas of the country, three main questions were addressed in this study: 1) What is the production of babassu fruits in the system? 2) Is the babassu extractivism income economically suitable for traditional communities of women babassu breakers? 3) Which commercialization scenario of NWFP could generate more income? Data on phenology and fruit production, processing of all fruit components, and commercialization of babassu products were collected in two 12-month seasons of palm production (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). The mean fruit production reached 2,345.49 kg ha-1 season-1, resulting in an estimate of income generation ranging from R$ 8,206.96 ha-1 season-1 to R$ 36,628.54 ha-1 season-1, depending on the commercialization scenario. These numbers were compared to the statewide monthly income per household of R$ 605.00 and to the per capita monthly income of 54% of the municipality of less than R$ 499.00. The real field data and the estimates for two seasons of using babassu palm, as the innovative forestry component in ICLF system, demonstrated that babassu NWFP could generate substantial income for the surrounding user communities. Such innovative agricultural system may contribute to change people understanding, diversifying agrarian production, improving the socioeconomic household welfare, and reducing the long-term conflicts between livestock activities and babassu palm existence in Brazil. Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-08T09:14:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ILPF.pdf: 780417 bytes, checksum: 7a8994fb85cecef33c7f6cbfd600d281 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Pine resin, a viscous material secreted as a defensive response to biotic or abiotic damage, is a highly valuable non-wood forest product with multiple uses in the industrial sector. Resin production can be induced by tapping live trees, but not all pine species produce resin of suitable quality and/or in profitable quantities. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is currently the only species tapped in Spain, where resin tapping activity has been recovered in the last few decades. Most studies on resin production focus on the mean production per tree or per area, and less attention is given to determining how the production is distributed across individuals or production classes. We modelled the distribution of resin production in Pinus pinaster stands in Galicia (NW Spain) by using the Weibull function and the moment-based parameter recovery method. We observed a high level of variance in resin production between plots (different sites, stimulants used, tapping method or year) and within plots, between trees. All resin production distributions modelled using the arithmetic mean resin production ( x ¯ ) and the variance of the distribution (σ2) per plot satisfied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, in which critical values were obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The variance of the distribution (σ2) was positively correlated with x ¯ , and the relationship was described by an exponential model. When resin production distributions were modelled using x ¯ and estimated variance ( σ ˆ 2 ), 7% of the distributions (corresponding to trees in which chemical stimulants were not used) did not satisfy the KS test. The mean production ( x ¯ ) can be easily determined by dividing the stand production by the number of trees. However, x ¯ could also be estimated before commercial tapping by sampling a representative number of trees. We conclude that in order to estimate x ¯ , a minimum sample of 50–60 trees should be tapped, to yield a relative standard error (RSE) below 10%; 10–15 trees should be considered for RSE

Njansang -Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax.- is a commonly traded non-timber forest product from Central African humid forests, used as a spice. South West Cameroon was selected as major production area and market where little data exist on the contribution of njansang to stakeholders livelihoods in the value chain. Interviews were used to gather information from 261 harvesters, traders and processing enterprises. From 2013 to 2015, 65.8 tons were harvested, with 13.17 tons traded in markets in the South West Region and in Nigeria for a value of €33,511. The ease of accessing markets makes a significant difference to the quantity harvested and contribution to harvesters’ household income. Average profit for harvesters is higher in regional markets than in local ones. Harvester’s profits were higher than buy’amsell’ams, retailers and exporters. Processors add the most value and earn the highest unit profits. Livelihood dependence upon njansang decreases along the chain, with harvesters more dependent than traders. Seasonality, corruption, storage and processing, influence price. Long-term value chain sustainability could be improved by increasing collaboration between stakeholders, collective action, disseminating knowledge about processing and storage techniques, and promoting domestication and cultivation to enable trade in this largely wild harvested NTFP to continue sustainably.

Seran YN, Sudarto, Hakim L, Arisoesilaningsih E. 2018. Structural model of sandalwood (Santalum album) regeneration in the forest and community plantation in Timor Island, Indonesia. Trop Drylands 2: 41-47. Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a very important forest product in NTT, an endemic species in the world with a high economic value.. This study aimed to identify and produce a structural model of sandalwood regeneration in both the forests and the community plantation in the Regency of Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) and Timor Tengah Utara (TTU). The method used in this research was vegetation analysis by purposive sampling method on 8 observation stations with 87 plots. The plot size was 20x20 m2 (trees), 10x10 m2 (poles), 5x5 m2 (saplings), and 2x2 m2 (seedlings). Data observed in the field included the mean sandalwood population size in the forms of trees, poles, saplings and seedlings phase, vegetation data in sandalwood habitat which included tree wealth index, diversity index, number of individuals and sandalwood host diversity index data. Geographical factors such as altitude and slope, and abiotic factors such as soil organic matter, soil pH and soil conductivity were also recorded. Climate data included the number of dry months and rainfall. Sandalwood regeneration data included sandalwood vitality, pests and diseases and the number of seeds. Secondary data included climate data (ten years time) obtained from BMKG of NTT Province in Kupang. These data were used as the indicators of the latent variables (six variables) which consisted of geography, soil, climate, population, vegetation, and regeneration. Obtained data were subjected to both descriptive analysis and multivariate statistics with structural modeling of Warp Partial Least Square (WarpPLS 6.0). The results showed that most of the proposed indicators significantly influenced the compiled six latent variables except the host diversity. Some indicators significantly or highly significantly affected the latent variable with 15 indicators that significantly composed the latent variable. The resulting structural model is very relevant and has a relevance value of Q2 prediction of 96,65% so that the structural model proposed in this study has very relevant and high predictive value on factors that influence sandalwood regeneration. Therefore, this model is feasible or appropriate to be used as recommendations in the framework of sandalwood development in the forest and the community plantation in the West part of Timor Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur.

The low natural regeneration of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) in the Madre de Dios region of Peru is a major concern for the conservation and sustainable use of this species which sustains one of the cornerstone non-timber forest product economies in Amazonia. The Brazil nut is a gap-dependent, long-lived pioneer species that has been shown to regenerate more effectively in fallows than in mature forests. Aside from light and nutrient availability, recruitment success of the species might also be influenced by conspecific negative distance-dependent (CNDD) processes as shown for a myriad of other tropical tree species, but to date has not been studied in the Brazil nut. We measured Brazil nut recruitment in forty 150 × 10 m2 transects (totaling 6 ha), proportionally laid out in mature forest and fallow land. We found a higher likelihood of regeneration in fallows than in mature forest, which was mainly due to more successful transitioning from seedlings to saplings in fallows. Recruitment rates in fallows increased with the number of fire events occurring over the past 12 years, largely owing to the accumulation of resprouting individuals, but this positive correlation was only observed up to three fire events. We observed CNDD recruitment of the Brazil nut in fallows but not in mature forest, suggesting that pests and diseases might also condition Brazil nut recruitment. Our findings suggest that a better management of fallow land and more controlled use of fire in neighboring land uses could be a cost-effective manner to create Brazil nut rich forests through natural regeneration. On the other hand, the absence of high density Brazil nut stands in mature forests in Madre de Dios might mean that the impact of ancient humans there has been more limited than in other Amazonian regions.

Forest is a resources system which has prospective materials to be used for human needs. Local people within everyday life are very dependent on the natural surroundings, as well as the use of nature for human needs tend to increase. The purpose of this research is to do the analysis of vegetation and determine the potential use of non-timber forest products in Kampung Pagai, Airu District, Jayapura. The method used for the analysis of vegetation is the square plot, while the method to figure out the potential of non-timber forest adopts the method developed by Waluyo (2004). The results showed that there are at least 39 species of trees belonging to the 26 families. Regeneration of trees showed the condition which is good based on the diversity of tree species in the Sapling level, especially matoa (Pometia pinnata), kayu besi (Instia bijuga), and various plants of Ficus ssp. The potential uses of non-timber forest are also quite high. Several types of plants can be used as building materials and accessories, medicines, ornaments (including orchids), fruits, and vegetables. Key words: forest, vegetation, non-timber forest product, Airu District, Jayapura.

The role of digital technologies for fostering sustainability and efficiency in forest-based supply chains is well acknowledged and motivated several studies in the scope of precision forestry. Sensor technologies can collect relevant data in forest-based supply chains, comprising all activities from within forests and the production of the woody raw material to its transformation into marketable forest-based products. Advanced planning systems can help to support decisions of the various entities in the supply chain, e.g., forest owners, harvest companies, haulage companies, and forest product processing industry. Such tools can help to deal with the complex interdependencies between different entities, often with opposing objectives and actions—which may increase efficiency of forest-based supply chains. This paper analyzes contemporary literature dealing with digital technologies in forest-based supply chains and summarizes the state-of-the-art digital technologies for real-time data collection on forests, product flows, and forest operations, as well as planning systems and other decision support systems in use by supply chain actors. Higher sustainability and efficiency of forest-based supply chains require a seamless information flow to foster integrated planning of the activities over the supply chain—thereby facilitating seamless data exchange between the supply chain entities and foster new forms of collaboration. Therefore, this paper deals with data exchange and multi-entity collaboration aspects in combination with interoperability challenges related with the integration among multiple process data collection tools and advanced planning systems. Finally, this interdisciplinary review leads to the discussion of relevant guidelines that can guide future research and integration projects in this domain.

To judge the accuracy of international forest product statistics, we checked the consistency of the reported consumption of wood and fiber with the production of wood products. Using goal programming, we estimated for 180 countries the consumption of industrial roundwood and of paper-making fibers nearest to the reported consumption, given the reported production of sawnwood, wood-based panels, pulp and paper and paperboard, and prior estimates of the input–output coefficients. The results suggested that for the 3-year average 2013–2015, industrial roundwood consumption was under-reported in 57 countries by a total amount of 368 million m³ and over reported in 44 countries by a total of 16 million m³. The largest under-reporting was for China for which the reported consumption of industrial roundwood was 237 million m³, or 57 per cent less than the estimated. The largest over reporting was for India, by 11 million m³, or 24 per cent. For paper-making fibers, reported consumption was less than the estimated in 62 countries for a total of 11.3 million t, and it was more than the estimated in 61 countries, for a total of 3.2 million t. The largest under-reported amount was for India: 2.6 million t, or 20 per cent of the estimated, a difference that was entirely attributed to the under-reporting of recovered paper consumption. The largest over reported consumption of paper-making fibers was for Spain, nearly 1 million t, or 24 per cent, attributed to over reporting of recovered paper consumption. The main source of the discrepancies was in the production statistics rather than trade. Only in some instances was the presumption of illegal logging consistent with the discrepancy, or lack thereof, between reported and estimated consumption of industrial roundwood.

Quantitative forest sector modelling includes many model parameters that are treated as being deterministic in the modelling framework, but are in reality often highly uncertain. Few studies have addressed the impacts of this uncertainty and the main objectives of this article are to quantify major market uncertainties in the Norwegian forest sector and analyse their impacts on the results of a forest sector model study for Norway. The uncertainties are derived from historical time series of the prices and exchange rates for international forest products, and their possible impacts are addressed by applying a Monte Carlo approach. A probabilistic approach in modelling is found to have significant impacts on harvest and forest industry production levels. When uncertainty is included, the relative standard deviation for modelled harvest levels varies from 15% to 45%, while for forest products the standard deviations vary from 30% to 80%. We conclude that the most important uncertainty factor for the Norwegian forest sector is the development of international forest product markets, and improved data on demand should be given high priority in future forest sector modelling development.

The influence of tourism on biodiversity consumption is massive, yet poorly understood. We investigate the emergence of the thatched hut as an icon of tropical tourism, exploring linkages between widespread conceptions of paradise, tourism architecture and tropical forest management. Drawing on fieldwork in Mexico, cross-disciplinary literature review and web-based research, we globally examined how ideas of paradise along with commodification of plant resources influence touristic use of plant-based construction materials. In contrast with declining subsistence use of forest-based building materials, thatched huts have become a prevalent element of tropical tourism architecture. We documented the use of 148 plant taxa in 31 tropical and subtropical countries on 4 continents. The emergence of thatched architecture in tourist contexts represents not only a scale-up in the demand of plant-based materials, but often resulted in changes in the species utilized, resource management regimes and governance, architectural uses, and often a partial or total substitution for synthetic look-alike materials. We identified four factors distinctive to the growing commercial versus declining subsistence presence of thatched hut architecture: (1) local regulations in forest product uses and building and urban development codes, (2) prevalence of aesthetic values over material authenticity and structural efficacy, (3) greater dependency on unpredictable economic and tourist destination cycles, and (4) greater maintenance needs in environments highly vulnerable to decay and extreme weather. Our pluralistic approach of examining the iconic thatch hut through diverse disciplinary perspectives facilitated identification of multiple facets of commonly overlooked forest product use and biodiversity consumption in tropical tourism.

The construction and maintenance of forest roads are the activities that require the highest financial investment in the extraction of forest products. In addition, the cost of transporting forest products from landing to storage area can be significant proportion of the total extraction cost. For this reason, forest engineers are obliged not only to reduce the cost of road construction and maintenance, but also to prepare the most appropriate transportation plan to minimize total costs. Computer aided models can be used to solve complex transportation problems that require the evaluation of many alternative routes and selection of the alternative with least cost. In this study, the Network 2000 program based on the shortest path algorithm was used in transportation planning of forest product, and then the solution capacity of the method was examined in a sample application. As a study area, two Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FECs) of Paşalar and Sarnıç were selected from Mustafakemalpasa Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in the border of Bursa Forest Regional Directorate. The transportation cost of the road sections, forest product types, location of landing and forest depots were entered into the Network 2000 program after being digitized with ArcGIS 10.2 software. In the solution process, firstly, the route that minimized the transportation cost was investigated, and then, the route with the maximum net profit was determined by taking the sale prices of forest products into consideration. According to results, the transportation cost mostly depends on the transportation time, hourly truck cost and load capacity of the truck.

Exactly how do forest bureaucracies manoeuvre to regain power and maximise benefits in the bewildering legal, financial, and administrative field of forest decentralisation? Based on a review of thirty management plans, stakeholder consultations, intensive interactions with six forest user groups, forest officials, and donor project employees in Nepal, we document the mechanisms of legal-sounding re-centralisation. The central tenet is that bureaucratically established procedures, which are not required by law but treated as if they were, are used to impose regular revisions of community forest management plans. Meagre government or more generous donor budgets financed the revisions. Forest bureaucrats and/or consultants did the work and benefitted financially. None of the approaches, however, lived up to technical, scientific standards or followed stipulated participatory processes. The revised plans were almost identical to their previous versions and differences mostly a result of mere desk exercises to fulfil donor requirements and government orders, at least on paper. While legitimised by a perceived promotion of rational, technical sound, and equitable forest governance, the main function of plan revisions appears to be strengthening or re-establishing the forest bureaucracy's control over community forest resources which allows forest bureaucrats to tap into donor project and forest product value chains.

M angrove forest product like Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) can be processed in to food however its conservation effort is limited . This research aimed to determine the conservation effort that Margasari villagers did related to the utilization of Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris). This research was done in march 2017 in Lampung Mangrove Centre. The study used questionnaire method with the number of respondent was 97 women. The results showed that m ost of women in Margasari V illage are housewives , and the rest work as enterpreneur, honorary in reading house snail hunter, fishmonger, farmer and net maker . Their jobs could help the economy of the villagers. The conservation effort performed by community in Margasari Village were incuding the direct and indirect , pr e servation through planting and nursery. The conservation effort that related to pedada utilization was by process ing into pedada lemonade and ‘ pedada dodol ’ . The conservation effort consisted the aspect s of protectio n , preservation , and utilization with t he most conservation effort was utilization . The results showed that the important value index of pedada trees was 173%, Lamtoro trees was 75% and Buta-Buta trees was 5 4 %. Key Words : conservation, mangrove, Sonneratia caseolaris, villagers.

This work analyzes the effect of forest on the economy of Central African Republic, using the data from secondary source within the period of 1970-2015. The study employed error correction model (ECM) as econometric methodology to estimate the co-integration relationship among economic growth, agriculture value added, forest rent (in percentage of GDP) and forest product variables ( logs, roundwood, wood fuel and sawnwood), it also estimates long run and short run relationship between variables. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test were employed. The result shows that forests play an important role in the world’s economy; they support both the economic growth and the ecosystem protection. The co-integration relationship result (using Engel-Granger) shows economic growth forest products variables (logs, roundwood, wood fuel and sawnwood) and other variables included in the model were co-integrated and therefore long run relationship exist among them. Testing the short run relationship shows the existence of short run relation between variables. The long run model shows logs production which the main exportable wood product in CAR having a positive and significant effect on the economy but we noticed that the affectation percentage is to low (0.08% change to GDP). This is due to the lack of control or traceability of the product and the luck of strong institutions (corruption) in the forestry sector.

The Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK) is an instrument stipulated by the Government of Indonesia to build legitimacy on Indonesian forestry governance policies, especially those related to the utilization and distribution of timber forest products. The objective of SVLK is to cut the supply chain of illegal timber from the forest management unit to the market, through timber legality assurance. Since the enactment of SVLK in 2009, there has been no evaluation of the SVLK policy to measure its effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate the success of SVLK in supporting the improvement of forestry governance. The analytical method used by this study is a descriptive formal evaluation. Interviews were conducted to representatives of four related stakeholder groups: six persons from timber forest product associations, five persons from three government agencies, one person from NGO, and one person from academia. The results of the study indicated that SVLK policy has quite successfully supported the improvement of forestry governance. In this regard, improvement is figured as 46% of law enforcement, 45% of accountability, 43% of participation, 42% of transparency, and 31% of coordination. It can be concluded that the SVLK policy has been quite successful in improving foresty governance.

Efforts to increase the utilization of forest products are realized in the form of forest product processing industries which are referred to as primary forest product industries. The total forest area in Maluku Province is 3,919,701 Ha. The potential of natural forest production has decreased significantly. This condition certainly affects the amount of roundwood produced, in other words, the production of round wood has also decreased. On the other hand, the demand for wood in Maluku is very high indicated by the high capacity of existing industries. This condition does not support the sustainability of the timber industry. This research was carried out with the aim of 1) Knowing the production of timber forest products based on a case study conducted in Maluku Province. 2) analyze the effect of sawn timber production and the number of IPHHK on sawn timber production. The result of research show that the number of IPHHK in Maluku Province in 2017 is 80 units of industrial enterprises, the primary of which is active in the process of processing processed wood as much as 57 units. The results of linear regression analysis, it can be seen that because Fcount 7 Ftable, 0.723> 0.457, then H0 is rejected, meaning that there is a significant influence between the amount of round wood production, the number of IPHHK together for sawn timber production.

Firewood is commonly used in developing regions, mainly as a primary energy source. This study quantified and analyzed the carbon footprint associated with firewood consumption in the Brazilian Northeast. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology was applied, using the IPCC GWP 100y environmental impact assessment method and EcoInvent database, within software SimaPro. Forest product harvesting (extractivism) and silviculture were compared from available data (1994 and 2013). The results revealed that the burning of firewood from extractivism presented a higher carbon footprint than silviculture: 16 versus 10 kg CO2-eq/m3, respectively. The Rio Grande do Norte state presented the highest carbon footprint per area associated with extractivism and silviculture, for the year 1994. Considering the most recent available 2013 data, the highest carbon footprints per area associated with extractivism and silviculture were, respectively, for the Ceara and Bahia states. Quantification of carbon footprints are crucial to monitor progress in climate change mitigation, and can be utilized to build inventories, which are important for policy formulation and implementation.

Management strategies which encourage the conversion of coniferous forests to mixed and deciduous stands potentially increase the share of non-coniferous timber in wood supply over the next decades. The objective of this study is to examine possible market impacts from changing wood supply modeled in the German Forest Development and Timber Volume Model (WEHAM) Scenario. Special emphasis is paid to decreasing coniferous timber availability and the ramifications this development might have on the wood-based industry in Germany. For this purpose, our study introduces the GFPMCNC, a modified version of the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) which distinguishes coniferous and non-coniferous industrial roundwood as different raw materials and coniferous and non-coniferous sawnwood as additional products on global level. In the GFPMCNC, wood-based panels and pulp could be made from a mix of two roundwood commodities instead of one single input factor. The base period for this study is 2012. Results are reported by 2015 and in the following in mid-period intervals at 5-year steps until 2050. The WEHAM Scenario impact analysis reveals that limited coniferous raw materials lead to lower wood manufacturing activities and declining exports of coniferous sawnwood at the same time as German imports of coniferous industrial roundwood and wood pulp increase over time.

Comprehensive study on impact and assessment of self-help groups through problems faced by self-help groups and its members in Amravati Division of Maharashtra was carried out for year 2016-2017 for Amravati division. Study was undertaken in rural areas of Amravati division, 300 SHGs, which were engaged in selected agriculture based activities dairy, poultry, goatary, vermicompost, food processing and floriculture, olericulture and forest product. In order to analyse the objectives of the study primary data was collected with the help of personal interview of self-help groups. Those Self-help groups were selected for the study which should have an activity in existence of at least 10 years, collected data then tabulated according to need and purpose of study and calculated constraints and suggestions obtained from SHGs. The constraints analysis conclude that procurement of raw material was major constraints in production, the lack of social mobility. The major suggestion received from the SHG’s members were analysed and it is observed that most of the members are of the opinion that rate of interest should be minimum, improving market facilities and loan should be release earliest possible, availability or raw materials and infrastructure facilities required for running of SHG’s were the suggestion made by SHG’s members.

The important role of counselling and training activities for the community on improving community skills that can be used to improve the quality of life and welfare by utilizing the resources and potential in the villages is the goal to be achieved. Through counselling and training activities, community get information and insight, so people can understand deeply about the creative economy and its benefits. The material of the counselling delivered is adjusted to the potential of resources in the village. Counselling materials include the understanding of what is the meant of creative economy including creative industry and its definition, including what is creativity, how to utilize local raw materials that can be processed into products, processing of natural materials into decorative products, processed food products from the forest product, packaging techniques and marketing of agricultural and forestry products, Medalsari village is quite famous as a village that has a natural attractions waterfall. Counselling activities for strengthening the creative economy based on village resources was followed by fifty participants could give benefit to the participants and expected to provide motivation to other communities. This could be seen from the enthusiasm of the participants in counselling and question-answering. It also appears that the participants feel motivated to develop their business creativity, as well as participants who only rely on their work as farmers, breeders and gardeners seem quite interested in trying to start developing their creative business.

Global tropical peat swamp forest ecosystems mostly are found in Indonesia. However, these unique yet fragile ecosystems are subject to deforestation and degradation due to forest fires and land conversion. Peat swamp forests are well known for their ecosystem services related to global climate mitigation because they store carbon inside and are very vulnerable to forest fires. Another direct function is providing various needs for the indigenous people livelihoods who live close to and in the areas. This study was conducted qualitatively to assess the forest utilization and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of indigenous people. The study results show that the Dayak Ngaju Communities utilize the forest for timber, non-timbers, medicinal plants, foods, and religious culture. There is no significant impact of COVID-19 on forest product collection activities, but the pandemic impacts the marketing and sales of forest products. The marketing of fish and other non-timber forest products has been negatively affected due to decreased demand and limited transportation. On the contrary, the use, need, and demand for medicinal plants for the traditional medicine of COVID-19 is increasing significantly and improving local livelihoods.

Forests not only provide forest products to meet people’s demands, but also sequester enough carbon to offset more than 11% of anthropogenic CO2 release in the United States. An accurate estimate of forest carbon sequestration over different forest and forest product combinations requires the species-specific and site-specific allometric biomass equations for trees and understory vegetation at particular forest developmental stages. Here, we constructed the above- and below-ground allometric equations by harvesting 108 20-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees grown under four different silvicultural treatments (four combinations of with and without competing vegetation control (H) and fertilization (F): C = control with no vegetation control and no fertilization, H, F, and HF) at three diverse site conditions in northern California. We found that the logarithmic regressions provided superior estimations of biomass for total, aboveground, bole, coarse roots, branches, and foliage compared to simple or scaled power-law fits. Treatment effect in allometric equations was generally lacking but site effect was significant, suggesting site specific allometric relations exist. With the best allometric equations, we estimated the biomass and carbon for each plot among treatments and sites. In addition, understory woody plant biomass was also measured with fixed area subplots. Results show significantly more total carbon sequestration at the high-quality sites with 113.1–162.5 Mg ha−1 than the lower ones with 85.8–105.9 Mg ha−1 at the intermediate site and 29.3–70.4 Mg ha−1 at the poorest site, respectively. The range of carbon stocks indicates the treatment differences at each site, with the largest effect (240%) at the poorest site and similar at other two sites (~130%). If planted trees only were considered, a trend among sites exists with 93.4 – 149.3 Mg ha−1 at the richest site, 26.2–88.1 Mg ha−1 at the intermediate site, and 17.1–64.2 Mg ha−1 at the poorest site, respectively. Therefore, if we manage forests for carbon or forest products, intensive management practices will substantially enhance plantation productivity and stand development while site quality cannot be changed.

The adoption of green production behaviors (GPBs) in non-timber forest product (NTFP) operations can improve soil quality and mitigate run-off and soil erosion in mountainous areas, which can support sustainable industry development. Selling NTFPs by e-commerce rather than traditional face-to-face trading can expand markets, prevent any high-quality product premium being lost to profit-seeking middlemen, and reduce the information asymmetry about the quality of products. Therefore, improvements in product quality can achieve a price premium, which can stimulate rural households engaged in NTFP operations (i.e. NTFP households) to adopt GPBs. This study uses survey data from 429 NTFP households in Zhejiang Province in southeastern China and econometric modelling to test whether e-commerce can foster NTFP households' adoption of GPBs The results show that the NTFP households are not commonly adopting GPBs but e-commerce does encourage their adoption of GPBs. In particular, e-commerce has a positive effect on the NTFP households' use of organic fertilizer and formula fertilizer (informed by soil testing). E-commerce has a negative effect on the households’ use of high-toxicity pesticides and the frequency of using pesticides. Compared with small-scale NTFP households whose forestland size is lower than the mean of the total sample (i.e. 1.91 ha) NTFP households. The implication for policymakers from these findings is that e-commerce can be used to drive NTFP households to adopt GPBs in countries with free markets and functioning e-commerce platforms.

Community forest management (CFM) systems have been implemented in developing countries as forest conservation initiatives with community development objectives. Women are often active in CFM by participating in non-timber forest product harvesting and management. Given the increasing presence of women in CFM, this study assesses whether participating in community forest management gives females more household decision-making power, a proxy for empowerment. This is a relevant issue because many development policies are implemented with female empowerment objectives, yet no existing rigorous quantitative studies have examined whether women's participation in CFM empowers them. Using an ordered logistic regression and an instrumental variable method, we analyze a household-level survey of forest-dwelling residents living in the Maya Biosphere Reserve in northern Guatemala. We find that female's participation in CFM increases her intra-household bargaining power on average. The results demonstrate that CFM systems can have development benefits that extend beyond increased household income and welfare.

Hardwood lumber is the principal part of the global hardwood timber trade. China has become the largest importer of hardwood lumber in the world. However, China’s hardwood lumber imports are affected by price volatility. Thus, we investigated the price volatility transmission of China’s hardwood lumber imports. We aimed to detect the source, path, and intensity of the volatility transmission in China’s hardwood lumber imports, and reveal the intrinsic interactions between price volatilities. To date, there is little research on the price fluctuations of forest products. This paper provides an empirical analysis on the volatility transmission in China’s forest product imports. We selected four types of major hardwood lumber imports to China, that is, teak (Tectona grandis L.F.), merbau (Merbau), sapele (Entandrophragma), and casla (Terminalia spp.) (The Latin names of tree species are given in parentheses), and used their daily prices from 4 August 2010 to 15 April 2020. The Baba–Engle–Kraft–Kroner (BEKK) multivariate models and dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) models were employed. The empirical results indicate that there is an intrinsic relationship between the price fluctuations in China’s hardwood lumber imports. The volatility transmission chain originates from casla, it is transmitted along the casla→sapele→merbau→teak pathway. The direction of transmission is from lower prices to higher prices. The dynamic conditional correlation of each link in the chain does not exhibit any particular time trend. This suggests that volatility transmission is a crucial price mechanism in China’s hardwood lumber imports. Our findings have important policy implications for hedging timber price risks and designing timber trade policies.

Agroforestry is a land management system developed in the Bina Wana Community of Forest (HKm). Agroforestri in Community forest land is the main source of livelihood for communities around the forest. Labor is a resource that can affect the quality and quantity of forest product production, so it needs to be managed well in supporting agroforestry management in HKm. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution and contribution of outpoured labor in the family for each agroforestry activity in Gapoktan HKm Bina Wana. The data collection method was conducted by survey using interviews using questionnaires to 24 Gapoktan members. Data analysis was carried out by tabulation for all purposes in this study. The results showed that the distribution of labor outflows was most abundant in harvesting and postharvesting activities, namely 23% of the total use of labor for all agroforestry management activities. Subsequent sequences were soil cultivation (19.09%), planting (14.33%), fertilizing (13.26%), weeding (18.77%), and spraying (10.56%). Total of use of labor is 68% which is included in workers outside of the family. The contribution labor in the family towards agroforestry management in HKm Bina Wana shows a percentage of 32% of total workforce used.

Changes in ownership and forest product use patterns have incentivized growing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) for chip-and-saw and sawtimber in shorter rotations in the southeastern United States. These management objectives can be accomplished by relatively low stand densities and moving fast-growing genotypes from the Atlantic Coastal Plain to other regions of the loblolly pine range, but wood quality concerns accompany these silvicultural options. In three trials in the Western Gulf region of the mid-South United States, effects of stand density management options on key wood properties (specific gravity, corewood (juvenile wood) diameter, corewood proportion, latewood proportion, corewood:outerwood (juvenile wood:mature wood) transition age as determined using specific gravity) were tested. At one site, clearwood modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were measured. Genotypes of Atlantic Coastal Plain and Western Gulf origin were also tested at two sites. In a trial in which stand density was managed at diverse levels through sequential thinning, beginning at precommercial size, only a regime that was commercially thinned to half its density two times from 297 TPH at age 7 to 62 TPH by age 41 had significant reductions in MOE, MOR, and specific gravity. Corewood diameter increased with decreasing planting density at two sites at the northwestern edge of the loblolly pine range, but corewood proportion declined with decreasing planting density due to greater diameter growth and earlier transition from corewood to outerwood. Specific gravity differences among planting densities was site-specific, with no differences at the more well-drained site. Latewood proportion, which was greater at higher planting densities, was more strongly correlated with specific gravity differences among planting densities. A planting density between 1075 and 1680 TPH would likely be optimum for these site conditions for balancing tree volume growth with minimizing reductions in specific gravity associated with reduced latewood proportion and larger corewood size. The Atlantic Coastal Plain genotype retained its tendencies to transition to outerwood earlier and have greater latewood proportions relative to a local genotype when planted at these Western Gulf sites, and its specific gravity was similar to that of the local genotype. Together these trials suggest that forest managers have flexibility in managing loblolly pine stand density without altering wood properties. Furthermore, these results provide some evidence that moving genotypes may not carry a risk of reduced wood specific gravity.

The topic of social capital has been gaining many concerns from social researchers throughout the world, especially in collective action perspective. This study aimed to describe the organizational activities of the local forest management practices ( parak and rimbo ) as a social capital in collective action perspective. The research method is a case study of Koto Malintang and Simancuang people in West Sumatra. Collecting data was conducted by unstructured interviews, field observations, and document studies. Data analysis uses categorization and coding, document analysis, and historical analysis. Our findings were described in the context of decision-making, resources management and mobilization, communication, and conflict resolution. Collective action for decision-making involved the acquisition, allocation, and distribution mechanisms to divide land and forest product among local people. In the context of resources management and mobilization, they applied kinship relations among families, sub-clans, and clans to manage their resources. They then communicated their needs in any formal and informal meetings. When a conflict occurred in related to forest utilization, they applied an adat court to make a win-win solution. Nevertheless, the challenges of collective action are still about the resources availability, benefit equity, and external supports

Tropical rainforests harbor a high diversity of tree species, offering a potentially rich array of timber (TFP) and non-timber (NTFP) forest products. The supply of such products has been commonly evaluated at the local (plot) scale; however, little is known about how their availability and diversity change at the landscape scale, particularly in heterogeneous environments. This information is critical in designing landscape forest management programs. Here, we assess the extent to which the frequency, abundance, diversity, composition and productivity (aboveground biomass) of tree assemblages with potential forest products (PFPs) change across three landscape units (LUs) that differ in soil and topographic conditions. The study was carried out in a well-conserved old-growth tropical rainforest in southeastern Mexico. Three plots (0.5 ha each) were established per LU, in which all trees ≥ 10 cm were inventoried, taxonomically identified and assigned to eight forest product categories. General linear models, multiple regression and ordination analysis (CCA) were used to assess structural and compositional changes in the tree assemblages supplying different PFPs among LUs and along soil physicochemical gradients. More than half (94 species, 57%) of the total number of identified species (165) had one or more PFPs, mostly related to timber products. Ordination analysis showed that the abundance of species with different PFPs has a heterogeneous distribution among LUs, mostly related to changes in soil nitrogen, pH and aluminum saturation. Variation among LUs in terms of tree biomass was strongly driven by soil available phosphorus and soil physiological depth. Each LU had a different potential to provide forest products, producing a diverse mosaic of PFPs within the landscape. Decisions concerning sustainable forest management should consider such variability in the availability and diversity of forest products across landscapes, as well as the environmental factors that govern this spatial variation.

UMP�s University forest 4.910 ha with lowland type and peat swamp forest types habitat have many potentials of forest products especially nontimber forest product (NTFP) like latex, resin, honey, traditional medicine and ornamental plant near animal hunting (for stoping program). NTFP is one opportunity of the community to rising of economic values to make a management model for conservation base on the community with more participating to protect the forest. The research method is an NTFP inventory for 2 forest habitats to searching the market opportunity and community focus group discussion (FGD) to combine the data and community assumption. The result of this research Is we can found an effective model of forest protection with economical community participated in our forest for NTFP. NTFP potential in UMP�s University Forest is damar batu (resin), kopal damar (resin), latex of jelutung, rattan and traditional medicine. We need a more fascinating program and socialization activities for the community for other NTFP in UMP�s University Forest. The most productive of 2015-2016 is a resin of Shorea collection by the community with average 50kg/day per collector and average of community income Rp. 125.000,00/day per collector.

We explored greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of locally-sourced and produced wood pellets to heat homes in the US Northern Forest region. Using data from regional pellet industries, forest inventories and harvests, we analyzed pellet GHG emissions across a range of harvest and forest product market scenarios over 50 years. We expanded an existing life cycle assessment (LCA) tool, the Forest Sector Greenhouse Gas Assessment Tool for Maine (ForGATE) to calculate GHG balances associated with the harvest, processing, and use of wood pellets for residential heating vs. alternative heating fuels. Market assumptions and feedstock mix can create diverging GHG emission profiles for pellet heat. Outcomes are predominantly influenced by biogenic carbon fluxes in the forest carbon pool. An industry-average pellet feedstock mix (50% sawmill residues, 50% pulpwood) appeared to generate heat that was at least at parity with fossil-fuel heating alternatives when harvest levels remain unchanged due to pellet production. If harvest levels increase due to pellet production, using pellet heat increased GHG emissions. If baseline harvest levels drop (e.g., following the loss of low-grade markets), GHG emissions from pellet heat would at least remain stable relative to fossil alternatives.