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In spite the universities use the rating system of assessing for a quite long time, this issue is still not fully considered. The article is based on the position of insufficient state of knowledge of the multifunctionality of the students rating. The rating helps to reveal the potential of students. It is mentioned that the rating system of assessment is a tool that will improve the quality of training and provide the required level of motivation. During the research, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. As a result, the principles of the rating assessment system were revealed, a definition of the term "Rating" was given, its goals were indicated. As an example of the organization of the rating system of assessment, the Nyzhnii Novhorod State Pedagogical University and its "Regulations on the rating system for assessing the quality of student training" were used. It is noted that the rating includes: current check, midterm and final examinations. Further, all possible conditions under which the student receives points were identified and considered. On the example of the NSPU named after Kozma Minin transferring of the rating points into a five-point grading rating system is presented. Also, the types of violations for which points are discarded, are considered. As the study showed, comprehensive planned system yields productive results for students and the university., peer-reviewed

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The article deals with figurative meanings of the lexical semantic group “Criminal”. The composition of the group is determined by means of continuous sampling from legislative documents, namely, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation Administrative Offence Code, which enables the author to single out the names of criminal offences and demonstrate that they are terminological in their nature, while the names of offenders are part of common literary vocabulary. There are over 60 words that make up the group of words denoting criminals, and 18 of them are polysemantic. Their metaphorical meanings are determined with the help of explanatory dictionaries. The author demonstrates how their metaphorical meanings have developed in the early 21st century. The group of words denoting criminals consists of four subgroups selected depending on the character of the evaluation, the presence of semantics of harm done by the criminal, and involvement of other participants in the situation. Thus, the author singles out such groups as a) independent negative evaluational; b) ambivalent evaluational; c) negative evaluational; d) relative negative evaluational. The use of words denoting offenders in speech is illustrated with reference to the Russian National Corpus. The author demonstrates that the figurative meanings of the items of the group are united by the semantics of naïve accusation, which is expressed by the discrepancy of the denomination and the situation reflected in speech, as well as harm done. In everyday communication, the addresser chooses a word with a negative connotation without complying with the factual component of the meaning: the pattern N + linking verb + ‘fraud’ is a usual one as long as there has been an act of fraud. Such predicative nominations outside of a professional context are a means to express an opinion or a negative evaluation of an addressee or any other person., В статье рассматриваются переносные значения лексико-семантической группы «Преступник». Состав группы определен на основании сплошного просмотра законодательных документов: Уголовного кодекса и Кодекса Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях, в результате чего была выделена группа наименований правонарушений. Номинация правонарушения терминологична. Номинация же деятеля принадлежит общелитературному языку. В составе группы «Преступник» более 60 единиц наименований преступников, из которых 18 слов многозначны. Метафорические значения определены в ходе анализа толковых словарей. Показано изменение некоторых переносных значений в начале XXI в. В составе группы «Преступник» выделены четыре подгруппы, в зависимости от характера оценки, присутствия семантики ущерба, указания на других участников ситуации: а) независимо-негативно-оценочная; б) амбивалентно-оценочная; в) негативно-оценочная; г) релятивно-негативно-оценочная. Употребление имен деятелей в речи проиллюстрировано на материале Национального корпуса русского языка. Показано, что переносные значения единиц группы объединены семантикой наивного обвинительного уклона, который выражается в несоответствии номинации и ситуации, отраженной в речи, а также нанесенного ущерба. В повседневной коммуникации адресант часто выбирает лексическую единицу, несущую отрицательную информацию, не сообразуясь с фактивной составляющей значения: в норме N + глагол-связка + ‘мошенник’, поскольку имело место мошенничество. Подобные предикатные номинации в непрофессоинальном общении становятся средством выражения мнения и отрицательной оценки говорящим адресата или иного лица.

Darba tēze ir „PDS mācība par Dieva Tēva ķermeni ir veidojusies absolūtisma un finitisma ideju mijiedarbības rezultātā”. Darba mērķis ir izpētīt un iepazīstināt ar Dieva Tēva ķermeņa konceptu PDS Jēzus Kristus Baznīcas mācībā; noskaidrot, kādas ir kopsakarības dotajai Baznīcas mācībai par Dieva Tēva ķermeni un tās atklāsmes tradīciju; izpētīt, kā šī doktrīna izveidojusies, kā arī mijiedarbojas ar baznīcas mācību attiecībā uz uzskatiem par kosmosa uzbūvi. Darba uzdevums ir izpētīt un salīdzināt mormoņu mācībā esošās idejas par Dieva Tēva ķermeni un garīgās un fiziskās pasaules uzbūves elementiem, kas attiecas uz ķermeņa dabu, kā arī salīdzināt absolūtistu un finitistu idejas par Dieva Tēva dabu mormoņu mācībā. Iegūtie rezultāti. Darba gaitā, izpētot dažādus avotus par mormoņu doktrīnu, var secināt, ka mācība par Dieva Tēva ķermeni kļūst loģiski saprotama, ja pieņem, ka garīgā un materiālā pasaules ir līdzi pastāvošas viena otrai un garīgā pasaule ir veidota no matērijas, kas ir smalkāka par to, kas atrodama fiziskajā pasaulē. Saskaņā ar mormoņu baznīcas atklāsmes tradīciju, Dievam Tēvam ir ķermenis. Finitistu un absolūtistu idejas miejiedarbojoties attīstīja PDS baznīcas dibinātāja Džozefa Smita saņemto atklāsmi par Dieva Tēva ķermeni. Šī mācība mormoņu skatījumā palīdz saprast augšāmcelšanās nozīmi– lai pateicoties Kristus izpirkšanai cilvēks var sagatavoties kļūt līdzīgam Dievam Tēvam. Atslēgvārdi: Dievs Tēvs ; Mormonisms; Dieva ķermenis; matērija; gars; absolūtisms; finitisms., Thesis of this work: „LDS doctrine of the Body of the God the Father is formed in the result of interchange of absolutist and finitist ideas.” Aim of the work is to research and to introduce the Letter-Day Saint Concept of God the Father’s Body; look for the connection between Mormon doctrine of God’s Body and Tradition of Revelation; explore how this doctrine interacts with teachings and views of the Church about structure of the Universe. Main task of this work is to research and compare Mormon doctrine of the God’s Body to Mormon teaching of spiritual and physical elements that cover nature of body, and compare ideas of absolutist and finitist theology regarding nature of God the Father in LDS doctrine. Obtained results. In the process of research conclusion can be made that doctrine of the Father’s body can be viewed as logical if assume that spiritual and material worlds exist is same universe and spiritual world is made out of matter that is more pure and refined than one in physical world. Because of tradition of Revelation in Mormon Church it can be known that God the Father has a body. Finitist and absolutist ideas influenced development of doctrine of the God the Father developed by Joseph Smith. This doctrine helps to understand meaning of resurrection – to become like the Father. Key words: God the Father; Mormonism; Body; Matter; Spirit; absolutism; finitism.

Purpose: to definite most important actors which influence on forming the US’ foreign policy. Methodology: structure functional and systems analyses. Results: author comes to conclusion that besides the political elite, representatives of various interest groups influence on forming the US’ foreign policy. Practical implications: political science.

Bei Anlagen, die im Zeitstandbereich betrieben werden, wie z. B. Dampfkraftwerken stellt die Lebensdauerbewertung der hochbelasteten Hochtemperatur-Komponenten eine wichtige Aufgabenstellung dar. Sie steht im Zusammenhang mit der Verfügbarkeit und damit der Wirtschaftlichkeit und dem Wirkungsgrad, es werden aber auch Aspekte der Betreiberverantwortung abgedeckt. Eine zentrale Problemstellung ist in diesem Kontext die zuverlässige Erfassung und Umsetzung der hierfür notwendigen spezifischen Materialeigenschaften. Im Vordergrund steht hierbei die Festigkeitseigenschaften, ganz besonders aber das zeitabhängige Verformungs- und Bruchverhalten der eingesetzten warmfesten Stähle. Die Festigkeitseigenschaften sind das Resultat wechselseitiger Beeinflussungen, d.h. mehrdimensionaler Abhängigkeiten zwischen den einzelnen Elementen der chemischen Zusammensetzung, der Parameter der Wärmebehandlung und den Herstellbedingungen, d.h. der Erzeugnisform. Die herkömmlichen analytischen Methoden können die Auswirkung dieser Parameter auf den Kennwert, z. B. die Zeitstandbruchfestigkeit nicht ganzheitlich beschreiben. Die individuelle, d. h. schmelzenspezifische Zeitstandbruchfestigkeit kann nach dem Stand der Technik und Wissens daher zuverlässig nur über experimentelle Untersuchungen ermittelt werden. Aus der Literatur sind erfolgreiche Versuche bekannt, mit Hilfe von künstlichen Neuronalen Netzen (kNN) das Werkstoffverhalten in Abhängigkeit von Eingangsgrößen wie chemische Zusammensetzung und Wärmebehandlung, zu simulieren. Die Modellierung mit kNN stellt damit eine Alternative zu den analytischen Methoden dar, da damit mehrdimensionale Zusammenhänge erfasst werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat das Ziel das Potenzial der Anwendung von kNN auf die Bestimmung von maßgebenden Eigenschaften ausgewählter warmfester Stähle zu ermitteln und zu bewerten. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen wurde auf die optimierte Vorhersage des Zeitstandbruchverhaltens und die Bestimmung der Position der spezifischen Schmelze in dem Streuband des jeweiligen Stahls unter Berücksichtigung aller technisch erfassbaren Parameter gesetzt. Ein wichtiger Ausgangspunkt einer Datenanalyse stellt die Datenbasis selbst dar. Mit der Wahl der Stähle P91, P92 und E911 wurden folgende Ziele erreicht: • die durchgeführten Zeitstandversuche, die die Datengrundlage bilden, entsprechen den Anforderungen der heute gültigen Qualitätsmaßstäben für die Versuchsdurchführung • es wurden Daten von modernen Stählen mit unterschiedlicher Zeitstandfestigkeit, aber vergleichbarer metallurgischen Grundstruktur verwendet • die vorhandenen Ergebnisse für den Stahl X20CrMoV12-1 können einbezogen werden. Vor Verwendung wurden die Daten auf ihre Konsistenz geprüft und in Ebenen mit unterschiedlichen Merkmalen aufgeteilt. Als Merkmale wurden die einzelnen Elemente der chemischen Zusammensetzung, die Parameter der Wärmebehandlung, mechanisch-technologische Kennwerte, die Zeitstandfestigkeit bzw. Zeitstandbruchzeit und der zugehörigen Versuchstemperatur, die Zeitstandbruchdehnung, Mikrostrukturparameter verwendet. Danach wurden mit einem Teil der Daten verschiedene Modelle des kNN trainiert, wobei folgende Zielgrößen verwendet wurden: Zeitstandfestigkeit, Zeitstandbruchzeit, Streckgrenze bei Raumtemperatur. Diese Modelle wurden mit den ermittelten unterschiedlichen Datenebenen trainiert. Das Vorhaben stellte erstmals die Modellierung mit dem kNN den Ergebnissen auf der Basis einer Multiplen Linearen Regressionsanalyse gegenüber. Dabei zeigte sich, dass das kNN ein besseres Korrelationsverhalten aufweist, weil es die mehrdimensionalen Abhängigkeiten zwischen den einzelnen Elementen besser wiedergibt. Die Interpretationen des kNNs wurden dahingehend geprüft, ob die grundlegenden physikalischen und metallurgischen Hintergründe ausreichend reflektiert werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den realen Materialverhalten verglichen und die Auswirkung bei der Lebensdaueranalyse quantifiziert. Hierzu wurde eine „künstliche“ Schmelze definiert, die den Mittelwert aller berücksichtigten Merkmale repräsentierte. Die Verifikation der Modelle mit der Zielgröße Zeitstandfestigkeit erfolgte auf der Basis von experimentellen Daten, die nicht im Datenpool für das Trainieren des kNN enthalten waren. Dabei ergab sich teilweise eine gute Übereinstimmung. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass die Anwendung von kNN zur Ermittlung des individuellen Zeitstandbruchverhaltens bei modernen warmfesten Stählen ein Anwendungspotenzial aufweist, das mit der Absicherung der Datenbasis besonders im Bereich langer Bruchzeiten > 50 000 h eine technische Relevanz zeigen wird. Im Hinblick auf die technische Anwendung im Rahmen einer Lebensdauerberechnung stellt sich das Problem, dass es methodenbedingt keine Abschätzung der Unsicherheit der ermittelten Kennwerte gibt, die der seitherigen Vorgehensweise direkt vergleichbar ist., In the systems which operate in the creep range, such as steam power plants, the life time assessment of highly loaded high-temperature components poses an important task. It is associated with the availability and thereby the cost-effectiveness and the efficiency, but also covers aspects of the responsibilities of the operator. The main problem in this context is the reliable detection and evaluation of the specific material characteristics. First of all there are the strength properties, and especially the time-dependent deformation and fracture behavior of the heat-resistant steels. The strength properties are the result of the alternating influences, i.e. multidimensional interdependences between the individual elements of the chemical composition, the heat treatment parameters and the production conditions such as product form. The conventional analytical methods cannot describe the effect of these parameters on the target variables completely, for example, the creep rupture strength. Therefore, with the current state of knowledge and technology, the individual, i.e. melt-specific creep rupture strength can only be determined through experimental investigation. Other articles have shown successful attempts of simulation of the material behavior as a function of input variables such as chemical composition and heat treatment using artificial neural networks (ANN). Modeling with neural network techniques therefore represents an alternative to analytical methods since multidimensional relationships can be taken into account. This work aims to identify and assess the potential for the application of artificial neural networks to the determination of relevant properties of selected high-temperature-resistant steels. The emphasis of the study was on the need for the optimized prediction of the material behavior considering the stress/time-to-rupture data and the determination of position of the specific melt in the scatter band for the given steel under consideration of all relevant technical data. The vital starting point for a data analysis represents the database itself. With the selection of the steels P91, P92 and E911 for the investigation, the following goals were accomplished: • the performed creep rupture tests, which form the data basis, meet the requirements of the currently valid quality standards for the performance of tests; • the data of modern steels were used with a different creep rupture strength but comparable metallurgical basic structure; • the available results of the steel X20CrMoV12-1 can be involved in the analysis process. First and foremost, the data was obtained and checked for consistency and divided into levels with different number of features. The following parameters were used as features: the individual elements of the chemical composition, heat treatment parameters, mechanical-technological parameters, creep rupture strength and respectively time-to-rupture, as well as the corresponding test temperature, creep tensile elongation, microstructure parameters. Afterwords, the various models of the ANNs were trained with one part of the data, in which the different target variables were used, such as creep rupture strength, creep rupture time, yield strength at room temperature. These models were trained with the different data levels. The project has demonstrated for the first time modelling with the ANN against the results, based on a regression analysis, i.e. Multiple Linear Regression analysis. It could be shown that the ANN shows better correlation behaviour, because it reproduces better the multidimensional dependencies between the individual elements. The interpretations of the neural network have been checked whether basic physical and metallurgical backgrounds are reflected. The results were compared with real material behaviour gained from creep strength tests and the effects of the neural network tool on technical use in life time assessment was investigated. Furthermore, an artificial melt was defined, which represents the mean of all independent features of all available melts by the variation of time-to-rupture. The verification of the models with the target variable creep strength was based on the experimental data which does not take part in the training process of the neural network. The result was a partly good conformity. Overall it can be said, that the use of ANN shows an application potential for the determination of the individual material behaviour considering the stress/time-to-rupture data of modern high-temperature-resistant steels, which will show a technical relevance with the coverage of database particularly in the area of long time-to-rupture data > 50 000 h. With regard to a technical application within the scope of a life time calculation there is a method-related problem that there is no uncertainty assessment of measured values, which can be directly compared with currently existing approach.

Šajā bakalaura darbā tiek pētīta dzejnieka Vladimira Majakovska ietekme uz Aleksandra Čaka daiļradi. Darba mērķis ir izpētīt V. Majakovska ietekmi uz A. Čaka daiļradi, atrast kopīgas iezīmes abu autoru dzejā un noskaidrot, cik lielā mērā A. Čaks ir ietekmējies no V. Majakovska daiļrades. Darbā tiek salīdzināta abu dzejnieku daiļrade, dzīve, dzejas motīvi un tās formālais saturs, dzejas īpatnība un poetiskie izteiksmes līdzekļi, kā arī aplūkota A. Čaka daiļrade futūrisma aspektā. Salīdzinājumam ir izmantoti A. Čaka agrīnās daiļrades dzejoļu krājumi „Sirds uz trotuāra”, „Pasaules krogs”, „Es un šīs laiks”, „Apašs frakā” un „Mana paradīze” un V. Majakovska pirms 1917. gada revolūcijas sarakstītie dzejoļi. Pētījuma gaitā darba autore nonāca pie secinājuma, ka A. Čaka gadījumā var saskatīt stipru V. Majakovska ietekmi uz A. Čaka agrīno daiļradi. Atslegvārdi: Vladimirs Majakovskis; Aleksandrs Čaks; futūrisms., In this graduation work „Vladimir Majakovsky (Маяко́вский) in Latvian: Case of Čaks” is explored poet’s Vladimir Majakovsky influence on latvian poet Aleksandrs Čaks works. The purpose of this graduation work is to explore the influence of Majakovsky on Čaks, to find a similar inspiratons and motives and to make clear, how strong was the Majakovsky influence on Čaks. In this work is compared the poetry of this two poets, they lyrics in formal and semantic aspects, A. Čaks lyrics is analyzed in the context of futurism. To compare both poet’s lyrics author used Čaks books of poems: „Sirds uz trotuāra”, „Pasaules krogs”, „Es un šīs laiks”, „Apašs frakā” and „Mana paradīze”, and Majakovsky’s poetry, written before the revolutoin. Author came to conclusion, that in case of Čaks, in his early poetry there is seen a strong influence of Majakovsky poetry. Keywords: Vladimir Majakovsky, Aleksandrs Čaks, futurism.

Представлены результаты экспериментального исследования возможности применения лазерно-флуоресцентного анализа миокарда для оценки повреждения, индуцированного ишемией в условиях кардиохирургического вмешательства. Доказано, что метод оптической биопсии с использованием азотного лазера (337 нм) позволяет регистрировать метаболические изменения в миокарде, проявляющиеся нарушением уровня пиридиновых нуклеотидов, изменением функции гемопротеидов, активности НАД(Ф)Н-утилизирующих процессов и развитием контрактуры и гибели кардиомиоцитов. Data of experimental assessment of a possibility to use laser-fluorescent analysis of myocardium for detecting alterations caused by ischemia under the conditions of cardiac surgery are presented. It is confirmed that the method of optical biopsy with Nitrogen laser (337 nm) allows registering metabolic changes in myocardium associated with alterations in pyridine nucleotides concentrations, dysfunction of hemoproteids, changes in the activity of NAD(P)H-utilizing enzymes, and development of contraction and death of cardiomyocytes.

Darbā „Tēmas „Ģimenes plānošana” morāli teoloģiskie aspekti izglītības saturā Latvijā” tiek pētītas Latvijas izglītības pamatskolas programmas sadaļas, kas attiecās uz ģimenes plānošanas tēmas apguvi. Lai norādītu ģimenes plānošanas ietverto darbību, rīcību un procesu nozīmi dažādos aspektos, tiek analizēts katra jautājuma morāli teoloģiskais aspekts. Kā pētījuma mērķis tiek izraudzīts apskatīt ģimenes plānošanas morāli teoloģiskos aspektus Latvijas izglītībā, uzzināt skolēnu vecāku viedokli par ģimenes plānošanas tēmas sasaistes nepieciešamību ar morāli teoloģisko aspektu, kā arī, izpētot didaktikas metodes, kas atbilst izvēlētajai tēmai, veikt ieteikumus ģimenes plānošanas tēmas apguves uzlabošanai skolās., The paper "Topic of “Family planning” morally theological aspects of educational content in Latvia" is studying elementary education program in Latvia, in the section on family planning issue of learning. To specify the family planning of the actions, behavior and the role of various aspects of the process, is analyzed morally theological aspect of each question. As the research objective is chosen to view family planning morally theological aspects of Latvia's education, parents' views of pupils to learn about family planning theme linking the need to morally theological aspects, as well as, in exploring the didactic methods, which correspond to the chosen theme, to make recommendations for family planning theme for improving learning in schools.