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AIM To investigate whether reductions in pain catastrophizing associated with physical performance in the early period after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS The study group of 46 participants underwent TKA or THA. The participants were evaluated within 7 d before the operation and at 14 d afterwards. Physical performance was measured by the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and 10-m gait time was measured at comfortable and maximum speeds. They rated their knee or hip pain using a visual analog scale (VAS) for daily life activities. Psychological characteristics were measured by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Physical characteristics were measured by isometric muscle strength of knee extensors and hip abductors on the operated side. The variables of percent changes between pre- and post-operation were calculated by dividing post-operation score by pre-operation score. RESULTS Postoperative VAS and PCS were better than preoperative for both TKA and THA. Postoperative physical performance and muscle strength were poorer than preoperative for both TKA and THA. The percent change in physical performance showed no correlation with preoperative variables. In TKA patients, the percent change of PCS showed correlation with percent change of TUG (P = 0.016), 10-m gait time at comfortable speeds (P = 0.003), and 10-m gait time at maximum speeds (P = 0.042). The percent change of muscle strength showed partial correlation with physical performances. The percent change of VAS showed no correlation with physical performances. On the other hand, in THA patients, the percent change of hip abductor strength showed correlation with percent change of TUG (P = 0.047), 10-m gait time at comfortable speeds (P = 0.001), and 10-m gait time at maximum speeds (P = 0.021). The percent change of knee extensor strength showed partial correlation with physical performances. The percent change of VAS and PCS showed no correlation with physical performances. CONCLUSION Changes in pain catastrophizing significantly associated with changes in physical performance in the early period after TKA. It contributes to future postoperative rehabilitation of arthroplasty.

A screening test was undertaken to isolate microorganisms that produced ascorbate oxidase. The enzyme activity was found in a culture filtrate of a fungal strain (HI-25), newly isolated from a soil sample. Based on the morphological characteristics, this isolate was identified as Acremonium sp. From the examinations of cultural conditions, optimum conditions for enzyme production were found; strain HI-25 was aerobically cultured by a jar fermenter at 25°C in a medium containing 5% glycerol, 2% defatted soybeans, 0.1% monosodium L-glutamate, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.02% MgSO4 ·7H2O, and 0.01% KCl, pH 6.0. After cultivation, an ascorbate oxidase was purified from the culture filtrate by an ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and Butyl-Toyopearl, and gel filtration twice on Sephadex G-100. The purification was 850-fold with an activity yield of 8.8%. The purified enzyme gave a single band on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and had a molecular weight of 80,000 by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 76,000 by native gel filtration. This enzyme was most active at pH 4.0, 45°C, and was most stable between pH 6.0-10.0 and at temperatures below 60°C.

受講生が主体となってPBL形式で行われるソフトウェア開発演習では,プロジェクトの進捗に応じた振り返りが重要である.振り返りを行うためにはプロジェクトで行われた受講生ごとのタスクを正確に記録し,問題の抽出や今後の方針の提案を行う必要がある.しかしながら,受講生一人ひとりのタスク記録がどこまで正確かを講師が評価することは困難である.本稿では,DaaS環境を用いた開発活動の正確なログデータを取得可能な開発環境の構築を行い,どの様なデータを取得できるのか検証を行う., Retrospectives play an important role in a software development exercise of the project-based learning (PEL) style. To conduct retrospectives, students have to collect what they did in a project, extract problems based on their task records and make a new suggestion for project improvement. However, it is difficult for teachers to evaluate accuracy of their task records collected by students. In this paper, we propose a software development environment to obtain accurate records in development activities on DaaS (Desktop as a Service). In a case study, we show the examples of task records collected by our environment.

Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins are known to digest desmoglein (Dsg) 1, a desmosomal cell–cell adhesion molecule, thus causing intraepidermal splitting in human bullous impetigo, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and swine exudative epidermitis. Recently, a novel exfoliative toxin gene (exi), whose sequence shares significant homology with previously identified exfoliative toxins, was isolated from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Little is known about the pathogenic involvement of this toxin in canine pustular diseases such as impetigo. The aim of this study was to determine whether EXI, the product of the exi gene, digests canine Dsg1 and causes intraepidermal splitting in canine skin. An exi gene was isolated from chromosomal DNA of an S. pseudintermedius strain obtained from a pustule of a dog with impetigo, and was used to produce a recombinant EXI by Escherichia coli expression. When purified recombinant EXI was injected intradermally into normal dogs, it caused the development of vesicles or erosions with superficial epidermal splitting. In addition, the EXI abolished immunofluorescence for Dsg1, but not for Dsg3, at the injection sites. Moreover, the EXI directly degraded baculovirus-secreted recombinant extracellular domains of canine Dsg1, but not that of canine Dsg3, in vitro. The EXI also degraded mouse Dsg1α and swine Dsg1, but not human Dsg1, mouse Dsg1β and Dsg1γ. Conversely, recombinant SIET, previously designated as S. intermedius exfoliative toxin, did not cause intraepidermal splitting or degradation of any Dsgs. These findings indicate that EXI has a proteolytic activity that digests canine Dsg1, and this characteristic might be involved in the pathogenesis of intraepidermal splitting in canine impetigo. Resume Les toxines exfoliatives staphylococciques sont connues pour digerer la desmogleine (Dsg) 1, molecule d’adhesion intercellulaire, entrainant ainsi un clivage intra epidermique dans l’impetigo bulleux de l’homme, le “staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome” et la dermatite exsudative porcine. Recemment, un nouveau gene de toxine exfoliative (exi), dont la sequence partage une homologie significative avec les toxines exfoliatives precedemment identifiees, a ete isolea partir de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Peu de choses sont connues sur le role pathogenique de cette toxine dans les maladies pustuleuses canines telle que l’impetigo. L’objectif de cette etude etait de determiner si EXI, le produit du gene exi, digere la Dsg1 canine et entraine un clivage intra-epidermique dans la peau canine. Un gene exi a ete isolea partir de l’ADN d’une souche de S. pseudintermedius preleve d’une pustule de chien atteint d’impetigo et a ete utilise pour produire un recombinant EXI par l’expression d’Escherichia coli. Lorsque le recombinant purifie a ete injecte en intradermique a des chiens normaux, il a cause le developpement de vesicules ou d’erosions avec clivage epidermique superficiel. De plus, EXI a aboli l’immunofluorescence pour Dsg1, mais pas pour Dsg3, aux sites d’injections. En outre, EXI a degrade directement les domaines extracellulaires secretes par les baculovirus de Dsg1 canine, mais pas ceux de Dsg3 canine in vitro. EXI a egalement degrade Dsg1α de souris et Dsg1 porcine, mais pas Dsg1 humaine, Dsg1 β et Dsg1γ murines. Inversement, SIET recombinant, precedemment presentee comme une toxine exfoliative de S. intermedius, ne causait pas de clivage intra epidermique ou de degradation d’aucune des Dsg. Ces donnees indiquent que EXI a une activite proteolytique qui digere la Dsg1 canine et cette caracteristique pourrait etre impliquee dans la pathogenie du clivage intra-epidermique de l’impetigo canin. Resumen Las toxinas estafilocicas exfoliativas digieren la desmogleina-1 (Dsg-1), una molecula de adhesion intercelular presente en desmosomas, lo cual causa separacion intraepidermal en el impetigo bulloso humano, el sindrome estafilococico de piel escaldada y la epidermitis exudativa porcina. Recientemente se ha aislado un nuevo gen de una toxina exfoliativa (exi) en Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Este gen es bastante homologo en secuencia con toxinas exfoliativas previamente caracterizadas. Se sabe poco acerca de la influencia de este gen en la patogenia de las enfermedades pustulares de la piel en perros, como el impetigo. El proposito de este estudio fue determinar si EXI, el producto del gen exi, digiere la Dsg1 canina y causa separacion intraepidermal en la piel de perros. Se aislo un gen exi de un DNA cromosomico de una cepa de S. pseudointermedius obtenida de una pustula de un perro con impetigo, y se utilizo para producir EXI recombinante expresado en E. coli. Cuando se inyecto la proteina EXI purificada por via intradermal a perros sanos, causo el desarrollo de vesiculas o erosiones con separacion de la epidermis superficial. Ademas la proteina EXI inhibia la inmunofluorescencia frente a Dsg1, pero no para Dsg3, en los lugares de inyeccion. Lo que es mas, in vitro EXI directamente degradaba dominios extracelulares de Dsg1 producidos en baculovirus, pero no los de Dsg3. La proteina EXI tambien degradaba Dsg1α de raton y Dsg1 de cerdo, pero no la Dsg1 de humanos, ni las Dsg1β y Dsg1γ de raton. Por el contrario, SIET recombinante, previamente presentada como una toxina exfoliativa de S. intermedius, no producia separacion intraepidermal o degradacion de ninguna de la Dsgs. Estos hallazgos indican que EXI tiene actividad proteo litica que digiere la Dsg1 y esta propiedad puede estar implicada en la patogenesis de la separacion intraepidermal en el impetigo canino. Zusammenfassung Exfoliative Staphylokokkentoxine verdauen Desmoglein (Dsg) 1, ein desmosomales Zell-Zell Adhasionsmolekul, und verursachen dadurch ein intraepidermales Splitting beim humanen bullosen Impetigo, beim “Staphylokokken Scalded Skin Syndrom” und bei der exudativen Epidermitis des Schweines. Unlangst wurde das Gen eines neuen exfoliativen Toxins (exi), dessen Sequenz eine signifikante Homologie mit schon fruher identifizierten exfoliativen Toxinen zeigt, von Staphylokokkus pseudointermedius isoliert. Es ist wenig bekannt, welche pathologische Rolle dieses Toxin bei pustulosen Erkrankungen des Hundes, wie Impetigo, spielt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es zu bestimmen, ob EXI, ein Produkt des exi Gens, canines Dsg1 verdaut und intraepidermales Splitting in der Hundehaut verursacht. Ein exi Gen wurde aus chromosomaler DNA eines S. pseudointermedius Stammes, der von einer Pustel eines Hundes mit Impetigo stammte, isoliert. Dieses wurde verwendet, um ein rekombinantes EXI mittels Expression in Escherichia coli zu produzieren. Wenn aufbereitete rekombinante EXI intradermal in normale Hunde injiziert wurden, verursachte dies die Entstehung von Blaschen oder Erosionen mit oberflachlichem epidermalen Splitting. Zusatzlich hob EXI an den Injektionsstellen die Immunfluoreszenz fur Dsg1, jedoch nicht fur Dsg3 auf. Daruber hinaus schwachte EXI in vitro direkt die durch ein Bakulovirus-System exprimierten rekombinanten extrazellularen Domanen von caninem Dsg1, aber nicht von caninem Dsg3. EXI schwachte auch murine Dsg1α und porcine Dsg1, aber nicht humanes Dsg1, murines Dsg1β und Dsg1γ. Im Gegensatz dazu verursachte rekombinantes SIET, welches schon fruher als S. intermedius exfoliatives Toxin eingefuhrt wurde, weder intraepidermales Splitting noch eine Abschwachung von Dsgs. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf die proteolytische Aktivitat von EXI hin, welches canines Dsg1 verdaut und diese Eigenschaft konnte an der Pathogenese des intraepidermalen Splittings bei caninem Impetigo beteiligt sein.

Activation of anti-apoptotic gene transcription by NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) has been reported to be linked with a resistance of cancer cells against chemotherapy. NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) interacts with a number of proteins and modulates the activity of NF-κB pathway. In this study, we revealed that RPAP3 (RNA polymerase II-associated protein 3) possesses an activity to bind with NEMO and to inhibit the ubiquitination of NEMO and that RPAP3 enhances doxorubicin-induced cell death in breast cancer cell line T-47D through the marked impairment of NF-κB pathway. These results indicate that RPAP3 may be a novel modulator of NF-κB pathway in apoptosis induced by anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents.

We characterized 53 Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium strains recovered from healthy pigs during 1998-1999 (n=12) and 2004-2005 (n=41) as to their carriage of DT104 spacer region, class 1 and 2 integrons, virulence genes (spvC, rck, and pefA), and XbaI- and BlnI-Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. No DT104 strain was detected in 1998-1999, whereas 65.9% (27/41) of the strains in 2004-2005 were DT104 showing resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and cephaloridine (R-type ACSSuT+). Class 1 intergron-associated genes, aadA2 (1.0-kbp amplicon) and pse1 (1.2-kbp amplicon), were found in all the DT104 strains (27/27). One strain showing resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracyclin, and trimethoprim (R-type SsuTTm) harbored another class 1 integron-associated gene (dhfrXII-orfF- aadA2) on 1.9-kbp amplicon. Virulence gene spvC was found in 92.5% (49/53) and rck and pefA were found in 88.7% (47/53) of the strains, whereas spvC, rck, and pefA were found in all the DT104 strains. Ser. Typhimurium strains were categorized into four clusters (X1, X2, X3, and X4a/X4b) by XbaI-PFGE, or into nine clusters (B1, B2, B3a/B3b, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9a/B9b) by BlnI-PFGE analyses. DT104 strains were restricted into X2, or into B2, B3a/B3b, and B6 clusters, indicating that our multidrug-resistant DT104 strains from healthy pigs might have derived from at least three independent clones, with the most widespread clone being the cluster B6 strains isolated in Kanto, Tokai, Chugoku, and Kyushu regions.

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus chromogenes are known to cause skin infections in human or animals by producing exfoliative toxins (ETs). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius can also cause canine pyoderma, but no exfoliative toxins or similar toxins have been reported. PCR with degenerate primers targeted to the conserved regions in ETA, ETB, and ETD from S. aureus and SHETB from S. hyicus, and subsequent chromosome walking identified a novel gene, designated as exi (exfoliative toxin of pseudintermedius) in S. pseudintermedius. EXI had significant homologies with the exfoliative toxins (43-68% identity), particularly with ETB (67.1%), ETD (67.9%), and SHETB (65.1%). Phylogenetic analysis showed close relation between EXI and ETB with a bootstrap value of 80%. Neonatal mice injected with the crude proteins from the culture supernatant or recombinant EXI showed gross blisters and/or characteristic skin exfoliation. The prevalence of exi assessed by dot-blot hybridization was 23.3% (10/43) in S. pseudintermedius isolates from canine pyoderma. The EXI reported herein is the first exfoliative toxin identified in S. pseudintermedius.

Staphylococcus intermedius isolates (n=106), including 44 dog isolates and 62 pigeon isolates, were examined for their susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin by standard disk-diffusion test. The frequencies of resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline were significantly higher in dog isolates than pigeon isolates (95.5% vs. 0%, 31.8% vs. 0%, and 45.5% vs. 9.7%, respectively; P

Objective. Patients with lower limbs osteoarthritis (OA) had slower walking speeds than healthy. Gait speed, which is associated with leg muscle strength, is a consistent predictor of health and functional status. The effects of pain and pain-related psychological constructs for gait speeds have been uncertain. Therefore, we investigated whether gait speed in patients with OA of lower limbs is associated with pain-related psychological constructs using a performance-based measure. Methods. The study group comprised 59 patients with advanced knee or hip OA. Gait speeds were measured at comfortable and maximum levels during 10-m walks. Covariates included 1) pain intensity measured with a visual analogue scale (VAS), 2) psychological constructs measured with a short-version pain anxiety symptoms scale (PASS-20) and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and 3) bilateral knee extensor and hip abductor muscle strength. Each variable was subjected to multivariate analysis with gait speed. Results. Single regression analysis showed that gait speeds were significantly correlated with VAS and PASS-20 scores, and muscle strength, not with HADS. Multiple regression analysis showed that PASS-20 score was significant correlating factor for gait speeds. Conclusions. Anxiety-related responses to pain were significant correlating factor for gait speeds, in patients with OA of lower limbs.

In view of the recent rapid increase in incidence of infection with antimicrobial resistant bacteria in human medicine, there is international controversy as to the medical risk that is created by transfer of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistant genes, which may be produced through the processes of administration of antimicrobials to food-producing animals, via the food chain. Accordingly, International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) provides the comprehensive guidelines for characterizing selection of antimicrobial resistance by bacteria which may adversely affect human health in order to establish the system of registry of antimicrobial drugs to be administered to food- producing animals. Currently, Japanese Society of Antimicrobials for Animals recognizes the lack of technical test standards in compliance with VICH guidelines in the world and has established the test standards for "in vitro mutation frequency studies" to evaluate the appearance frequency and resistant level of resistant bacteria and those for studies on the "antimicrobial activity in gut" to estimate the effects on intestinal flora from professional aspects.

The total synthesis of sphingofungin F through the Overman rearrangement of an unsaturated ester, which is known to be an unsuitable substrate under standard conditions due to the competitive aza-Michael reaction, is described. The developed conditions enabled the ester to be compatible with the original Overman rearrangement, providing quick access to α,α-disubstituted amino acids by minimizing extra protecting group manipulations and redox reactions.

A new azobenzene derivative, bis[4-(3-methylbutoxy)phenyl]diazene (DC-azo), was synthesized as yellow powder through a three-step reaction. DC-azo was crystallized from a mixture of acetone/water in the form of highly insulating gold-colored crystals with a specular reflectance of 21% over the wavelength range of 520–800 nm. The CIELAB color space of the crystals indicated that the crystals were slightly more reddish and less yellowish than metallic Au. The crystals retained their gold coloration under dry conditions and were stable up to 383 K. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements estimated the long-range periodical thickness in the crystal to be 1.12 nm, thereby indicating that the DC-azo molecules were oriented such that the azobenzene moieties showed a tilt angle of 32.2° against the crystal surface. The gold-colored crystals of DC-azo could be a potential substitute for the conventional metallic paints.

Stainless steel strip is widely used for flat spring which requires corrosion resistance. SUS301 steel is especially used for the material of a spring as it is given high strength by cold rolling. However, scattering of the angle of bent product due to the large springback of the material appears to be a problem in a certain production. In this study, the effect of slight differences in thickness and hardness on the amount of springback in two lots of SUS301 is investigated. The material specification of each is within the tolerance of JIS G 4313, however, the lots are from different steel makers. L-shape bending test which is similar to a multiforming mechanism is adopted in this investigation. Results obtained show that the springback angle decreases with the increment of thickness and the decrement of hardness, but the change itself is very small within the same material lot. In addition, the relationship between the springback angle and the hardness does not apply through the different material lots, and it even appears to have a reversed tendency. Therefore, hardness is not appropreate to estimate the springback. Within the present experiment, the springback angle correlates with the stress corresponding to the strain at the surface of bent strip regardless of the difference in not only material lots but also bending direction against rolling direction.

This paper describes an analyzing method of a tape stiffness which is fixed with tape-head contact performance at the tape-edge. New magnetic tape systems have been using the narrow-width tape and the nearby area of the tape-edge to increase an efficiency of recording area of tape, therefore, the analysis of tape stiffness in the width direction has been very important approach to the high density recording. A new method by the laser measures deformation of the tape that is pressed to the precision sphere on the drum, and estimates the tape stiffness by the deformation. The results of an experiment coincide well to the calculative deformation, and reappear well. This analyzing method settles the tape stiffnesss in the width direction of narrow tape to obtain the best tape-head contact in and around the tape-edge. The tape having the most suitable stiffness contributes to the high density recording system.

This Article reports on the influence of light irradiation on the stability of emulsions prepared using a photoresponsive gemini surfactant (C7-azo-C7) having an azobenzene skeleton as a spacer. When mixtures of trans C7-azo-C7aqueous solution and n-octane are homogenized, stable emulsions are obtained in a specific region of weight fraction and surfactant concentration. Fluorescence microscopy observations using a small amount of fluorescent probes show that the stable emulsions are oil-in-water (O/W)-type. UV irradiation of stable O/W emulsions promotes the cis isomerization of trans C7-azo-C7and leads to the coalescence of the oil (octane) droplets in the emulsions, that is, demulsification. While the equilibrated interfacial tension (IFT) between aqueous trans C7-azo-C7solution and octane is almost the same as that between aqueous cis C7-azo-C7and octane, the occupied area per molecule for C7-azo-C7at octane/water interface decreases with the cis photoisomerization of trans isomer. Dynamic IFT measurement shows that UV irradiation to the interface between aqueous trans C7-azo-C7solution and octane brings about an increase in the interfacial tension, indicating that the Gibbs free energy at the interface increases. From these results, the cis isomerization of trans C7-azo-C7molecules at the O/W interface due to UV irradiation leads to direct contact between the water and octane phases, because of the reduction of molecular area at the interface, and subsequently makes the emulsions demulsified. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNs) in oil-in-water formulations were investigated for selective targeting of anticancer agents to tumor tissues and prolonged accumulation in tumor area. Simple and inexpensive lipid derivatives of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in order to decrease uptake of particles into the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and highly lipophilic prodrug 4′- O -tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin (THP-ADM) in order to be entrapped into the lipid nanoparticles were synthesized and tested for their ability in tumor bearing mice. A simple PEG (1900)-lipid derivative with two long alkyl chains as the lipophilic moiety demonstrated substantial ability to form lipid nanoparticles (30–50 nm) together with phosphatidylcholine (PC), to decrease MPS uptake and to prolong circulation half-life. Plasma levels and the tissue distribution of the prodrug and anticancer active metabolites (THP-ADM and adriamycin (ADM)) were investigated after intravenous administration of LN into BALB/c mice bearing the Meth A fibrosarcoma. The blood half-life of the prodrug in LNs with PEG (1900)-lipid derivatives with two long alkyl chains (LN-E) was approximately 4.3 h. In tumor tissues, the peak height of the sum of drug concentrations [lipophilic prodrugs + metabolites (THP-ADM + ADM)] after LN-E injection did not markedly differ from that of drug concentrations [THP-ADM + metabolite (ADM)] after injection of THP-ADM itself, but a pronounced prolongation of tumor cell exposure to the drugs could be achieved. From the data on the pharmacokinetic properties of the nanoparticles, we conclude that new synthetic PEG derivatives with two long simple alkyl chains as the lipophilic moiety are useful emulsifiers for development of nanoparticles as vehicles to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to tumor.

雑誌掲載版, 著者等は中脳網様体(MRF)と扁桃核(AMY)のキンドリング実験をSprague-Dawleyラットで施行し,後者に及ぼす影響を検討した.その結果,MRFは効果的にキンドルできるが,その影響で引き続きAMYのキンドルを促進するデータを得たので報告した

鉄剤の投与が仔豚の血中ビタミンB12 (以下, B12) 含量や貧血に関与する血液の諸性状 (Ht, Hb, Fe) および体重にどのような影響を与えるのかについて単味鉄剤とB12添加鉄剤を筋肉注射して, 鉄剤無投与豚と比較した。その結果, B12添加鉄剤は単味鉄剤の抗貧血効果を増強し, 増体効果があることが示唆された。

The antimetastatic activity of ten compounds structurally related to nojirimycin A was examined using a pulmonary metastatic model of mouse B16 melanoma. Nojirimycin B, deoxynojirimycin, D-gluco-delta-lactam, CP3068 and CP3069 are structural analogues of nojirimycin A, and showed potent or moderate antimetastatic activities. Nojirimycin A, nojirimycin B, deoxynojirimycin and D-gluco-delta-lactam showed potent or moderate inhibitory activities against alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase and beta-mannosidase, but CP3068 and CP3069 in which the structures were related to D-gluco-delta-lactam showed no inhibitory activities. CP3041, CP3042, CP3043, CP3045 and CP3048 are analogues of sodium D-glucaro-delta-lactam (ND2001), a carboxy derivative of nojirimycin A, and showed potent or moderate antimetastatic activities. But no analogue was superior to ND2001 concerning with antimetastatic and anti-beta-glucuronidase activities. CP3041 and CP3042 showed potent and moderate inhibitory activities against beta-glucuronidase, respectively, but CP3043, CP3045 and CP3048 showed little or no activities.

Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs ( n = 44) and pigeons ( n = 62) were categorized into 12 types by intergenic ribosomal DNA spacer polymorphism analysis. All isolates from pigeons were lukS positive and all isolates from dogs were lukS and lukF positive by dot blot analysis. The mean leukotoxicity titer for dog isolates was at least 129-fold higher than that for pigeon isolates.