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The effects of infection with sacbrood virus (SBV) on larval and adult honeybees fed or injected with virus and maintained in the laboratory were determined by recording mortality, monitoring infectivity tests serologically, and identifying the sites of virus replication. Although SBV caused severe cytopathological effects in nearly all larval tissues, minimal damage was observed in most adult tissues in which the virus replicated. Serial transmission of SBV through adult worker bees was associated with precipitous mortality.

The use of germanium as an alloying agent for lithium negative electrodes in molten salt cells was studied in a cell of the typebetween 360° and 440°C. The Li‐Ge electrode could be charged and discharged reversibly with lithium. Five distinct two‐phase plateau regions, together with a suspected sixth region, were identified by coulometrically charging and discharging the cell. The five distinct two‐phase plateau regions are believed to occur during the formation of , , , , and . The Gibbs free energies of formation for these alloys were determined by integrating the coulometric titration curve to the appropriate lithium composition. EMF temperature dependencies of the four most negative two‐phase plateau regions were measured between 360° and 440°C, and the entropy of formation was calculated for each alloy associated with these plateaus. EMF measurements also allowed the determination of the partial molar Gibbs free energy and the corresponding activities of lithium and germanium in the observed plateaus. Preliminary corrosion tests of low‐carbon steel toward germanium were conducted. A comparison of lithium‐germanium alloys was made with the two dominant alloys used in the lithium‐alloy/metal sulfide battery: lithium‐aluminum and lithium‐silicon.

The photocatalytic reaction of glucose in aqueous solution containing suspended platinized n-TiO/sub 2/ (anatase) powder was found to occur in mildly acidic media, pH 4.5. The gaseous products were determined to be H/sub 2/ and CO/sub 2/ when conducted under an inert atmosphere and CO/sub 2/ alone under an O/sub 2/ atmosphere. For a 2.8 m glucose solution and a temperature of 60/sup 0/C, the initial H/sub 2/ to CO/sub 2/ ratio was near 1 and decreased to a value near 3 for times greater than 100 h. Initial rates of gas evolution were near 1.0 mL/h (volume at STP) and declined with time. Mott-Schottky plots on flamed TiO/sub 2/ electrodes determined in solutions containing glucose were found to yield flat-band potential values 210-mV more negative than measurements made in its absence; such a shift would enhance the capability for H/sub 2/ evolution. Isotopic experiments using D/sub 2/O were found to support the occurrence of conventional H/sub 2/ evolution without glucose involvement. 39 references, 3 figures, 4 tables.

SummaryThe progressive increase of oligomycin-sensitive (O-S) Mg2+ ATPase (mitochondrial in origin) is related to developmental changes during the pharate adult and early adult stages of worker honeybees in a colony at 32°C. The enzyme activity in the young adult is 20 times as great as 7 days earlier in the pharate adult. Oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ ATPase also increases, but bya smaller amount (about 5 times).

Larvae of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis were collected from field corn and overwintered in the laboratory. Observations made on pupal weight, adult longevity, oviposition, fecundity, and fertility of normal corn borers were compared with similar observations on corn borers infected with Nosema pyrausta. Of 65 pupae with obvious deformities, 66% were infected with N. pyrausta. Of 537 moths, 53% of the females and 55% of the males were infected with N. pyrausta and levels of infection averaged 38.9 and 25.4 million spores/moth, respectively. Adult longevity, oviposition, fecundity and fertility were adversely affected by infection with N. pyrausta. Reproduction of infected moths was 39.3% lower than that of moths with no detectable infection, and heavily infected moths had 52.0% lower reproduction.

Young larvae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, 12–36 hours old were experimentally infected with purified sacbrood virus (SBV). Virus was found in fat, muscle, and tracheal-end cells 48 and 72 hours after initial virus acquisition by larvae. Particles were always found free in the cytoplasm of infected cells and were not associated with any cell organelle. Fibrillar material, most likely nucleic acid, was observed within some virus inclusions.

SUMMARYA glycopeptide isolated from royal jelly contained 11·2% D-mannose. Methylation studies showed that the carbohydrate moiety had a branched structure. Hydrolysis of the methylated glycopeptide gave 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (1 molecular proportion); 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (0·94 molecular proportion); 2,4,6,-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (trace); 3,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (0·72 molecular proportion). Periodate oxidation studies supported the constitution proposed by the methylation results. The amino acid composition of the glycol-peptide is presented.

Sacbrood virus (SBV) was purified from frozen naturally infected honey-bee larvae (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) by cesium chloride banding. In negatively stained preparations, a dense nucleoid was observed in some particles; other particles appeared uniform in contrast, and a few appeared empty. The nucleic acid was extracted with cold-water-saturated phenol and determined to be ribonucleic acid (RNA) by the orcinol reaction.

A virus of irregular shape was isolated from paralyzed honey bees ( Apis mellifera Linnaeus). This virus is considered to be chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV). Thin sections revealed that CBPV is a nonoccluded virus located in the thoracic and abdominal ganglia of afflicted honey bees. Examination of fat and muscle tissue from paralytic bees, and comparative tissue from healthy bees, failed to disclose virus particles.

Observations on pollination of mammoth red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in Roseau County of northern Minnesota indicated that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) remained at a low level of abundance on red clover until sweetclover (Mellilotus alba Desr.) had gone out of bloom. Late-season honey bee activity on mammoth red clover was important in effecting late seed crops of 138 to 354 pounds of seed per acre. In Clearwater and Polk Counties of northwestern Minnesota, where medium red clover was the only legume grown for seed, honey bees were important pollinators of the medium red clover. Partial correlation calculated from observations on 18 fields of second-crop medium red clover indicated that honey bees were more important than bumble bees (Bombus spp.) in determining seed yields. Partial regressions of yields on average counts of honey bees and bumble bees indicated that bumble bees were more efficient than honey bees. Abundance of honey bees and seed yields decreased as the distance between red clover fields and apiaries increased. Pollination by honey bees accounted for yields of 193 to 456 pounds per acre when bees were located adjacent to the fields of medium red clover, while at distances of greater than 1 mile from the nearest apiary pollination by honey bees was insignificant.

SUMMARYThe disaccharides maltose, kojibiose, isomaltose, nigerose, neotrehalose, gentiobiose and laminaribiose were isolated from honey and characterized as crystalline octaacetates. Sucrose and turanose were obtained in the crystalline form and maltulose as the crystalline osazone. Isomaltulose and 1-α-glucosylfructose were tentatively identified. The approximate proportions of these sugars in the oligosaccharide fraction (3·65%) of the honey have been calculated, as follows: maltose, 29·4%; kojibiose, 8·2%; turanose, 4·7%; isomaltose, 4·4%; sucrose, 3·9%; ketose band (mixture of at least three ketoses including maltulose and isomaltulose), 3·1%; nigerose, 1·7%; neotrehalose, 1·1%; gentiobiose, 0·4% and laminaribiose, 0·09%.

Isodiametric particles 28 my in size were observed in thin sections of honey bee larvae showing sacbrood disease symptoms. Particles were not occluded in polyhedra or granules. They were either randomly distributed or arranged in crystalline arrays. Some particle aggregates occurred in vesicles, while others were free within the cytoplasm. Such particles were not observed in sections from healthy bee larvae.

SUMMARYThe disaccharides maltose, isomaltose, gentiobiose, trehalose and neotrehalose were isolated from royal jelly and characterized as crystalline octaacetates. Sucrose and turanose were obtained in the crystalline form. Sophorose and leucrose were tentatively identified.

SUMMARYExperiments are described which show that the level of Nosema infection was satisfactorily reduced by feeding colonies in October with Fumidil B (but not with Nosemack). Other experiments show that syrup containing fumagillin, fed to colonies in the fall and overwintered in the colony, was effective the following summer in reducing the level of Nosema infection in caged bees.

The use of germanium as an alloying agent for lithium negative electrodes in molten salt cells was studied in a cell of the typebetween 360° and 440°C. The Li‐Ge electrode could be charged and discharged reversibly with lithium. Five distinct two‐phase plateau regions, together with a suspected sixth region, were identified by coulometrically charging and discharging the cell. The five distinct two‐phase plateau regions are believed to occur during the formation of , , , , and . The Gibbs free energies of formation for these alloys were determined by integrating the coulometric titration curve to the appropriate lithium composition. EMF temperature dependencies of the four most negative two‐phase plateau regions were measured between 360° and 440°C, and the entropy of formation was calculated for each alloy associated with these plateaus. EMF measurements also allowed the determination of the partial molar Gibbs free energy and the corresponding activities of lithium and germanium in the observed plateaus. Preliminary corrosion tests of low‐carbon steel toward germanium were conducted. A comparison of lithium‐germanium alloys was made with the two dominant alloys used in the lithium‐alloy/metal sulfide battery: lithium‐aluminum and lithium‐silicon.

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