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The use of atmospheric fallout radionuclides as sediment tracers can provide valuable information on sediment transport processes within watersheds. Research was conducted in cropland and mixed land use subwatersheds of the Pleasant Valley watershed (50 km2) in south-central Wisconsin to identify sources of suspended sediment using cesium-137 (137Cs) and excess lead-210 (210Pbxs). In the cropland-dominated subwatershed, contributions to suspended sediment from in-stream and agricultural sources ranged from 36% to 81% and from 19% to 64%, respectively. In the mixed land use subwatershed, contributions to suspended sediment from in-stream and agricultural sources ranged from 68% to 100% and from 0% to 32%, respectively. The relative contribution to suspended sediment from agricultural sources was greater in the cropland subwatershed compared to the mixed land use subwatershed. The phosphorus (P) concentration in suspended sediment and fine sediment deposited on the streambed varied from 601 to 1545 mg kg-1, and cropland areas were the dominant sources of P-enriched sediment in streams. The legacy P and sediment in this watershed can result in a lag time between implementation of best management practices and attainment of desired water quality improvement. Depending on the fingerprinting properties considered (metals vs. fallout radionuclides) and suspended sediment source considerations, the source apportionment results may vary. Keywords: Fallout radionuclides, Legacy sediment, Phosphorus, Sediment fingerprinting, Soil erosion, Streambanks.

Agricultural nutrient management is an issue due to N and P losses from fields and water quality degradation. Better information is needed on the risk of nutrient loss in runoff from dairy manure applied in winter. We investigated the effect of temperature on nutrient release from liquid and semisolid manure to water, and of manure quantity and placement within a snowpack on nutrient release to melting snow. Temperature did not affect manure P and NH4–N release during water extraction. Manure P release, but not NH4–N release, was significantly influenced by the water/manure solids extraction ratio. During snowmelt, manure P release was not significantly affected by manure placement in the snowpack, and the rate of P release decreased as application rate increased. Water extraction data can reliably estimate P release from manure during snowmelt; however, snowmelt water interaction with manure of greater solids content and subsequent P release appears incomplete compared with liquid manures. Manure NH4–N released during snowmelt was statistically the same regardless of application rate. For the semisolid manure, NH4–N released during snowmelt increased with the depth of snow covering it, most likely due to reduced NH3 volatilization. For the liquid manure, there was no effect of manure placement within the snowpack on NH4–N released during snowmelt. Water extraction data can also reliably estimate manure NH4–N release during snowmelt as long as NH3 volatilization is accounted for with liquid manures for all placements in a snowpack and semisolid manures applied on top of snow.

Many ionizable organic contaminants (IOCs) are present in treated wastewater used to irrigate edible crops and accumulate in plants under field conditions. Phytoavailability of IOCs with pKa values between 4 and 9 may be affected by the pH of the rhizosphere (the water and soil within 2–3 mm of the root surface). Plants can alter rhizosphere pH by 2–3 units in either direction in response to nutrient availability. The effects of plant modulation of rhizosphere pH on IOC accumulation have not been previously reported. Here we provide direct evidence that plant-driven changes in rhizosphere pH impact accumulation of an IOC in plant leaves. Using a modified hydroponic system, we found that rhizosphere pH was higher by 1.5–2.4 units when plants received only nitrate rather than a combination of nitrate and ammonium. Plant-driven changes to rhizosphere pH altered accumulation of lamotrigine (pKa = 5.7) but not carbamazepine, a non-ionizable contaminant. Lamotrigine accumulation in leaves correlated strongly wi...

It is well established that geology, geomechanics, and completion play an important role in gas productivity from shale formations. In particular, overpressured shale — along with higher fracture intensity — generally correlates with higher production rates. Conventional pore-pressure prediction techniques do not work well for black shale formations, primarily because a basin has often experienced multiple episodes of tectonic activity and subsequent overpressure generation; secondly, because the recorded petrophysical logs for pore-pressure estimation are significantly affected by the presence of organic content and gas. Overpressure mechanisms and distribution are studied for the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale Formation of the Appalachian Basin in Pennsylvania to understand their relationship with well productivity. A sonic velocity-density crossplot does not reveal a clear picture of overpressure generation, primarily due to complex geologic history and distinct compositional variation between Marcellus Shale and overburden shale. 1D pore pressure was estimated from sonic velocity using traditional methods with pressure reference trend for the Marcellus Shale interval in the drilled wells and calibrated to the available in situ pressure measurements. 3D pore pressure was then estimated with upscaled 1D pore-pressure profiles and 3D seismic velocity data. Results suggest that the area having higher overpressure of about 160 psi produces about 55% more gas than the lower overpressure area. Further, understanding the spatial variation of overpressure in the study area may facilitate better field development planning.

Undoped and gadolinium doped nanostructured mesoporous materials, such as NiO, Ni0.98Gd0.02O, Ni0.95Gd0.05O, and Ni0.92Gd0.08O, were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route using urea as the hydrolysis controlling agent and were studied for supercapacitor applications. The thermal stability of the synthesized samples was identified by thermogravimetric analysis. The phase structure of the as-synthesized and calcined materials was characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction. The average crystallite size of the oxide materials was found to be in the range of 8.2–11.3 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the metal–oxygen bond in the compounds. The analyzed morphological phenomenon of the prepared samples confirms the mesoporous flake-like shape. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms were performed to examine the surface area and pore-size distribution. The elemental composition and charge states analyses were obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, re...

Meeting stringent phosphorus (P) discharge standards remains one of the major challenges for wastewater utilities due to increased economic burdens associated with advanced (i.e., secondary, tertiary) treatment processes. In a trade-off between higher treatment cost and enhanced P removal, it is critical for the treatment plants to be able to select the most appropriate technology. To this end, established/emerging high performing P removal/recovery technologies (e.g., Modified University of Cape Towne process, Bardenpho process, membrane bioreactors, IFAS-EBPR, struvite recovery, tertiary reactive media filtration) were identified and full-scale treatment plant designs were developed. Using advanced mathematical modeling techniques, six different treatment configurations were evaluated in terms of performance and cost effectiveness ($/lb of P removed). Results show that the unit cost for P removal in different treatment alternatives range from $42.22 to $60.88 per lb of P removed. The MUCT BNR + tertiary reactive media filtration proved to be one of the most cost effective configurations ($44.04/lb P removed) delivering an effluent with total P (TP) concentration of only 0.05 mg/L. Although struvite recovery resulted in significant reduction in biosolids P, the decrease in effluent TP was not sufficient to meet very stringent discharge standards.

The complex phenomenon of sparking and melting in micro electro discharge milling process occurs at an interelectrode gap of dimension less than 50 microns. High-temperature plasma can melt practically any material and the material is removed from the gap in the form of debris particles. The behavior of fluid properties at interelectrode gap will be useful to elaborate material removal and effect of tool rotation in the micro electro discharge milling process. Based on previous reports it was observed that tool rotation is an inherent part of spark micromachining which directly influences the debris flushing and redeposition. For stable machining performance, removal of debris from the gap is important. Dielectric flow plays an important role in flushing away debris from the gap and cooling the electrode. This work investigates the fluid flow in the interelectrode gap. The fluid flow at interelectrode gap for different machining conditions is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics simulation. The simulation results were compared with scanning electron micrographs. The influence of inlet nozzle velocity, tool rotation and electrode gap on the dielectric fluid flow at the gap is investigated and the results are presented.

Developing low-cost and high-performance biosorbent for water purification continues drawing more and more attention. In this study, cellulose-chitosan composite hydrogels were fabricated via a co-dissolution and regeneration process using a molten salt hydrate (a 60 wt% aqueous solution of LiBr) as a solvent. The addition of chitosan not only introduced functionality for metal adsorption but also increased the specific surface area and improved the mechanical strength of the composite hydrogel, compared to pure cellulose hydrogel. Batch adsorption experiments indicated that the composite hydrogel with 37% cellulose and 63% chitosan exhibited an adsorption capacity of 94.3 mg/g (1.49 mmol/g) toward Cu2+ at 23 °C, pH 5, and initial metal concentration of 1500 mg/L, which was 10 times greater than the adsorption capacity of pure cellulose hydrogel. Competitive adsorption from a mixed metals solution revealed that the cellulose-chitosan composite hydrogel exhibited selective adsorption of the metals in the order of Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+. This study successfully demonstrated an innovative method to fabricate biosorbents from abundant and renewable natural polymers (cellulose and chitosan) for removing metal ions from water.

Jaundice persisting beyond 14 days of life is a commonly encountered problem in the neonatal follow-up clinic. Although by far the most common underlying etiology is breast milk jaundice, clinician should not miss out an important surgical condition the extrahepatic biliary atresia (an incidence of about 1 in 10000 live births) whose outcome without a surgical intervention before 8 weeks is dismal. Eminently treatable entities such as hypothyroidism and urinary tract infection also can present as prolonged jaundice. This article will synthesize the available literature on this topic and present an algorithm for evaluation of neonates presenting with prolonged jaundice useful to pediatricians in outpatient practice.

Carbon dots (CDs) finds applications in the field of optoelectronics, energy conversion, energy storage, etc. In this work, the electrochemical properties of CDs (obtained from a green source, lignite) were established to employ them for supercapacitor application. CDs-modified carbon felt working electrode was fabricated and its electrochemical properties were studied and compared with lignite-modified carbon felt working electrode. The CDs-modified electrode showed a superior capacitance compared with lignite-modified electrode which was evidenced from their cyclic voltammograms, electron impedance spectroscopy, and charge/discharge studies. The highest observed specific capacitance value for CDs-based electrode is 30.5 F g−1 which is 14 times higher than that of lignite-modified electrode.

Determining mechanical properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) requires synthesizing of the alloys in bulk form. However obtaining metallic glass in bulk form is quite challenging due to its tendency towards crystallization. In such circumstances it is beneficial to determine the mechanical properties of materials using finite elemental analysis of microstructures. Thus, in the present investigation, using Object Oriented Finite Element Analysis (OOF2) software package, Stress-Strain analysis has been carried out on Zr60Cu10Al15Ni15 BMG to determine such mechanical properties. Specimen of Zr60Cu10Al15Ni15 BMG exhibiting three microstructurally distinct regions amorphous, partial crystalline and crystalline regions was used for this analysis. The Stress-Strain relationship have been estimated for each of the three distinct phases and the results are validated by determining the Modulus of Elasticity for all the phases and comparing it with the available experimental results from Nano-indentation test.

Excess phosphorus (P) is generally responsible for the eutrophication of Midwestern surface waters and causes algal blooms, fish kills, and other detrimental ecological effects. In-stream transport of dissolved and particulate P (PP), under both stormflow and baseflow conditions, was studied in an agricultural Wisconsin watershed with diverse sizes of animal farm operations. Trends in P losses were compared both on an individual event and seasonal (spring, summer, fall) basis. In-stream P transport was characterized by high PP losses in the spring during periods of relatively little crop cover and high dissolved P losses in the fall, when surface coverage was still present. The majority of P (64–71%) was transported in the spring season during periods of high flow. Presence of high animal density at lower portions of the watershed resulted in increasing downstream P concentration and load (i.e., concentration dilution effects with increasing drainage area were absent). The baseflow TP concentrations were always above the USEPA eutrophication threshold [Ecoregion VII, level III-53: 0.08 mg L−1; (USEPA in Ambient water quality criteria recommendations. Information supporting the development of state and tribal nutrient criteria. Rivers and stream in nutrient ecoregion VII. EPA 822-B-00-018. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/rivers7.pdf , 2000)]. While upland conservation practices are necessary for non-point source pollution control, it is important to ensure that these practices afford protection during the spring time periods when agricultural fields are most vulnerable for offsite movement of sediments and associated constituents.

With increasing gap in the demand and supply of vital organs for transplantation there is a pressing need to bridge the gap with substitutes. One way to make substitutes is by tissue engineering which involves combining several types of synthetic or biomaterials, cells and growth factors cross-linked together to synthesize a functional scaffold for repair or replacement of non-functional organs. Nanoparticle based composites are gaining importance in tissue engineering due to their ability to enhance cell attachment and proliferation. The current study focuses on synthesizing agarose composites embedded with chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker. The synthesis of chitosan coated silver nanoparticles within the scaffold was confirmed with UV-visible spectroscopy. Physical and chemical characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles were done by XRD, FTIR, TGA and SEM. DMA showed higher mechanical strength of the scaffolds. The scaffolds showed degradation of ∼37% within a span of four weeks. The higher physical support provided by the synthesized scaffolds was shown by in-vitro cell viability assay. Broad spectrum anti-bacterial activity and superior hemocompatibility further showed the advantage it offered for growing cells. Thus a biopolymer based nanocomposite was synthesized, with intended widespread use as scaffold for engineering of soft tissues due to its enhanced biocompatibility and greater surface area for cell growth.

Monodispersed colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized by an easy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly method. The AuNPs were mostly quasi-hexagonal in shape with sizes ranging from 15 to 18 nm. A screen-printed electrode modified with AuNPs (AuNPs/SPE) was used as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of As(III) in water samples. The mechanistic details for the detection of As(III) were investigated and an electrochemical reaction mechanism was proposed. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the sensor was highly sensitive to As(III), with a limit of detection of 0.11 μg L−1 (1.51 nM), which is well below the regulatory limit of 10 μg L−1 established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. The sensor responses were highly stable, reproducible, and linear over the As(III) concentration range of 0.075 to 30 μg L−1. The presence of co-existing heavy metal cations such as lead, copper, and mercury did not interfere with the sensor response to As(III). Furthermore, the voltammogram peaks for As(III), lead, copper, and mercury were sufficiently separate for their potential simultaneous measurement, and at very harsh acidic pH it may be possible to detect As(V). The AuNPs/SPE could detect As(III) in tap water samples at near-neutral pH, presenting potential possibilities for real-time, practical applications.

Micro-Electrical Discharge Milling (µED-milling) is a commonly used process to machine intricate micro-channels (µchannels) with high aspect ratio. It can cut blind slots with a simple cylindrical tool, which is difficult using wire EDM. The flushing of machining by-products is the major concern in the process as the interelectrode gap (IEG) is of few microns. Different techniques have been explored by the researchers to enhance debris flushing from the gap. The rotation of the tool electrode is the major driving force for the removal of debris from the gap. In this paper, the flow simulation of dielectric and debris in the IEG are studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Comparative study of the cylindrical and slotted tool is presented with contour plots. The slotted tool is found better as compared to the cylindrical tool as the accretion of particles is very less in case of the slotted tool.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and therapeutic efficacy of lutetium 177 prostate-specific membrane antigen (Lu-177-PSMA) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with low performance status. METHODS: Twenty-two patients already treated with anti-androgens and docetaxel were enrolled for one cycle of Lu-177-PSMA therapy. Haemoglobin, total leukocyte counts, platelets and serum creatinine for toxicity profile while prostate specific antigen (PSA), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, visual analogue scale (VAS) and analgesic quantification scale (AQS) for therapeutic efficacy were recorded pre and 8 weeks post therapy. Wilcoxon signed-rank and ANOVA tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) for PSA were seen in 5 (22.7%), 13 (59.1%) and 4 (18.2%) patients respectively treated with mean 6.88 GBq dose of Lu-177-PSMA. 8/22 (36.4%) patients showed ≥ 30% drop in PSA. Grade 3 haemoglobin toxicity was seen in 5/22 (22.7%) patients. No patient developed grade 4 haemoglobin toxicity. No patients had grade 3 or 4 leukocytopenia or thrombocytopenia. Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed statistical significant (P

Prosopis Wood Biochar (PWB) produced through pyrolysis of wood biomass of Prosopis Juliflora was characterized for its physicochemical characteristics, energy properties, surface morphology and functional groups. PWB had a pH of 8.70, EC of 1.49 dS m-1, H/C of 0.11 and O/C ratio of 0.13. The zeta potential of the PWB was - 24.2 mV with microporous surface characteristics (pore size of about 1.32 µm to 2.51µm diameter and length was 1.34 µm to 10.14 µm). PWB had aldehyde as predominant functional groups along with alkyl halides, alkenes and aromatic compounds..

Perturbation in the microbial population/colony index has harmful consequences on human health. Both biological and social factors influence the composition of the gut microbiota and also promote gastric diseases. Changes in the gut microbiota manifest in disease progression owing to epigenetic modification in the host, which in turn influences differentiation and function of immune cells adversely. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics, chemotherapeutic drugs, and any change in the diet pattern usually contribute to the changes in the colony index of sensitive strains known to release microbial content in the tissue micromilieu. Ligands released from dying microbes induce Toll-like receptor (TLR) mimicry, skew hypoxia, and cause sterile inflammation, which further contributes to the severity of inflammatory, autoimmune, and tumorous diseases. The major aim and scope of this review is both to discuss various modalities/interventions across the globe and to utilize microbiota-based therapeutic approaches for mitigating the disease burden.

Owing to the corona pandemic, the government has insisted on wearing a safety mask and maintaining 6 feet distance to get rid of CoronaVirus. The detection of people with or without masks is a challenge due to the impact of Covid pandemic. There are some models / systems which really reduce the manpower to notify the people. The existing system runs on the model: Yolov3, V G G, for face detection and MobileNetv2 for face recognition, object detection, and semantic segmentation inorder to detect the people with and without masks. The proposed system holds an approach of detecting human’s faces and classifying them into people with and without masks which has been done using image processing and deep learning and our project runs u.3nder a model called Faster RCNN. Moreover, Faster R-CNN is more accurate while other models are faster. Being effective is not important but being efficient is way more important.

Achieving an energy-positive operation is critical to meet the sustainability paradigm for wastewater management. While there is interest in developing energy positive schemes, a comprehensive analysis on full-scale implementation of such schemes is lacking. We used advanced simulation techniques to evaluate a low-energy treatment scheme capable of increasing resource recovery, while simultaneously meeting typical effluent limits (total N [TN] ≤ 3 mg/L; total P [TP] ≤ 1 mg/L). Major components of the treatment scheme include anaerobic membrane bioreactors (BOD/TSS removal), polymeric anion exchangers (P removal) and mainstream anammox process (N removal). Simulation results indicate the potential for reduction in net treatment energy requirement by about 0.46 kW h/m3 (∼ 94 %) compared to a conventional activated sludge system. Energy recovery through biogas combustion (0.29 kW h/m3) was about 90 % of the total energy required for treatment. Sludge production was reduced by 49 % using mainstream anaerobic configurations, while 55 % of the influent COD was recovered as biogas. Sensitivity analysis indicated that dominant parameters controlling energy production and consumption include temperature, influent COD, electric efficiency of combined heat and power (CHP) engine. Determination of solution space for energy self-sufficiency indicated that the proposed treatment scheme could reach a break-even point at 544 mg/L COD and 38 % electric efficiency of the CHP engine. Our analysis helped identify potential challenges for full-scale implementation and determination of operational strategies to overcome these challenges. We believe that our advanced simulation-based analysis provides a platform that utilities can apply to make decisions to achieve sustainable wastewater management.

Glass facade are used very commonly in modern construction due to their role in energy conservation in addition to improving the aesthetics. However, they can easily become vehicles for movement of fire along the building, as has been observed in several past fire accidents. Thus, assessment of facade systems in real fire scenarios is important. Keeping this in mind, a full scale G+2 storey steel frame building has been constructed within the campus of IIT Gandhinagar located in Gujarat, India, where different facade systems can be tested under real fire scenarios. The building has three fire compartments in each storey of plan dimensions 10’×20’ with a storey height of 10’. Fire scenarios are developed using real office furniture (sofa sets, reception desks, curtains, carpets, etc.) in accordance with the National Building Code of India. The building has been instrumented with K-type thermocouples, video and thermal imaging cameras. This study presents observations and inferences related to the performance of a facade system of toughened glass and aluminium composite panels (ACP). The fire was initiated inside the compartment and was allowed to grow naturally, break the facade of ground floor, and propagate to the higher floors through the so-called leap-frog effect. It was observed that the glass panels did not break due to fire but fell to ground in intact form due to expansion of the cladding aluminium frame. ACP boards allowed the inner insulation polymer to be exposed to fire and subsequently initiated a small secondary fire at the ground level outside the building. Severe deformation and melting of the cladding aluminium frame was observed as the temperatures went well beyond the melting point of aluminium. It is expected that the observations presented in this study will enable improvements in the fire safety requirements of facade systems.

Identification of areas contributing disproportionately high amount of pollutants (i.e., critical source areas (CSAs)) to streams is important to efficiently and effectively target best management practices (BMPs). Process-based models are commonly used to identify CSAs and evaluate the impact of alternative management practices on pollutant load reductions. The objective of this study was to use the Soil and Watershed Assessment Tool (SWAT) to identify CSAs at the subwatershed level and evaluate the impact of alternative BMPs on sediment and total phosphorus (TP) load reductions in the Pleasant Valley watershed (50 km2) in South Central Wisconsin (USA). The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, percent bias, and coefficient of determination ranged from 0.58 to 0.71, −12.87 to 38.33, and 0.67 to 0.79, respectively, indicating that SWAT was able to predict stream flow, sediment and TP loadings at a monthly time-step with sufficient accuracy. Based on the SWAT simulation results, annual average (2006–2012) subwatershed yield for sediment and TP ranged from 0.06 to 3.14 tons ha−1 yr−1 and 0.04 to 1.9 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The croplands were the major source of sediment and TP in this watershed (≥84%). Reduction in sediment and TP loading ranged from 66% to 99% at the subwatershed level after conversion of croplands to Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands in subwatersheds identified as CSAs. On the other hand, reduction in sediment and TP loading with implementation of no-till practices ranged from only 14% to 25%. At the watershed outlet, sediment and TP loading reduction was ≤15% after conversion of croplands to CRP grasslands and implementation of no-till practices because only about 8% of the watershed area was targeted for BMPs and/or resuspension of sediment deposited on the stream bed masked the downstream improvements in water quality.

There is an exceptional period of growth in the use of composites over the past decades in the aviation industry. Petroleum based synthetic composites have several properties that make them the choice for various applications. Also it posses good mechanical strength, chemical properties easy process ability, permanent stability, low price, and anti-bacterial properties. These composites are resistant to microbial attack and non degradable. The non-biodegradability of most commercially available plastics has caused many environmental problems associated with their disposal. A consequence of this phenomenal use of plastic materials is their increasing presence in municipal solid waste throw-away products. Increasing environmental concern forces for the use of newer type of materials which is more eco-friendly. Hence the bio-composite concept is developed. Bio composites are made from the natural fibers and are eco-friendly. Both the matrix phase and reinforcing phase are made by the natural fibers. Their properties can be improved by modifying their structure and by adding additives. This project aims in developing the new type of bio composite using Coir, Aloevera, Banana fiber, Baggase, Kenaf and then subjecting it to various tests to determine its properties and proving its promising usage in the aviation field.

LM6 was reinforced with various percentages of ZrO2 particles by using stir casting method. The prepared samples were subjected to tensile and wear test at variable loads by using a pin-on-disc wear tester. The curve fitting technique was used to develop the respective linear, logarithmic, polynomial, power law equations. The wear worn surface and surface roughness of the specimen were studied. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to minimize the number of experimental conditions and develop the mathematical model between the key process parameters namely weight percentage of ZrO2, load and sliding distance. Analysis of Variance technique was applied to check the validity of the developed model. The mathematical model developed for the specific wear rate was predicted at 99% confidence level and some useful conclusions were made.

The material removal phenomenon of sparking and melting in micro-electro-discharge-milling process occurs at inter-electrode gap of dimension less than 50 µm. The behavior of fluid flow properties at inter-electrode gap is not well discussed in the literature and its information will be useful to understand the material flow behavior and tool wear in micro-electro-discharge-milling process. Based on our previous findings, it was well recognized that tool rotation is an inherent part of micro-electro-discharge-milling and directly influences debris flushing and redeposition. Also for a stable machining performance, flow of dielectric will play an important role in flushing away debris from the gap. The objective of this work is to investigate the fluid flow along the inter-electrode gap and to study its effect on debris movement and molten metal redeposition. The fluid flow along the narrow gap of micro-electro-discharge-milling process for different machining conditions is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics simulation. By particle simulation, the effect of different sized particles formed at various positions and their subsequent movement was also analyzed. The computational fluid dynamics analysis results were validated with scanning electron micrographs obtained for various machining conditions of the experiments. The effect of inlet nozzle velocity, tool rotation and size of electrode gap on the dielectric fluid flow was primarily reported and the findings were later superimposed on particle injection velocity to determine the movement of debris along inter-electrode gap. The effect of debris movement on redeposition at workpiece/tool surface and its ejection from inter-electrode gap is recounted.