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V magistrskem delu je predstavljen celosten postopek izdelave georeferenciranega oblaka točk Velike dvorane Županove jame pri Grosupljem. V delu so opisani postopki od vzpostavitve nadzemne koordinatne mreže s tehnologijo GNSS, izboljšavo nadzemne koordinatne mreže in izvedbo poligonskega vlaka skozi celotno jamo do Velike dvorane s klasično terensko izmero in izvedba skeniranja Velike dvorane Županove jame s terestričnim laserskim skenerjem. V delu so opisani tehnični pripomočki in celoten inštrumentarij z vsemi tehničnimi specifikacijami za izvedbo tako kompleksnega problema. Cilj naloge je izdelati georeferenciran oblak točk ustrezne kakovosti za umestitev kraške jame v prostor in prikaz na drugih topografskih podlagah. V zaključku dela so opisane vse ugotovitve, ki smo jih odkrili med izdelavo magistrskega dela. The master's thesis presents the complete process of creating a georeferenced point cloud of the Great Hall of the Mayor's Cave near Grosuplje. The paper describes the procedures from the establishment of a coordinate network above the ground with GNSS technology, the improvement of the coordinate network above the ground and the implementation of a polygon through the entire cave to the Great Hall with classical terestrial measurement and the scanning of the Great Hall of the Mayor's Cave with a terrestrial laser scanner. The paper describes the technical aids and the entire equipment with all the technical specifications for solving out such a complex problem. The aim of the task is to create a georeferenced cloud of points of appropriate quality for the placement of a karst cave in space and display on other topographic bases. At the end of the paper, all the findings that we discovered during the preparation of the master's thesis are described.

En octubre de 1999 ocurrió un deslizamiento en la colonia La Aurora de Teziutlán Puebla que provocó el deceso de 130 personas. Durante el periodo de 2008-2011, en esa ladera se construyó una red geodésica para detectar sus desplazamientos, la cual está constituida por 10 puntos sobre la misma y dos estaciones remotas de control, en este lapso de tiempo, efectuamos 11 campañas de mediciones de distancia con estación total. Detectamos desplazamientos negativos de entre -5 y -19mm en algunos puntos cercanos a la corona del deslizamiento de 1999, en el resto de puntos los cambios son muy pequeños. Las velocidades de desplazamientos son menores a 7.3mm por año, por lo que de acuerdo con la clasificación de Cruden y Varnes (1996) estaría situado en el nivel 1, como extremadamente lento. Calculamos los coeficientes de correlación entre los desplazamientos y variables meteorológicas, obtenidas de una estación de la CONAGUA (Comisión Nacional del Agua) cercana a la zona del deslizamiento, no mostrando correlaciones significativas.

The densification of geodetic surveys using classical positioning techniques such as total stations may be necessary due to the quality of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning in urban canyons. However, the correction of distances and angles due to the deflection of the vertical (DV) is usually neglected in commercial softwares and internal software of total stations. Given that context, this research seeks to estimate the influence of DV on the horizontal geodetic positioning with total station in the Brazilian territory. Secondarily, it seeks to demonstrate the practical application of DV in the densification of geodetic networks. It is important to note that land surveys in Brazil must be connected to a geodetic network; therefore, the neglect of DV may degrade the positional quality of geodetic surveys. Results obtained indicate differences in horizontal geodetic positions of up to 45 ppm. Considering the desired positional quality of the geodetic network, such values demonstrate the importance of a proper correction for the DV.

The article describes selected case studies of the trilateration network design. The analyzed case studies may be of interest to the geodetic community but may also be potentially interesti...

For the construction of various civil engineering structures, particular care should be taken in the perspective of geodetic control. Therefore, the design and implementation of the geodetic network deserves special attention. This paper is focused on various aspects of datum definitions for tested micro-triangulation network. It was shown that the geometrical distribution of datum points in a minimally constrained solution has a great impact on the accuracy of the geodetic network. Estimates of the accuracies of individual station y-x coordinates, error circles and error ellipses, obtained by free adjustment, where the datum selection was independent of errors in fixed coordinates, revealed much better quality of control points.

This paper focus on the establishment of Geodetic Network in Nigeria which serve as the framework and basis for every spatially referenced system in the country. It explains the historical development of Nigeria geodetic network, its mode of establishment, data acquisition method, computation and adjustment principles. The use recent positioning satellites (GNSS) and its several methods were discussed with the Least Squares Adjustment techniques. Literatures on best practices were reviewed to identify gaps that need to be covered so as to have an accurate and efficient geodetic network in the Nigeria. The research is basically on principles and methodology on the establishment of Geodetic Network in Nigeria and silent on hardware and software selection for its establishment.

Today with the fast and powerful computers, large data storage systems and modern softwares, the probabilities distribution and efficiency of statistical testing algorithms can be estimated using computerized simulation. Here, we use Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to investigate the power of the test and error probabilities of the Baarda’s iterative data snooping procedure as test statistic for outlier identification in the Gauss-Markov model. The MCS discards the use of the observation vector of Gauss-Markov model. In fact, to perform the analysis, the only needs are the Jacobian matrix; the uncertainty of the observations; and the magnitude intervals of the outliers. The random errors (or residuals) are generated artificially from the normal statistical distribution, while the size of outliers is randomly selected using standard uniform distribution. Results for simulated closed leveling network reveal that data snooping can locate an outlier in the order of magnitude 5σ with high success rate. The lower the magnitude of the outliers, the lower is the efficiency of data snooping in the simulated network. In general, considering the network simulated, the data snooping procedure was more efficient for α=0.01 (1%) with 82.8% success rate.

New technical developments, growing applications and requests for higher accuracy in georeferencing of national reference frame raise a demand on high accuracy National Terrestrial Reference Frame based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and other space geodetic techniques. Since the last decades many countries decided to switch main geodetic control points from triangulation points to Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). This task is currently undertaken by the geodetic authority of Mongolia in collaboration with research and private organizations. The first continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) station in Mongolia became operational in the late 1995 for the global geodetic scientific applications. Since 1997 the survey-mode GPS observations were utilized in Mongolia for crustal deformation studies and for re-survey of the national triangulation network. During the years 2011-2013 CORS network of nearly 18 stations has been built to modernize the old geodetic network. Currently the total number of the reference stations counts to nearly 40. Since Mongolia is located in the tectonically active region, its geodetic reference frame is continuously deforming, which requires regular updates of reference frame. In this paper we discuss the technical issues of the national reference frame of Mongolia considering the crustal deformation of Mongolia and the data management of the national CORS network. Үндэсний геодезийн сүлжээг GNSS CORS тулгуур тогтолцоогоор шинэчлэх асуудалд Хураангуй: Техникийн шинэчлэл болон өндөр нарийвчлалтай газарзүйн холболт хийх хэрэгцээ, шаардлагын өсөлт нь Глобаль Навигацийн Дагуулын Систем болон бусад сансрын геодезийн техникт суурилсан илүү өндөр нарийвчлалтай Үндэсний Тулгуур Тогтолцоог шаардах боллоо. Сүүлийн арваад жилд олон улс орон геодезийн хяналтын цэгүүдээ триангуляцийн цэгээс байнгын ажиллагаатай тулгуур станцаар орлуулах үйл ажиллагаа явуулж эхэлсэн бөгөөд хөгжингүй орнууд динамик тогтолцоо руу шилжиж байна. Энэ ажлыг Монгол улсад Газрын Харилцаа Геодези Зурагзүйн Газар толгойлон судалгааны болон хувийн хэвшлийн байгууллагуудтай хамтран хэрэгжүүлж байгаа билээ. Байнгын ажиллагаатай GPS станц Монголд анх 1995 оны сүүлээс ажиллаж эхэлсэн бөгөөд геодезийн шинжлэх ухааны глобаль хэрэглээнд зориулагдаж байв. 1997 оноос эхлэн давтан хэмжилтийн GPS ажиглалтуудыг царцдасын деформац болон триангуляцийн сүлжээг хэмжихэд ашиглаж эхлэв. 2011-2013 оны хооронд триангуляцийн сүлжээг шинэчлэх зориулалтаар ~18 байнгын ажиллагаатай тулгуур станцуудын сүлжээ байгуулагдсан бөгөөд эдгээр станцуудын тоо одоо 40 гарсан байна. Монгол улсын нутаг дэвсгэр нь тектоникийн идэвхтэй бүс нутагт оршдог тул геодезийн тулгуур тогтолцоо нь байнгын деформацд байна. Тиймээс тулгуур тогтолцоог тогтмол шинэчилж байх шаардлагатай. Энэ өгүүлэлд бид үндэсний тулгуур тогтолцооны техник нөхцлийг байнгын ажиллагаатай станцуудын ажиллагаа, Монгол орны царцдасын деформацыг тооцон тусгасан бөгөөд үндэсний CORS (Байнгын Ажиллагаатай Тулгуур Станцын) сүлжээний өгөгдөл, түүний зохицуулалтын талаар илтгэх болно. Түлхүүр үг: GPS геодези, царцдасын деформацын мониторинг, геодезийн сүлжээ

A Geodetic Network is a network of point interconnected by direction and/or distance measurements or by using Global Navigation Satellite System receivers. Such networks are essential for the most geodetic engineering projects, such as monitoring the position and deformation of man-made structures (bridges, dams, power plants, tunnels, ports, etc.), to monitor the crustal deformation of the Earth, to implement an urban and rural cadastre, and others. One of the most important criteria that a geodetic network must meet is reliability. In this context, the reliability concerns the network's ability to detect and identify outliers. Here, we apply the Monte Carlo Method (MMC) to investigate the reliability of a geodetic network. The key of the MMC is the random number generator. Results for simulated closed levelling network reveal that identifying an outlier is more difficult than detecting it. In general, considering the simulated network, the relationship between the outlier detection and identification depends on the level of significance of the outlier statistical test.

In order to evaluate the accuracy of the local geodetic network of Jurmala City, in research, comparison of forty-seven selected polygonometry network point coordinates with the obtained data was made by performing measurements by real time cinematic (RTK) method in LatPos base station system. Points were chosen so in order to cover evenly the entire territory of the city. At present, gradual renewal and improvement of the local geodetic network takes place in Jurmala. The linear discrepancy of coordinates obtained in measurements varies from 0.016 m to 0.259 m, mean linear discrepancy in the measured points is fixed 0.110 m. Discrepancy of plane coordinates in different regions of Jurmala is not even. It is rather even within approximate boundaries of the determined regions, this is indicated by different directions of offset vectors, which in eastern part of the city are pointed mainly in NW direction, in central part directions are pointed in W direction, but in the western part of the city pointed in NE direction. Concerning heights, only for 3 of measured points discrepancy exceeds 0.05 m error and there are no connection concerning some specific region. 15% of the measured points of the local geodetic network are with appropriate accuracy of plane coordinates. The linear discrepancy of plane coordinates for points of the local geodetic network, which are measured by RTK method and compared with data from the improved network is 0.024 (m), which indicates the high accuracy of RTK method in measurement data. In Jurmala City, obtaining of data by GNNS data receivers is encumbered by large density of trees. Therefore the local geodetic network in city has very important role in order to ensure performance of geodetic measurements of high quality in the territory of the city. Aim of the research is to evaluate the accuracy of the local geodetic network of Jurmala City. The following tasks have been set for achieving the aim: research of the given problem, visit of the local geodetic network points, performing control measurements, data processing and analysis.

Experimental confirmation of the adaptive theory of recognition and stable determination of information components as part of a given vector of estimated parameters of an ill-posed inverse problem that arises in the processing of measurement information is presented. The experiment is based on numerical simulation of the problem of determining the parameters of a transformation of the coordinates of the points of a satellite geodetic network into the state coordinate basis by means of a decomposition model. The advantages of the Helmert decomposition model and an adaptive regularization algorithm for stable estimation of the information regularization parameters for stable estimation of the information parameters of a transformation by comparison with the initial Helmert model are confirmed.

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra is a unique monastery complex included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The first mentions of the caves in the chronicles date back to the year 1051. The idea of creating a 3D model of Lavra’s caves was suggested by the Kiev Pechersk Lavra coenobites with the aim to attract public attention to the problem of preserving the Lavra Caves for future generations. It consists of an above-ground part (a complex of religious buildings) and an underground part (caves). The caves form a system of underground corridors subdivided into several parts – the Near Caves, the Far Caves, and the Varangian Caves. Today the caves are in an emergency state and need urgent restoration. Results presented in the paper comprise all steps of the 3D model of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra caves creation. At the first step, a spatial underground geodetic network for scans georeferencing was created. Totally over 60 stations with quite short distances from 2 m up to 15 m, with many open traverses were measured. Terrestrial laser scanning for over than 450 m tunnels and entrance structures has been performed. At the last step, data processing and modelling have been done with a result in the form of plans, cross-sections and TIN model of the whole complex. The paper devoted to features of those works and prospective applications of the results.

One of the most popular functions of modern mobile phones is determining the coordinates of the device using built-in GNSS receivers. By using map images extensively available on the Internet, today's smartphones have become basic navigation devices of the average user. Mobile devices with built-in GNSS receivers are primarily used in land navigation. However, marine sailing, tourism and recreation are fields where the use of mobile phones as navigation devices is also very common. The average position errors of GNSS receivers mounted on smartphones decisively influence the ability and accuracy of navigation based on those devices. This publication analyses the accuracy of the dynamic positioning of six Samsung Galaxy smartphones during vessel manoeuvring. As part of the parallel tracking studies, the telephone positions were compared to those of precise GNSS receivers, using corrections from an active geodetic network with an accuracy of 2–3 cm (p = 0.95). As a result of the 4-h measurement, the accuracy statistics for each of the phone models were defined based on approximately 10,000 positions. Studies indicate that there are significant differences in the accuracy of positioning as performed by the models in question.

V magistrski nalogi smo obravnavali položajno mrežo v okolici Osnovne šole Polhov Gradec. Predstavili smo obliko geodetske mreže, načine stabilizacije in signalizacije točk v geodetski mreži. V prvi terminski izmeri so geodetski datum določale tri referenčne točke (3, 4 in 5). V drugi terminski izmeri se je pojavil dvom v stabilnost referenčne točke 5. Položajno geodetsko mrežo smo v tretji terminski izmeri dopolnili z referenčno točko 6 in potrdili sume, da referenčna točka 5 ni stabilna. Potrditev stabilnosti referenčne točke 6 smo izvedli v četrti terminski izmeri. Sanirana položajna geodetska mreža z referenčnimi točkami 3, 4 in 6 bo pri nadaljnjih izmerah omogočala visoko natančnost spremljanja premikov in deformacij pilotne stene The thesis deals with the positional network in the vicinity of the Polhov Gradec Elementary school. The shape of the geodetic network as well as the stabilization and signalization of the geodetic network points is described. During the first measuring the geodetic datum has been defined by three reference points (3, 4, and 5). The second measuring showed a doubt as to the stability of reference point 5. During the third measurement the geodetic positional network was expanded with reference point 6 which confirmed that reference point 5 was not stable. The stability of reference point 6 was confirmed during the fourth measurement. The updated positional geodetic network with reference points 3, 4, and 6 is going to provide high accuracy measurements for the tracking of shifts and deformations of the pilot wall.

This article investigates the usage of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) point clouds for monitoring the gradual movements of soil masses due to freeze–thaw activity and water saturation, commonly referred to as solifluction. Solifluction is a geomorphic process which is characteristic for hillslopes in (high-)mountain areas, primarily alpine periglacial areas and the arctic. The movement can reach millimetre-to-centimetre per year velocities, remaining well below the typical displacement mangitudes of other frequently monitored natural objects, such as landslides and glaciers. Hence, a better understanding of solifluction processes requires increased spatial and temporal resolution with relatively high measurement accuracy. To that end, we developed a workflow for TLS point cloud processing, providing a 3D vector field that can capture soil mass displacement due to solifluction with high fidelity. This is based on the common image-processing techniques of feature detection and tracking. The developed workflow is tested on a study area placed in Hohe Tauern range of the Austrian Alps with a prominent assemblage of solifluction lobes. The derived displacements were compared with the established geomonitoring approach with total station and signalized markers and point cloud deformation monitoring approaches. The comparison indicated that the achieved results were in the same accuracy range as the established methods, with an advantage of notably higher spatial resolution. This improvement allowed for new insights considering the solifluction processes.

International audience; In recent years, the French seismological, geodetic and gravimetric community has been structured within RESIF (French seismological and geodetic network). In addition to instrumental developments, RESIF has structured the work on French seismicity (metropolitan and overseas) within the RESIF transverse seismicity action (ATS). The purpose of this article is to present the ATS and the way it is structured to propose to the community different products: seismicity bulletin and catalogue, historical and instrumental macroseismicity data, shakemaps. The places where these products can be found are indicated, as well as the way they are realized and the improvements in progress for a better realization and availability. The link with EPOS (European plate observing system) is also underlined.; Ces dernières années, la communauté sismologique, géodésique et gravimétrique française s'est structurée au sein de RESIF (Réseau sismologique et géodésique français). Outre les développements instrumentaux, RESIF a structuré les travaux sur la sismicité française (métropole et outre-mer) au sein de l'Action transverse sismicité (ATS) de RESIF. L'objet de cet article est de présenter l'ATS et la manière dont elle est structurée pour proposer à la communauté différents produits : bulletin et catalogue de sismicité, données historiques et instrumentales de macrosismicité, shakemaps. Les endroits où ces produits peuvent être trouvés sont indiqués, ainsi que la façon dont ils sont réalisés et les améliorations en cours pour une meilleure réalisation et disponibilité. Le lien avec EPOS (European plate observing system) est également souligné.

For the first time, a 6-km long fiber-optic strain cable was deployed across an active fault on the seafloor with the aim to monitor possible tectonic movement using laser reflectometry, 25 km offshore Catania Sicily (an urban area of 1 million people). Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) is commonly used for structural health monitoring (bridges, dams, etc.) and under ideal conditions, can measure small strains (10-6) along a fiber-optic cable, across very large distances (10 - 200 km), with a spatial resolution of 10 - 50 m. The FocusX1 expedition, (6-21 October 2020) onboard the R/V Pourquoi Pas? was the first experiment of the European funded FOCUS project (ERC Advanced Grant). We first performed micro-bathymetric mapping and a video camera survey using the ROV Victor6000 to select the best path for the cable track and for deployment sites for eight seafloor geodetic stations. Next we connected a custom designed 6-km long fiber-optic cable (manufactured by Nexans Norway) to the TSS (Test Site South) seafloor observatory in 2100 m water depth operated by INFN-LNS (Italian National Physics Institute) via a new Y-junction frame and cable-end module. Cable deployment was performed by means of a deep-water cable-laying system with an integrated plow (updated Deep Sea Net design Ifremer, Toulon) to bury the cable 20 cm in the soft sediments in order to increase coupling between the cable and the seafloor. The cable track crosses the North Alfeo Fault at four locations. Laser reflectometry measurements began on 18 October 2020 and are being calibrated by a 3 - 4 year deployment of eight seafloor geodetic instruments (Canopus acoustic beacons manufactured by iXblue) deployed on 15 October 2020. During a future marine expedition, tentatively scheduled for early 2022 (FocusX2) a passive seismological experiment is planned to record regional seismicity. This will involve deployment of a temporary network of Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) on the seafloor and seismic stations on land, supplemented by INGV permanent land stations. The simultaneous use of laser reflectometry, seafloor geodetic stations as well as seismological land and sea stations will provide an integrated system for monitoring a wide range of slipping event types along the North Alfeo Fault (e.g. - creep, slow-slip, rupture). A long-term goal of the project is the development of dual-use telecom cables with industry partners.

Optimization of a geodetic network is a process in which a specific stage (or stages) is designed in such a way that the obtained result meets the assumed (optimum) design requirements. The...

Several least-squares adjustment techniques were tested for dam deformation analysis. Deformation monitoring had only been studied horizontally. Simulated observations were first performed ...

В статье рассмотрено геодезическое обеспечение при проектировании и возведении насыпных сооружений, обеспечение требуемой геометрической точности при разбивке и возведении. Геодезические работы при строительстве земляных насыпных сооружений следует выполнять средствами измерений необходимой точности., The article considers geodetic support in the design and construction of bulk structures, ensuring the required geometric accuracy in the breakdown and construction. Geodetic works in the construction of earthen bulk structures should be carried out by measuring instruments of the required accuracy.

In urban areas, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can lead to position errors of tens of meters due to signal obstruction and severe multipath effects. In cases of 3D-positioning, the vertical coordinate is estimated less accurately than are the horizontal coordinates. Multisensor systems can enhance navigation performance in terms of accuracy, availability, continuity and integrity. However, the addition of multiple sensors increases the system cost, and thereby the applicability to low-cost applications is limited. By using the concept of receiver clock modelling (RCM), the position estimation can be made more robust; the use of high-sensitivity (HS) GNSS receivers can improve the system availability and continuity. This paper investigates the integration of a low-cost HS GNSS receiver with an external clock in urban conditions; subsequently, the gain in the navigation performance is evaluated. GNSS kinematic data is recorded in an urban environment with multiple geodetic-grade and HS receivers. The external clock stability information is incorporated through the process noise matrix in a Kalman filter when estimating the position, velocity and time states. Results shows that the improvement in the precision of the height component and vertical velocity with both receivers is about 70% with RCM compared with the estimates obtained without applying RCM. Pertaining accuracy, the improvement in height with RCM is found to be about 70% and 50% with geodetic and HS receivers, respectively. In terms of availability, the HS receiver delivers an 100% output compared with a geodetic receiver, which provides an output 99⋅4% of the total experiment duration. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Royal Institute of Navigation..

El siguiente artículo nace de una propuesta generada hace unos años y expuesta como tesis de pregrado para adquirir el título de ingeniero Catastral y Geodesta, el planteamiento de esta investigación se presentó bajo la modalidad para proyecto de grado en investigación e innovación generado por la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de caldas; ahora el presente documento es una articulación de la investigación realizada que contiene un enfoque al actual proceso del desarrollo del catastro multipropósito que quiere darse en Colombia, de esta forma se plantea la creación, implementación y monumentación de una nueva red geodésica nacional la cual tendría toda la información coordenada del país, por medio de nuevas placas que contienen incrustados chips NFC y códigos QR, lo que permite la interacción en campo y oficina con los datos, su fácil consulta y ágil actualización. De este proyecto se espera orientar a los usuarios para la implementación de una nueva red de puntos que generará un progreso tecnológico en el desarrollo del país en cuanto al catastro multipropósito ya que será la partidaria de nueva cartografía, será base de amarre en cuanto a temas de topografía y geodesia a nivel nacional y así mismo al censo, formación y actualización predial que actualmente está en desarrollo dado a la descentralización de diversos catastros, con el único ideal de mejorar la calidad de la información coordenada del país, su correcta manutención y su metodología de actualización, logrando construir redes de densificación que con el tiempo constituirán una red nacional inteligente gracias al módulo de identificación con tecnología QR y NFC implementado en las placas monumentadas, posicionadas y procesadas. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 MATERIALES Y METODOS 2 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES 3 CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS The following article arises from a proposal generated a few years ago and presented as an undergraduate thesis to acquire the title of Cadastral and Geodesta engineer, the approach of this research was presented under the modality of a degree project in research and innovation generated by the District University Francisco José de Caldas; Now this document is an articulation of the research carried out that contains an approach to the current process of the development of the multipurpose cadastre that wants to take place in Colombia, in this way the creation, implementation and monumentation of a new national geodetic network is proposed, which would have all the coordinated information of the country, by means of new plates that contain embedded NFC chips and QR codes, which allows interaction in the field and office with the data, its easy consultation and agile updating. This project is expected to guide users for the implementation of a new network of points that will generate technological progress in the development of the country in terms of the multipurpose cadastre since it will be the supporter of new cartography, it will be a mooring base in terms of issues of topography and geodesy at the national level and also to the census, training and property update that is currently under development due to the decentralization of various cadastres, with the sole ideal of improving the quality of the coordinated information of the country, its correct maintenance and its updating methodology, managing to build densification networks that over time will constitute an intelligent national network thanks to the identification module with QR and NFC technology implemented in the monumental, positioned and processed plates. Especialización

The design of surveying networks inside tunnels is of crucial importance because an optimal design enables the network to fulfill its required quality parameters, for instance, precision an...

Temporal mass variations within the Earth&rsquo, s system can be detected on a regional/global scale using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellite missions&rsquo, data, while GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data can be used to detect those variations on a local scale. The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness of national GNSS CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Stations) networks for the determination of those temporal mass variations and for improving GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions. The area of Poland was chosen as a study area. Temporal variations of equivalent water thickness &Delta, EWT and vertical deformations of the Earth&rsquo, s surface &Delta, h were determined at the sites of the ASG-EUPOS (Active Geodetic Network of the European Position Determination System) CORS network using GRACE/GRACE-FO-based GGMs and GNSS data. Moreover, combined solutions of &Delta, EWT were developed by combining &Delta, EWT obtained from GNSS data with the corresponding ones determined from GRACE satellite mission data. Strong correlations (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.6 to 0.9) between detrended &Delta, h determined from GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite mission data and the corresponding ones from GNSS data were observed at 93% of the GNSS stations investigated. Furthermore, for the determination of temporal mass variations, GNSS data from CORS network stations provide valuable information complementary to GRACE satellite mission data.

V okviru magistrske naloge smo vzpostavili geodetsko mrežo, sestavljeno iz osmih točk. Meritve smo izvedli s klasično terestrično metodo izmere v kombinaciji s statično metodo izmere GNSS. Ločeno smo izvedli položajno in višinsko izravnavo meritev po metodi najmanjših kvadratov. Rezultate izravnave smo podali v državnem prostorskem koordinatnem sistemu. Vzpostavljeno geodetsko osnovo smo uporabili za izmero in izračun oslonilnih točk. Oslonilne točke smo uporabili za georeferenciranje oblaka točk terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Oblak točk, ki smo ga registrirali, georeferencirali, očistili (filtrirali) in izvozili, je omogočal vizualno predstavitev cerkve sv. Janeza Krstnika in kamnitega mostu čez Jezernico v Bohinju. Med izmero je potekala določitev koordinat zvonika cerkve sv. Janeza Krstnika, saj je zvonik viden iz širše okolice in uporaben za orientacijo kasnejših izmer. Koordinate cerkvenega zvonika smo določili s kombinacijo klasične terestrične metode izmere in statične metode izmere GNSS ter s postopkom terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Rezultate izračuna obeh metod smo ovrednotili in med seboj primerjali. Dodatno smo ocenili kakovost vsedržavnega modela trikotniške transformacije. As part of the master's thesis, we established a geodetic network consisting of eight points. The measurements were performed with the classical terrestrial measurement method in combination with the static GNSS measurement method. Horizontal and height adjustment was performed separately by the method of least squares. The results of the adjustment were given in the national spatial coordinate system. The established geodetic basis was used to measure and calculate the control points. The control points were used to georeference the terrestrial laser scanning point cloud. The point cloud, which we registered, georeferenced, filtered and exported, enabled a visual presentation of the church of St. John the Baptist and the nearby stone bridge over the Jezernica river in Bohinj. During the measurement, the coordinates of the belfry of the church of St. John the Baptist were determined, as the bell tower is visible from the wider surroundings and thus useful for orientation in the future measurements. The coordinates of the church belfry were determined with the classical terrestrial measurement method and the static GNSS measurement method, as well as with the terrestrial laser scanning. The results of the calculation were evaluated and compared with each other. We further assessed the quality of the Slovenian triangle-based transformation model.

V diplomski nalogi je obravnavana geodetska mreža, ki je bila vzpostavljena za potrebe spremljanja plazovitega območja na Potoški planini. Izmerjena je bila s precizno klasično terestrično geodetsko izmero v dveh terminskih izmerah. Oblika mreže se mora zaradi specifičnosti terena precej prilagoditi naravnim oviram, kar vpliva na kakovost meritev. Tako smo se v osrednjem delu naloge osredotočili na analizo merjenih količin in mrežo optimizirali, da zagotavlja doseganje kakovostnih rezultatov, kakor jih zahteva naročnik. Poleg tega je predstavljena tudi izmera, obdelava meritev, horizontalna in višinska izravnava ter izračun premikov na kontrolnih točkah ob geoloških vrtinah. In this graduation thesis we discussed the geodetic network, which was established for needs of monitoring the landslide area on Potoška planina. It was measured with precise classical geodetic survey in two term measurements. Due to the specifics of the terrain, the shape of the network has to adapt to natural obstacles, which affects the quality of measurements. Thus, in the main part of the task, we focused on the analysis of measured quantities and optimized the network to ensure the achievement of quality results as required by the client. In addition, measurement, processing of measurements, horizontal and height leveling and calculation of displacements at control points along geological wells are also presented.

La medicion de la deformacion de la corteza terrestre utilizando tecnicas basadas en Sistemas Globales de Navegacion por Satelite (GNSS) fue una de las metodologias a utilizar en el proyecto Topo-Iberia. Concretamente se utilizo el Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) y se establecio una red de veintiseis estaciones operando continuamente (cGPS) en la Peninsula Iberica y norte de Africa. Las redes GNSS requieren un control permanente para asegurarse de que las estaciones funcionan correctamente y que la calidad de sus datos son apropiados para estudios geodinamicos. En este trabajo se ha desarrollado y presentado por primera vez la monitorizacion y control de calidad de las estaciones de la red Topo-Iberia que estan a cargo de la Universidad de Jaen. Se han descrito los procesos del control de calidad implementados en el Servicio GNSS del CEACTierra, abarcando desde la recuperacion de datos GPS de las estaciones desplegadas en campo hasta su envio al Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana (IGME), institucion encargada de centralizarlos. Se ha estudiado la calidad de un periodo de casi once anos en el caso de estaciones activas y se han analizado los eventos acontecidos mas significativos. El estudio manifiesta que los emplazamientos de estas estaciones son optimos para conformar una red geodesica y que los valores en sus parametros de calidad estan al nivel de las mejores estaciones del IGS. Ademas, este estudio complementa la labor del IGME proporcionando informacion sobre sus datos GPS recopilados que hasta ahora no existia. Measurement of crustal deformation using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based techniques was one of the methodologies used in the Topo-Iberia project. Global Positioning System (GPS) was used, and a network of twenty-six continuously operating stations (cGPS) was established on the Iberian Peninsula and in North Africa. GNSS networks require continuous control to ensure that the stations work properly and data quality is appropriate for geodynamic studies. The monitoring and quality control of the Topo-Iberia network stations, being under the charge of the University of Jaen, are developed and presented for the first time in this paper. The quality control processes implemented at the CEACTierra GNSS Service are described, ranging from retrieving GPS data from stations deployed in the field to uploading the data to the Spanish Geological Survey (IGME), the institution in charge of storing them. The quality of a period of almost eleven years is studied in the case of active stations, and the most significant events analyzed. The study shows that the locations of these stations are optimal to form a geodetic network and the values in its quality parameters are on a par with the best IGS stations. Furthermore, this study complements the IGME work by providing information on its collected GPS data that previously did not exist.

Cerkveni zvoniki so v preteklosti, zaradi višje postavitve, predstavljali primerne orientacijske točke pri detajlni izmeri. Ob razvoju metod satelitske izmere in predvsem z uvedbo koordinatnega sistema D96/TM so počasi izgubili svoj pomen. Kljub temu, so za razliko od talnih trigonometričnih točk, večinoma ostali nedotaknjeni. Kot taki omogočajo določitev transformacijskih parametrov med starim in novim koordinatnim sistemom. Zato potrebujemo določitev njihovih položajev tudi v novem koordinatnem sistemu. Postopek določitve položaja cerkvenega zvonika z uporabo terestričnega laserskega skeniranja, smo opisali na primeru obeh zvonikov trnovske cerkve. Postopek vključuje določitev koordinat oslonilnih točk za georeferenciranje oblakov točk. Kar zahteva določitev geodetskega datuma s kombinacijo izmere GNSS in geometričnega nivelmana ter klasično izmero geodetske mreže z izravnavo proste mreže in uporabo postopka S-transformacije. Na podlagi georeferenciranih oblakov točk smo določili položaj trigonometrične točke zvonika z izravnavo parametrov krogle. Podatke smo filtrirali z uporabo algoritma RANSAC tako, da smo imeli v izravnavi res le točke, ki pripadajo krogli. Rezultate smo primerjali s položaji določenimi na podlagi klasične geodetske izmere. In the past, church belfries, due to their higher layout, often served as reference points in surveying. With the development of satellite based positioning methods and the establishment of the D96/TM coordinate system, they slowly lost their significance. Nevertheless, unlike ground trigonometric points, they have remained largely intact. As such, they enable transformation parameters determination between the old and the new coordinate system. Therefore, we need to determine their positions in the new coordinate system. We described the determination of the church belfries position using terrestrial laser scanning, on the example of both belfries of the Trnovo church. The process involves determining coordinates of the tie points for georeferencing the point clouds. This requires the determination of the geodetic datum by a combination of GNSS measurement and geometric levelling, and the classical geodetic survey of the geodetic network with free-network adjustment and further use of the S-transformation. Based on the georeferenced point clouds, we determined the position of the trigonometric point by sphere parameters adjustment. The data is filtered using the RANSAC algorithm so that we only have points that belong to the sphere in the adjustment process. The results were compared with the positions determined based on the classical geodetic survey.