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In France, spatial injustice is usually described as disadvantages related to place that result in the feeling that the local population is left out or unable to shape the locality’s own future. It contrasts with a strong tradition of “égalité des territoires” (“equality between territories”) which shapes the spatial planning policy. Two contrasted case studies have been selected for the RELOCAL project in France. Located in peri-urban post-industrial contexts, they both need to reopen the path towards local development. The EPA Alzette-Belval (Lorraine) is a top-down initiative established through an on-site technical implementation, while Euralens is a more bottom-up, autonomous association in the Nord mining basin. Spatial injustices existed in both localities, and there were a number of similarities (e.g. access to and financing of public services, fair and equitable access to decision-making processes). The national context goes beyond the individual findings for each case, to reflect on their significance in a national context shaped by successive waves of decentralisation and the recent launch of nationally led thematic initiatives to support local development. We found that Euralens and the EPA Alzette-Belval make a direct contribution to greater spatial justice. The EPA Alzette-Belval specifically targets distributive justice, while Euralens targets procedural justice more. These two actions demonstrate that despite decentralisation, the state remains crucial in France. Like the place-based approach promoted at the EU level, France encourages localities to build up their own initiatives to foster local development, while the state provides timely support through dedicated schemes (e.g. ERBM, ÉcoCité, EPA à la française). In this context, regions facing steep challenges (e.g. economic regeneration following the fall of single industries, asymmetric border exchanges and interdependencies) are overwhelmed by the task of effectively mobilising the national tools at their disposal and initiating local development on their own. Nationally led instruments therefore need to be adapted to local geographic, political and social specificities in order to be capable of deploying their full impact. It therefore seems important – especially in a unitary country like France – to keep monitoring spatial disparities and social inequalities, have dedicated channels for territories to bring forward their respective problems, and as a consequence to keep redistributive measures that can be mobilised to address the deepest territorial divides. Too often, potential beneficiaries of EU funding do not apply (i.e. due to the administrative burden, lack of information). Access to EU regional policy should be more open, simpler and based more on impact (including qualitative and quantitative indicators). Open European satellites with dedicated agents in territories facing structural challenges could contribute by enabling these regions and giving “Brussels” a more human and less bureaucratic face.

In dem Beitrag wird ein praxissoziologischer Ansatz für die Beschreibung und Analyse der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit vorgestellt. Dafür wird zunächst die Entwicklung der Kooperationsforschung, ihre charakteristischen Orientierungen sowie die Grundzüge praxistheoretischen Denkens skizziert. Darauf aufbauend wird die heuristische Denkfigur der grenzüberschreitenden Praxisformation erarbeitet, die mit Prämissen herkömmlicher Kooperationsforschung bricht. Sie wird am Beispiel von vier Herausforderungen der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit weiter ausdifferenziert, um schließlich zu einer alternativen Perspektivierung der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit zu gelangen. Es folgt ein Ausblick, der auf die forschungspraktischen Besonderheiten des vorgestellten Ansatzes eingeht mit Blick auf eine künftige praxissoziologische und multidisziplinär anschlussfähige Kooperationsforschung. The paper presents a practice-sociological approach to the description and analysis of cross-border cooperation. For this purpose, the development of cooperation research, its characteristic orientations as well as the fundamentals of practical theoretical thinking will be outlined. Based on this, the heuristic figure of thought of cross-border practice formation is developed, which breaks with the premises of conventional cooperation research. It will be further differentiated on the basis of four challenges of cross-border cooperation, in order to arrive at an alternative perspective on cross-border cooperation. The following is an outlook, which deals with the research-specific features of the approach presented, with a view to a future practice-sociological and multidisciplinary cooperation research. L'article présente une approche praxéologique pour la description et l'analyse de la coopération transfrontalière. À cette fin, l’évolution de la recherche sur la coopération, ses orientations caractéristiques ainsi que les principes fondamentaux de la pensée praxéologique seront exposés. Sur cette base, le modèle heuristique de la formation transfrontalière de pratiques est développé en rupture avec les prémisses de la recherche conventionnelle sur la coopération. Il sera davantage différencié sur la base de quatre défis de la coopération transfrontalière, afin d’aboutir à une vue analytique alternative sur la coopération transfrontalière. L’analyse qui suit traite des spécificités méthodologiques liées à l’approche présentée et vise à une future recherche sur la coopération orientée vers la praxéologie et la multidisciplinarité.

This article uses a novel quantitative methodology to examine sepulchral material culture. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of social spatialization and art as agency, the authors contend that variations in grave designs and materiality cannot simply be explained in terms of changes in fashion and mentality. Other factors also need to be taken into account. Using a digital data collection tool, the Cemetery Surveyor Application (CSA) developed at the University of Luxembourg, they compile a set of data encompassing all the material aspects of each grave in a cemetery in Luxembourg (Western Europe), the setting of their case study. The graves are dated from the 1850s to 2015. |The authors compare the chronological evolution of the most recurrent material features with a GIS-based spatial analysis of the same features. The results of the spatial analysis not only largely confirm the chronological study, but also allow them to be more precise (dating is often problematic) and include undated graves (a third of the sample). The digital data collection tool also allows them to compare cemeteries and to highlight variations in these that cannot merely be imputed to chronology, but also to spatial proximity and material agency.

À travers une analyse des camps de réfugiés palestiniens en Jordanie, cet article montre que, afin de rendre compte de la multi-dimensionnalité qui caractérise l’expérience des réfugiés dans les camps, il est nécessaire de s’intéresser aux processus complexes par lesquels ces espaces deviennent des lieux « exceptionnels », mais aussi « ordinaires ». Le fonctionnement des camps en tant qu’ « espaces d’ambiguïté » est ainsi le concept qui permet le mieux de saisir leur nature. En Jordanie, c’est le caractère ambigu des camps de réfugiés palestiniens qui permet de garantir une forme de stabilité politique. Afin de mettre en évidence cette ambiguïté, après avoir étudié son origine et sa mise en place, les auteurs analysent sa spatialisation dans les camps, en s’intéressant à la gestion de ces lieux. Il montre que la re-production de cette ambiguïté est le fait des acteurs en charge des camps, ainsi que des réfugiés eux-mêmes. This article looks at the evolution of Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan. To understand the complexity of refugees’ experience, it is necessary to move beyond the discussion of whether refugee camps are « spaces of exception » or « ordinary spaces », and examine how exceptionality and ordinariness are dimensions ultimately interconnected in the camp. The authors argue here that the concept of « spaces of ambiguity » is the analytical category best suited to grasp the complex nature of refugee camps and the crucial role that they have played to the very political stability of Jordan. To show this, the article will explore the institution of this ambiguity, its spatialisation and its re-production within the camps. It will do so by looking at the management of camps and the main actors involved.

Knowledge coproduction between practitioners and scientists offers promising opportunities for the emerging research field of the geography of sustainability transitions. Drawing on experiences from an international research project on urban green building transitions, this article explores the potentials and challenges of interactive and collaborative knowledge generation methods in understanding sustainability transitions. Our results show that ongoing engagement with local experts and practitioners through interactive World Caf e workshops and follow-up exchanges allows for a better understanding of the research context and knowledge exchange to all participants involved in the research process.

This article addresses the varying interpretations, idealising and use of community, with specific reference to the way community is mobilised, deployed and put to work within the transition to low carbon futures. It surveys the broad heritage of community from nineteenth century sociology to more recent post-structural interpretations, including community as a governmental technique. This backdrop of wider understandings of community is now reflected in the emerging field of community low carbon transitions. The paper looks to the multiple, overlapping yet categorically different communities implied in this theoretically and empirically burgeoning field. First, and in common with community’s social science heritage, this article argues that community is polysemic. That is, it carries within it wide and varied semantic associations; importantly — amongst small-scale, place or rurality — requiring commonality and a border. Digging deeper, community also has a concurrent social theory legacy beyond referred semantic association. Here community is polyvalent, capaciously involving many different and overlapping values: from exclusive belonging, exclusion of others and difference, a more governmental fostering of correct conduct and good behaviour, to a feeling of belonging or acceptance that goes beyond semantics. Lastly, and innovatively for this area of study, the paper addresses community as phatic communication. Here, community has no meaning, nor does it imply shared or encouraged values. Rather community is reduced to gesture, which transforms understanding the way community is used in meeting low carbon challenges.

Maintaining cognitive function is a prerequisite of living independently, which is a highly valued component in older individuals' well-being. In this article we assess the role of early-life and later-life nutritional status, education, and literacy on the cognitive functioning of older adults living in poverty in Peru. We exploit the baseline sample of the Peruvian noncontributory pension program Pension 65 and find that current nutritional status and literacy are strongly associated with cognitive functioning for poor older adults. In a context of rising popularity of noncontributory pension programs around the world, our study intends to contribute to the discussion of designing accompanying measures to the pension transfer, such as adult literacy programs and monitoring of adequate nutrition of older adults.

This paper (written in German) provides a reflection on a conceptual framework for transforming mobility policies and practices. It was developed in Germany in the context of the then emerging idea for transforming energy policies (Energiewende). The aim was to put together related concepts for the sustainable development of the demand for, and supply of, mobility and transport and related contexts (Verkehrswende). It was first presented in book format 25 years ago. On that occasion, and since the term has gained some attention and recognition in political realms recently, the concept is subject to a critical reflection from today's perspective.

Sustainable building has become a subject of high policy emulation to address sustainability challenges. Publications and interventions from international organisations concord in outlining the high share of greenhouse gas emissions produced by the building sector, while at the same time pointing towards the important leverage for sustainability interventions on the built environment. The realisation of sustainable building crosses serval functional domains: regulatory, economic, cultural, social, natural etc. It requires also to consider buildings in a comprehensive manner from their inception, construction, up to their use and eventual retrofit or demolition but also in relationship with their wider (urban) settings. And last but not least, it requires close interactions with a wide range of stakeholders with different interests and disciplinary perspectives. As a result, sustainable building transformations are a widely diversified agenda. Hence the primary interest, as well as objective of this work, has been to try to better grasp the causes and mechanisms that explain such large differentiation of sustainable building. Drawing on critical sustainable urban literature, I posit sustainable building as diversified because it is a situated and socially mediated object. Conceptually, the work engages with two approaches. First the literature on sustainable socio-technical transitions, in particular the Multi-Level Perspective. Its grounding in co-evolutionary and institutional thinking helps to comprehend the socio-material complexity of sustainable building across a broad range of dimensions and connections. In complementing, and following the adopted socially constructed stance, the work further looks at the discursive constructs used to argue in favour of the transformation towards sustainable building, as the performativity of discourse helps to explain why that change occurs. The operationalisation of the research inquires sustainable building transformations in two European urban areas, Luxembourg (LU) and Freiburg (D), that both focus on sustainable building transformations in their urban policy agenda. Using a mix of qualitative research methods (interviews, cooperative research workshops, and the discourse analysis of a text corpus), I look into detail at how sustainable building policies are played out and how their content varies in relation to the geographical context in which they are situated. Of particular interest to my research is to understand why the transitions towards sustainable building in Luxembourg and Freiburg is a certain way, following the ideologies and interpretations that underlay it. This focus allows to uncover similarities in both Luxembourg and Freiburg where sustainable building is dominantly addressed via technicalities, energy efficiency and green growth, thus tying onto the mainstreamed socio-economic paradigm, despite locally differentiated circumstances.

L’industrie textile a eu beaucoup de temps pour transformer les paysages industriels de la Grande Région SaarLorLux car c’est une des activités économiques les plus précocement industrialisées. Souvent née sur des bases proto-industrielles, elle est mécanisée très tôt dans la plupart de ses branches (de la filature à la confection en passant par le tissage, la teinture, le blanchiment et l’impression) et forme ainsi et parfois de vastes concentrations industrielles, qui s’imposent aux côtés d’implantations restées plus modestes. Mais cette branche pionnière est aujourd’hui souvent présentée en Europe comme une activité du passé, dont l’essentiel a été délocalisé dans des pays du Sud à bas coût de main d’œuvre. The textile industry has had a long time to transform the industrial landscape of the Greater Region SaarLorLux, as it is one of the earliest industrialised economic activities. Often born on a proto-industrial basis, it was mechanised very early on in most of its branches (from spinning to weaving, dyeing, bleaching and printing to clothing) and thus formed, sometimes, vast industrial concentrations, which imposed themselves alongside more modest establishments. However, this pioneering industry is now often presented in Europe as an activity of the past, the bulk of which has been relocated to low labour cost countries in the South. Die Textilindustrie hatte viel Zeit, die Industrielandschaften der Großregion SaarLorLux zu verändern, da sie eine der am frühesten industrialisierten Wirtschaftsaktivitäten ist. Sie entstand oft auf protoindustrieller Basis, wurde in den meisten Bereichen (von der Spinnerei über das Weben, Färben, Bleichen und Bedrucken bis hin zur Konfektionierung) sehr früh mechanisiert und bildete so und manchmal auch große Industriekonzentrationen, die sich neben kleineren Ansiedlungen durchsetzen konnten. Diese Pionierbranche wird heute in Europa jedoch oft als eine Aktivität der Vergangenheit dargestellt, die größtenteils in Länder des Südens mit niedrigen Arbeitskosten verlagert wurde.

International audience

En raison de l'évolution démographique et de la baisse de la natalité dans certaines parties de la Grande Région SaarLorLux, la migration est devenue de plus en plus importante au cours des dernières années. La croissance démographique que l'on observe actuellement dans la Grande Région est également due en premier lieu à des gains migratoires importants. Ainsi, entre 1990 et 2006, l'immigration nette dans la Grande Région s'est élevée à 558 500 personnes, le phénomène migratoire ayant toutefois influencé l'évolution démographique dans des proportions variables selon les composantes régionales. Traduit avec www.DeepL.com/Translator (version gratuite) Hinsichtlich des demographischen Wandels und des Geburtenrückgangs in einigen Teilen der Großregion SaarLorLux ist die Migration in den vergangenen Jahren immer bedeutsamer geworden. Auch das zurzeit zu beobachtende Bevölkerungswachstum in der Großregion ist in erster Linie auf erhebliche Wanderungsgewinne zurückzuführen. So belief sich zwischen 1990 und 2006 die Nettozuwanderung in die Großregion auf 558 500 Personen, wobei jedoch das Wanderungsgeschehen in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß in den einzelnen Teilregionen die Bevölkerungsentwicklung beeinflusste. With regard to demographic change and the decline in birth rates in some parts of the Greater Region SaarLorLux, migration has become increasingly significant in recent years. The population growth currently observed in the Greater Region is also primarily due to significant gains in migration. Between 1990 and 2006, net immigration to the Greater Region amounted to 558,500 persons, although migration influenced population development to varying degrees in the individual sub-regions.

This working paper includes analyses of demography and migration in the Greater region. It has a special view on cross-border mobility, ageing and health infrastructure in rural areas.

Composée de quatre entités, régions ou Etats, située au cœur de l'Europe, la Grande Région SaarLorLux est depuis longtemps considérée comme un territoire au riche passé industriel d'un grand dynamisme. Parmi les nombreux secteurs d'activité, il en est un qui a longtemps été un fleuron de son savoir-faire : la céramique. Le terme "céramique" recouvre un certain nombre de produits très différents par leur aspect et leurs propriétés, tous fabriqués à partir d'argile cuite. Au fil du temps, les techniques de fabrication ont évolué pour donner naissance à des réalisations de moins en moins poreuses et de plus en plus fines. Les applications de ce matériau se sont donc considérablement étendues. Le travail de l'argile est une tradition ancestrale dans la région, puisque les premières céramiques découvertes sur des sites archéologiques remontent à 7 000 ans. Pendant des millénaires, les potiers ont donc fabriqué des objets en argile cuite. Die Großregion SaarLorLux, bestehend aus vier Einheiten, Regionen oder Staaten, im Herzen Europas, wird seit langem als ein Territorium mit einer reichen industriellen Vergangenheit von großer Dynamik angesehen. Unter den zahlreichen Aktivitätszweigen gibt es einen, der lange Zeit ein Aushängeschild ihres Könnens war: die Keramik. Der Begriff „Keramik“ umfasst eine gewisse Anzahl an sehr unterschiedlichen Produkten, was ihr Aussehen und ihre Eigenschaften betrifft, alle hergestellt aus gebranntem Ton. Im Laufe der Zeit haben sich die Herstellungstechniken weiter entwickelt und immer weniger poröse und feinere Ausführungen hervorgebracht. Die Anwendungen dieses Materials haben sich damit beachtlich ausgeweitet. Das Arbeiten mit Ton stellt in dieser Region eine althergebrachte Tradition dar, da die ersten an archäologischen Fundstellen entdeckten Keramiken 7 000 Jahre alt sind. Jahrtausende lang stellten also Töpfer Gegenstände aus gebranntem Ton her. Consisting of four entities, regions or states, located in the heart of Europe, the Greater Region SaarLorLux has long been considered a territory with a rich industrial past of great dynamism. Among the many branches of activity, there is one that has long been a flagship of its skills: ceramics. The term "ceramics" covers a certain number of very different products in terms of their appearance and properties, all made from fired clay. Over time, manufacturing techniques have evolved to produce less and less porous and finer designs. The applications of this material have thus expanded considerably. Working with clay is a long-standing tradition in this region, as the first ceramics discovered at archaeological sites are 7 000 years old. So, for thousands of years, potters made objects out of fired clay.

Within the so-called migration crisis, the focus of media and research has been mainly on Mediterranean countries, which were the first impacted by the arrival of refugees, as well as big recipients of asylum seekers such as Germany. Less attention has been directed toward small-scale countries such as Luxembourg, where the number of registered refugees arriving has more than doubled in 2015 and 2016 compared to 2014. In 2016, Luxembourg had 3582 registered first time applicants, which represents one of the highest numbers relative to its population in the European Union. Against this background, this presentation will focus on how Luxembourg has dealt with the implementation of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and the ways in which it has been affected by the so-called migration crisis. This paper will particularly focus on the question of reception of asylum seekers and refugees. Given the large number of applicants relative to the small size of the country, and the limited number of administrative levels, how was reception implemented, and what are the lesson to be learned? It will do so by mapping the main actors involved in the refugee scene. It will then move on to the contextualization of the reception of refugees in the housing and employment market. Finally, it will critically examine the stakeholders’ involvement in order to find the gaps in the asylum seeker/refugee reception.

The increasing attractiveness of Luxembourg as a place to work and live puts its land use and transport systems under high pressure. Understanding how the country can accommodate residential growth and additional traffic in a sustainable manner is a key and difficult challenge that requires a policy relevant, flexible and responsive modelling framework. We describe the first fully-fletched land use and transport interaction framework (MOEBIUS) applied to the whole of Luxembourg. We stress its multi-scalar nature and detail the articulation of two of its main components: a dynamic demographic microsimulation at the scale of individuals and a micro-spatial scale simulation of residential choice. Conversely to traditional zone-based approaches, the framework keeps full details of households and individuals for residential and travel mode choice, making the model highly consistent with theory. In addition, results and policy constraints are implemented at a very fine resolution (20m) and can thus incorporate local effects (residential externalities, local urban design). Conversely to fully disaggregated approaches, a linkage is organized at an intermediate scale, which allows (i) to simplify the generation and spatial distribution of trips, (ii) to parallelise parts of the residential choice simulation, and (iii) to ensure a good calibration of the population and real estate market estimates. We show model outputs for different scenarios at the horizon 2030 and compare them along sustainability criteria.

Whilst often taken for granted, transport flows, airspace and urbanisation at ‘ground level’ are deeply intertwined. This dissertation situates London’s current controversy regarding airport expansion and aircraft noise and within new understandings of urbanisation and the role of transport flows within the urban realm, analysing the contested spatial relations stretched across the three-dimensional terrain, where the urban-rural, global-local and public- private spatial divisions are polarised by the negotiation of aircraft noise. Drawing from empirical evidence related to existing noise pollution issues and the expansion of aviation infrastructure in the South East, this text interprets airspace as part of the transformation and extension of the urban fabric above the built environment of the urban region, comparable to peri-urban extension and dispersal of the urban across the earth’s surface. This study draws from empirical qualitative evidence of London Heathrow Airport, Gatwick Airport, and the local places which experience noise pollution emanating from the various, changing flight paths to and from these airports within and surrounding London’s urban boundary. Theorised in this text as the relational, interscalar urban-airport interface, the constructivist approach employed here focuses on the constellation of public and private institutions and actors who co-constitute this interface and manage aircraft noise in the context of on-going airspace modernisation, the intensification of aircraft activity and pending airport expansion.

This paper stresses the lack of attention paid to the geographical definitions of cities in LUTI models as one key detrimental aspect to transferring and generalising LUTI results. First, the argumentation develops from a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed publications about LUTI applications in European cities. We show that most authors do not assess findings against potential geographical biases. Second, theoretical simulations are conducted with UrbanSim applied to a synthetic urban area. By varying the geographical limits of the system and population endowments, our simulations confirm that the absence of control on city delineation weakens the results. Finally, the paper suggests methodological guidelines to improve the comparability of LUTI applications and push forward their theoretical agenda.

Community low carbon transitions – studies of the ways in which community is used to pursue environmental aims and objectives – are closely linked to arrangements of energy production and use. Community is used as a way to pursue particular energy agendas. Yet, as is often pointed out, the trajectory of transitions imagined, the ambitiousness of the envisioned transformation, and especially the implied community invoked within this, all remain gloriously inconsistent. Within community transitions attention increasingly focuses on the tensions emerging or smoothed over as competing agendas are brought together through capacious words and concepts: for example between so-called top-down government deployed community, and so-called bottom-up emergent community action. This paper offers one way to explain and explore these tensions, where they come from and, thus, help in understanding ways in which they may be overcome. Using the case study of an attempt to target one ‘street community’s’ environmental footprint in Scotland, the paper argues for taking an explicitly geographical and spatial lens to analyse these processes. The paper uses three forms of space—perceived space, conceived space, and lived space—to outline how three distinct but overlapping communities were spatialised. The contention of the paper is that tensions in community transitions often result from different spatial imaginaries, informing one’s approach to, and ‘common sense’ understanding of, community. In reflecting on the spatial implications different forms of community produce (and are in turn produced by), the article argues for greater appreciation of the imbrication of space, community, and energy as mutually co-constitutive.

Les premières voies ferrées sont mentionnées en relation avec l’exploitation des mines de Agricola en 1556. À partir de la fin du 18e siècle, les premières longues distances sous forme de traction par chevaux ont vu le jour, dont certaines ont créé de véritables réseaux. La première ligne de chemin de fer à utiliser des locomotives à vapeur fut le chemin de fer de Stockton et Darlington, longue de 40 kilomètres, mis en service en 1825 en Angleterre. Sur le continent, la première ligne de chemin de fer à vapeur a été mise en service le 5 mai 1835 en Belgique, entre Bruxelles et Mechelen, tandis que la ligne ouverte en 1831 en France, de Saint-Etienne à Lyon, ainsi que celle en décembre 1835 en Allemagne, entre Nürnberg et Fürth, n’étaient que rarement empruntées par des locomotives, mais plutôt sous forme de traction par chevaux. Dans cet article seront traitées les premières liaisons ferroviaires dans les différentes régions de la Grande Région SaarLorLux. The first railways are mentioned in connection with the mining of Agricola in 1556. From the end of the 18th century onwards, the first long-distance horse-drawn railways were built, some of which created real networks. The first railway line to use steam locomotives was the Stockton and Darlington Railway, 40 kilometres long, commissioned in 1825 in England. On the continent, the first steam railway line was opened on 5 May 1835 in Belgium, between Brussels and Mechelen, while the line opened in 1831 in France, from Saint-Etienne to Lyon, as well as the one in December 1835 in Germany, between Nürnberg and Fürth, were only rarely used by locomotives, but rather by horse-drawn vehicles. This article deals with the first railway connections in the various regions of the Greater Region SaarLorLux. Die ersten Eisenbahnstrecken werden im Zusammenhang mit der Ausbeutung der Minen von Agricola im Jahr 1556 erwähnt. Ab dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts entstanden die ersten Langstrecken in Form von Pferdetraktion, von denen einige richtige Netzwerke schufen. Die erste Eisenbahnstrecke, auf der Dampflokomotiven eingesetzt wurden, war die 40 Kilometer lange Stockton and Darlington Railway, die 1825 in England in Betrieb genommen wurde. Auf dem Kontinent wurde die erste dampfbetriebene Eisenbahnstrecke am 5. Mai 1835 in Belgien zwischen Brüssel und Mechelen in Betrieb genommen, während die 1831 in Frankreich eröffnete Strecke von Saint-Etienne nach Lyon sowie die im Dezember 1835 in Deutschland eröffnete Strecke zwischen Nürnberg und Fürth nur selten mit Lokomotiven befahren wurden, sondern eher als Pferdezug. In diesem Artikel werden die ersten Eisenbahnverbindungen in den verschiedenen Regionen der Großregion SaarLorLux behandelt.

This paper introduces the Heideggerian terms Zuhanden and Vorhanden to studies of community low carbon transitions. It sets apart Zuhandenheit community as involvement: the doing, enacting and belonging aspects of community movements and activism. Vorhandenheit community contrastingly is observed: community as an object at arm's length, to be studied, tasked or used. The article builds on authors, particularly Malpas, who have utilised these concepts in spatial theory by adopting their associated spatialisation of involvement and containment. After introducing this theoretical understanding, the article addresses the case of a Transition initiative in receipt of government funding, where both Vorhanden and Zuhanden subjectivities can be found. Through focusing on this specific Transition project, we can more clearly grasp both the tensions emerging from state-funded community and the limits to, and possibilities for, appreciating community action phenomenologically.

This paper explores non-market housing in urban regions under growth pressure, and aims to open up a conversation about how modes of housing and related policies might be conceptualized in urban geographical scholarship, in order to broaden the possible range of housing policy measures beyond the rather narrow imperative of market solutions, that prevail here and elsewhere. The project is extension of a larger project that I have been working on for many years together with Markus Hesse examining spatial planning problems in urban regions under growth pressure. We began with exploring sustainable spatial development in Luxembourg, then we studied of regional governance in Switzerland for comparison, and now we are moving on towards one component that is central to the topic: housing and housing in non-market contexts. But how might one effectively conceptualize housing, given what we know about recent scholarship in urban studies? I'd like to argue that (1) there is much to be learned with urban comparison; (2) following the policy mobility literature, simply importing ready-made templates would be, at best (!), risky; (3) Storper's (2014) application of bricolage is useful inspiration for understanding urban transformation processes that are forever changing and in flux.

Le découpage administratif de la Grande Région (2008 : 65 398 km², 11,4 mio. habitants) n’est pas homogène. Les différents secteurs de la Grande Région ont des statuts différents : Le Grand-duché de Luxembourg est un Etat souverain, la Wallonie est une région de la Belgique, la Lorraine était jusqu'au fin 2015 une des 26 régions de la France, est dès 1.10.2016 part de la nouvelle région Grand Est, la Rhénanie-Palatinat et la Sarre sont des Länder allemands. La taille et le nombre d’habitants des communes ainsi que leurs compétences diffèrent nettement les unes des autres, notamment du fait qu’aucune réforme communale n’a eu lieu en France, mais aussi en raison des différentes structures politiques et économiques. The administrative division of the Greater Region (2008: 65,398 km², 11.4 million inhabitants) is not homogeneous. The different areas of the Grande Région have different statuses: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a sovereign state, Wallonia is a region of Belgium, Lorraine was until the end of 2015 one of the 26 regions of France, is from 1.10.2016 part of the new region Grand Est, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland are German Länder. The size and number of inhabitants of the municipalities as well as their competences differ significantly from each other, not least because there has been no municipal reform in France, but also because of the different political and economic structures. Die administrative Gliederung der Großregion (2008: 65.398 km², 11,4 Mio. Einwohner) ist nicht einheitlich. Die verschiedenen Teile der Großregion haben einen unterschiedlichen Status : Das Großherzogtum Luxemburg ist ein souveräner Staat, Wallonien ist eine Region Belgiens, Lothringen war bis Ende 2015 eine der 26 Regionen Frankreichs, ist ab 1.10.2016 Teil der neuen Region Grand Est, Rheinland-Pfalz und das Saarland sind deutsche Bundesländer. Die Größe und Einwohnerzahl der Gemeinden sowie ihre Zuständigkeiten unterscheiden sich deutlich voneinander, was unter anderem daran liegt, dass in Frankreich keine Gemeindereform stattgefunden hat, aber auch an den unterschiedlichen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Strukturen.

Im Biosphärenreservat 'Biosphäre Bliesgau' wurde im Jahr 2014 ein Partizipationsprozess zur Erstellung des Rahmenkonzeptes über die zukünftige Ausgestaltung des Biosphärenreservates durchgeführt. Vor diesem Hintergrund legt der hier vorliegende Beitrag zunächst dar, wie Partizipation allgemein sowie speziell in Großschutzgebieten aussehen kann und welche unterschiedlichen Formen von Partizipation (von der reinen Information als Nicht-Partizipation bis zur bottom-up gesteuerten Partnerschaft als stärkste Ausformung der Partizipation) möglich sind. Im empirisch-analytischen Teil wird dann der Partizipationsprozess 2014 in der Biosphäre Bliesgau anhand von öffentlich zugänglichen Protokollen und Interviews untersucht. Dabei lässt sich feststellen, dass der top-down gesteuerte Prozess - z. B. durch konkrete Ansprache einzelner Personen oder Gruppen - eine gewisse Selektion der Teilnehmer(innen) - intendiert oder unintendiert - aufweist und somit die höchste Stufe der Partizipation nicht erreicht werden konnte. In 2014 a process of public participation was initiated in order to produce a framework concept for the future configuration of the 'Biosphere Bliesgau'. This paper presents characteristics of participation, both in general and in large-scale protected areas in particular, and discusses what various forms of participation (ranging from pure information as non-participation to bottom-up partnerships as the strongest form of participation) are possible. The empirical-analytical section of the paper investigates the 2014 process of participation in Biosphere Bliesgau, using publically available protocols and interviews. It can be seen that the top-down process - e. g. involving concrete agreements between individuals or groups - involves the selection of participants - intended or otherwise - and that the highest level of participation could therefore not be achieved.

Community is frequently called upon in policy to meet environmental challenges. It is increasingly recognized that the success of these environmental interventions relies on community awareness and action. But what this emphasis on community does, and what the impacts are, are often neglected, or left uncritiqued. To explore this issue, we surveyed literature from the UK across four distinct environmental domains—energy, urban greenspace, water, and land—to chart what characterizes the use of community in pursuit of environmental goals. We highlight the main conceptual commonalities across the domains by focusing on research that gives insight into the increased interest in communities in environmental policy. In summary, we posit that where community is used environmentally, it brings with it (a) a reframing of justice, (b) processes of “public making,” and (c) a rescaling of governance.

This working paper includes analyses of demography and migration in the Greater region. It has a special view on cross-border mobility, ageing and health infrastructure in rural areas.

During the 1980s, refugee camps along the Thai–Cambodian border constituted the power base for the civil war parties opposing the People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK, 1979–91). Politics of accommodation and basic services also played a key role in the ‘original accumulation’ of political power by the new regime in Phnom Penh. The resettlement process of Cambodia’s deserted cities developed into a major playground for clientelism, the founda-tion of Cambodia’s state-building process after the Khmer Rouge. Focusing on the archival heritage of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cam-bodia (UNTAC) 1992–93, a spatial analysis of Phnom Penh’s political geography from the late 1970s to the late 1990s will be provided. This paper argues that the UNTAC time marked a watershed, whose impact has been underrated for Cambodia’s political future: the transition in the accommodation policy of a besieged regime. UNTAC did not end the civil war, but changed the political economy of the country. As the need to ‘camp-in’ and share billeted living space gradually diminished, the socialist ‘moral economy’ mutated into quick money politics and political family business to ensure the hegemonic status of Cambodia’s ruling party further.

Les espaces frontaliers sont souvent présentés comme les « laboratoires de l’intégration européenne ». Au-delà des discours et des symboles, quelle signification peut recouvrir la notion de région transfrontalière ? En définissant la région comme une construction identitaire, territoriale et institutionnelle se perpétuant dans le temps, cet ouvrage identifie et questionne les spécificités de ce processus dans le contexte transfrontalier. Pour ce faire, il distingue entre coopération inter- et suprarégionale interrogeant ainsi la capacité d’un espace frontalier à construire une coopération transfrontalière ad-hoc se distinguant de l’addition des membres à son origine. Cette étude est étayée par une analyse du discours, une opérationnalisation des concepts de territorialité transfrontalière et d’institution suprarégionale. Est à cet égard analysée la signification du GECT (Groupement européen de coopération territoriale), instrument européen offrant un cadre légal à la coopération. Cette problématique est explorée à partir du cas emblématique de la Grande Région qui a initié une stratégie de long terme visant à créer une « Région métropolitaine polycentrique transfrontalière » en 2008. Associant la Lorraine, le Luxembourg, la Rhénanie-Palatinat, la Sarre et la Wallonie, la Grande Région est un des espaces frontaliers les plus anciens (1971) concentrant le plus grand nombre de travailleurs frontaliers en Europe. The Greater Region Saar-Lor-Lux : Towards cross-border supraregionalisation ? Border areas are often portrayed as 'laboratories of European integration'. Beyond the discourses and symbols, what does the concept of cross-border region actually entail? By characterising the region as the construction of an identity, a territoriality and a governance system perpetuated over time, this publication identifies and questions the specificities of these processes in the cross-border context. It distinguishes between inter- and supraregional cooperation thus questioning a border area's capacity to develop an ad hoc cross-border cooperation whose raison d'être consists in strengthening the commitments pertaining to the border area's interests. This study is underpinned by a discourse analysis and a conceptualisation of cross-border territoriality and supraregional institution. In this respect, the significance of the EGTC (European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation), a European instrument providing a legal framework for cooperation, is analysed. This issue is explored in depth using the emblematic case of the Greater Region, a border area that launched in 2008 a long-term strategy to develop a 'cross-border polycentric metropolitan region'. Composed of Lorraine (France), Luxembourg, Wallonia (Belgium), Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland (Germany), the Greater Region constitutes one of the oldest border areas (1971) and presents the highest concentration of cross-border workers in Europe. Die Großregion Saar-Lor-Lux: Auf dem Weg zu einer grenzüberschreitenden Supraregionalisierung? Grenzgebiete werden oft als "Labor Europäischer Integration" dargestellt. Welche Bedeutung, jenseits der produzierten vielfältigen Diskurse und Symbole, kann der Begriff grenzüberschreitende Region umfassen? Dieses Buch definiert die Region als eine identitäre, territoriale und institutionelle Konstruktion, die sich über die Zeit hinweg aufrechterhält. Dabei werden die Besonderheiten dieses Prozesses für den grenzüberschreitenden Kontext identifiziert und hinterfragt. Das Unterscheiden zwischen inter- und supraregionaler Kooperation erlaubt es, die Kapazitäten des Grenzgebiets zur Entwicklung einer grenzüberschreitenden Ad-hoc-Kooperation, deren Daseinsberechtigung in der Bekräftigung der hinsichtlich den Interessen des Grenzraumes eingegangen Verpflichtungen besteht, zu hinterfragen. Die Studie wird durch die Analyse des grenzüberschreitenden Diskurses, der Territorialität und der (supraregionalen) Governance unterstützt. Dabei wird insbesondere der Europäische Verbund für territoriale Zusammenarbeit (EVTZ) - ein europäisches Instrument, das den Rechtsrahmen für territoriale Kooperation vorgibt - untersucht. Diese Fragestellungen werden im Hinblick auf die Großregion analysiert. Die Kooperation innerhalb der Großregion, bestehend aus Lothringen, Luxembourg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland und Wallonien, wurde 1971 eingeführt. Die Großregion zählt somit zu einem der ältesten Kooperationsräume in Europa. 2008 wurde die langfristige Strategie der "grenzüberschreitenden polyzentrischen Metropolregion" ins Leben gerufen.

Grenzen sind in der Planungspraxis vielfaltig vorzufinden. Vor allem nationale Grenzen definieren das Territorium, in welchen Planungsinstitutionen und -kulturen verankert sind und ihre Planungsbefugnisse gelten. Im Rahmen der europaischen Integration gibt es zwar verschiedene Instrumentarien einer grenzubergreifenden Raumplanung, da jedoch die Europaische Union keine Raumplanungskompetenz besitzt, sind diese stets im Kontext nationaler Raumplanungsgesetze und -kulturen zu verstehen. Der Beitrag zeigt, welche Masnahmen die Europaische Union getroffen hat (z. B. INTERREG, Territoriale Agenda 2007 und 2020, makroregionale Strategien), um nationalen Grenzen in der Raumplanung weniger Gewicht zu geben und die territoriale Kohasion zu fordern. Gleichzeitig zeigt sich aber auch die Definitionsmacht nationaler Grenzen in diesem Kompetenzfeld.

Als Hauptstadt übernimmt Luxemburg zahlreiche Funktionen an Stelle des Staates. Als Wohnort ist sie den quartierspezifischen Interessen ausgesetzt. Die sich daraus ergebende Spannung fordert nicht nur Politik und Verwaltung heraus. Überlegungen zu den Bedingungen gelingender Partizipation von Bürgerschaft und Forschung.

Le nombre d’étrangers résidant au Luxembourg ne cesse d’augmenter et atteint aujourd’hui près de 48% des habitants. La présente étude s’attache à décrire et cartographier, à partir des données du recensement de 2011, le lieu de résidence des principales nationalités en présence au Luxembourg et à souligner les différences qui les caractérisent à travers divers indicateurs. La réflexion est orientée sur la répartition territoriale des différentes nationalités, en particulier par rapport à la structure urbaine et la distance aux emplois. Elle pose ainsi des jalons empiriques pour explorer d'éventuelles différences liées à la nationalité dans le comportement résidentiel des ménages et partant, pour explorer la question de l’équité spatiale et d’une accessibilité différenciée ou non au marché du travail. Plusieurs questions animent ainsi cette étude : La localisation géographique des différentes nationalités au Luxembourg est-elle liée au degré d’urbanisation, à l’éloignement des différents pôles ou à l’accessibilité aux emplois ? The number of foreigners living in Luxembourg is still rising and represents today about 48% of the inhabitants. This study focuses on the description and mapping of the place of residence for the different nationalities living in Luxembourg. It seeks to underline differences through indicators built from the 2011 census data. We focus on the territorial distribution of the different nationalities by taking into account the urban structure and distance to jobs. If differences according to nationalities in the residential behavior of households can be empirically identified they may raise issues of spatial equity and (un)equal accessibility to job market. We analyse whether the geographic location of different nationalities in Luxembourg is linked to urbanisation level, the distance to the “poles d´emploi” or general accessibility to jobs.

Die Ergebnisse des Referendums am 23. Juni 2016 im Vereinigten Königreich (VK) sind ein Beweis dafür, dass regionale Disparitäten und der territoriale Zusammenhalt innerhalb eines Landes politisch relevante Faktoren darstellen

According to random utility theory, there is no clear distinction between the utility inferred from observed choices (decision utility), the experienced outcome of decision makers’ (experienced utility) or their retrospective evaluation (remembered utility). While empirical experiments have shown that decision utility and remembered utility do not perfectly coincide, little is known regarding the magnitude of this discrepancy, especially in the transport field. Using a cross-sectional travel survey, the objective of this paper is to quantify the relationship between commuters’ stated choice satisfaction (a proxy for remembered utility) and the Logsum function of the utility of all available modes of transport (decision utility). This is of tremendous importance, as implemented transport policy measures, which aim to increase the overall decision makers’ utility, may have low impact on their satisfaction level and thus be ineffective. Results indicate that the utility Logsum is associated with respondents’ commuting satisfaction. However, context specificities have an important impact on this association., European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, Vol 17 No 2 (2017)

Cet article étudie les déterminants individuels et territoriaux des navettes transfrontalières de travail ayant lieu depuis la France vers les pays voisins. L’objectif est de déceler si le travail transfrontalier se distingue des autres navettes, notamment des navettes effectuées par les actifs en dehors de leur propre aire urbaine. Nous mobilisons les données du recensement de la population de 2013 au niveau individuel et caractérisons le territoire à l'échelle des communes afin de capter la relative polarisation des lieux de résidence au sein du système urbain national. Sur base de modèles logistiques multinomiaux appliqués à toute la France ou à la façade frontalière, nous trouvons que les facteurs liés au genre, à l’âge, à l’éducation, au type et au secteur d’emploi, ou encore à la localisation de la résidence par rapport aux pôles d’emplois, en France expliquent les navettes vers une autre aire urbaine française comme les navettes transfrontalières. Cependant, l’effet sur le travail frontalier est souvent plus intense que l’effet de sortie vers une autre aire urbaine. Après avoir contrôlé l’effet des différents pays de travail, nous identifions encore clairement un comportement différencié des migrants résidentiels (élastiques) aux frontières ainsi qu’un effet de la distance à la frontière et de la densité d’emplois à proximité, sur les navettes transfrontalières. This article focuses on the individual and territorial determinants of cross-border commuting from France to its neighbouring countries. We seek to identify whether cross-border commuting is a distinct form of commuting, especially whether it differs for an active resident from commuting outside his/her reference functional urban area. We use individual data from the 2013 census and characterize the territory at the municipal scale in order to capture the relative polarisation of residential places within the national urban system. From our multinomial logistic models applied to the whole France or the border fringe, we find that gender, age, education, type and sector of activity, as well as the location of the commune with respect to employment poles in France, explain similarly the commute of active individuals towards another urban area in France and across the border. However, the effect is more intensive for cross-border commuting. After controlling the impact of the different neighbouring countries, we still clearly identify a different behaviour from elastic migrants in border areas and an effect of the distance to the border and of the job density on the cross-border commutes.

A new method is proposed for characterising local urban patterns at the scale of a large urban region. The approach overcomes the difficulties of surface-based representations of built-up morphologies and provides an efficient way to account for the proximity of built and non-built land. The strength of the approach resides in the direct use of the coordinates of each building, a very parsimonious input of external parameters, and a local spatial statistical perspective. The method consists in, first, constructing and clumping the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) that links each building to its neighbours in order to obtain connected urban and suburban graph subsets, and second, measuring a Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) on inter-building distances in order to characterise patterns. The method differentiates heterogeneous settlements from statistically significant homogeneous clusters with either long or short connections between buildings. The method is applied to the Southern periphery of Brussels (Belgium).