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Protypusia dimonica (Zaitzev, 1996) gen. et comb. nov. Figs 13, 24, 29, 45 Parageron dimonicus Zaitzev, 1996: 693. Parageron dominicus, error for dimonicus Zaitzev, 1996 – Evenhuis & Greathead 1999 (acting as First Revisers). In his type description, Zaitzev (1996) used the name “ dominicus ” throughout except in the abstract where he used dimonicus. The spelling of dimonicus was selected as the correct original spelling because it derives from the town of Dimona where the types were collected. Etymology Named after the town of Dimona in the Israeli Negev close to the type location. Type material Holotype ISRAEL • ♀; “Loc. No. 18, C. Negev, N. ′Negarot 11 km SE, Mizpe Ramon 17 April 1994, Volkovitsh & Dolgovskaya leg./ Holotypus, Parageron dimonicus V. Zaitzev 96”; TAU. Paratype ISRAEL 1 ♀; “Loc. No. 18, Central Negev, N. ′Negarot 11 km SE, Mizpe Ramon 17 April 1994, V. Zaitzev leg./ Paratypus, Parageron dimonicus V. Zaitzev 96”; TAU. Other material examined ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Ein Mur, 19 April 1975 A. Freidberg / griseola ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Avdat, 11 April 1975 A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “ 19 April 1975 ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Ein Mur, 31 March 1981, F. Kaplan ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Jerusalem, Mishot Rotem, 7 March [19]65, M. Weichselfish ”; TAU. MOROCCO • 9 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Ouarzazate, Tizi-n-Bachkoum 1500 m N30º49′06.0″ W07º15′33.4″ 16 April 2008, leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; PCJD • 6 ♀♀; “ Tafraout, Tafraout 1000 m N29º44′19.0″ W08º57′51.4″ 13 April 2008 leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; PCMB • 1 ♂; “ 3 May 1961, Maroc Sahar, Taidelt/[leg.] P. duMerle 4333/ Parageron griseus Param, V. Zaitzev det. 2002”; MNHN. Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.6–3 mm. Wing length: 1.9–3.2 mm. Male HEAD. Frons and mouth margin silvery grey, ground colour completely obscured, lacking longer erect hairs. Silvery dusted gena very narrow, almost linear below, much narrower than the rather protuberant, shiny black to brown mouth margin (in Israeli specimens dusted gena a little broader). Occiput and ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour densely and evenly covered with grey dust and outstanding white hairs, those on ocellar tubercle hardly longer than width of vertex across hind ocelli, longer in Israeli specimens. Hairs on occiput relatively short, in face view only just visible, becoming longer below onto jowls. All ocelli in contact with eye margin, making an equilateral triangle. Eyes confluent for slightly longer than the length of vertex (difficulty to assess because the eyes come together at very acute angles both above and below). Ommatidia conspicuously enlarged in the upper half to three fifths of the eyes, the transition to the smaller ones occupying the lower part distinct but not very abrupt. Antennae black, postpedicel mid-length, rather convex below, deepest beyond middle, with a small point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus, about one and a half times as long as scape and pedicel together. Antennae sparsely and very short-haired above, a few longer but inconspicuous ones immediately before the subapical sulcus. Palps minute and slender, slightly clavate, dark brown to blackish, the white apical setae shorter than the length of the palps. Proboscis moderately long, a little more than head-thorax length (including scutellum), naked dorsally, black except for the dirty-white basoventral membrane in some examples. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by grey dust, tending to be browner on disc in Moroccan specimens. Mesonotum with distinct darker paramedian vittae from front to just beyond wing bases (often darker anteriorly in Moroccan specimens) and more diffuse darker antehumeral vittae widely divided at thoracic suture (anterior one blackish in Moroccan specimens). Behind thoracic suture, and below the antehumeral vittae is a vague, roundish darker spot, barely visible in Israeli specimens. Whole of mesonotum and scutellum with variably long, white hair (longer in Israeli specimens), tending to form acrostichal and dorsocentral lines, more generally distributed laterally. Paramedian and antehumeral vittae mostly hairless. Scutellar hairs apically almost as long as scutellum and confined to periphery, naked on disc. Pleura concolourous with mesonotum, with similar hairs on pronotum and posterior twothirds of the anepisternum. WING. Membrane hyaline, at most very faintly brown tinged, the veins pale yellow-brown, yellower basally, subcosta yellow. Crossvein r-m very close to the base of the discal cell, barely beyond m-cu. Anal lobe broad with triangularly convex margin, obviously broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae blackish with coating of grey dust same as pleura. Femora predominantly blackish or dark brown with a covering of grey dust, the tip yellow, more brownish on hind femora. Tibia and tarsi blackish or brown, base narrowly yellow. Coxae and front four femora furnished with moderately long white posterior hairs, hind femora with rather shorter anterior hairs, legs otherwise covered with short, adpressed white hairs. ABDOMEN. Tergites dark blackish-brown with dense grey dusting tending to be darker, subshining on disc of first two tergites, laterally. Each tergite with sharply demarcated pale yellow apical margins, sometimes broader on central tergites, tapering to a point on reflexed lateral margins. On average yellow apical margins narrower than width of hind basitarsus, often conspicuously so. Sternites similar to tergites. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, erect white hairs, longest on lateral margins of tergites. GENITALIA. Small often partially contracted into apical tergites. Gonocoxites black, grey dusted with tips shinier and browner, covered in long white hairs. Epandrium basally black, grey dusted, with very broad yellow apical margin, covered in short, dense white hairs, erect medially, apically directed on yellow part. Cerci brown. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons dark in ground colour, densely grey dusted with short, white hairs anteriorly, a small dark undusted spot centrally. Frons about one third head width. Ocelli forming an equilateral triangle. Antennae tending to be shorter than in male. Eye facets equalsized throughout. Mesonotal dusting rather more yellowish, darker vittae tending to be less conspicuous. Hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen shorter, significantly so on the abdomen. Yellow apical margins on tergites tending to broaden towards tip. Vaginal plate smaller and less pigmented in Israeli specimens than in Moroccan specimens. Remarks Despite the wide distribution from Israel to Morocco, there is very little variation between populations. Moroccan specimens tend to have less clearly pale knees, males have longer vestiture and a rather browner mesonotum. There are minor differences in the genitalia of the few specimens dissected but no more than can often be found within populations. Using the key in Efflatoun (1945), this species will run to Pro. tewfiki (Efflatoun), but Efflatoun’s choice of characters in his key is bizarre and Pro. tewfiki can readily be eliminated on abdominal pattern. Based on Efflatoun’s descriptions, the Smithsonian Archives plates, and the photos from EFC, it is probably closest to Pro. deserticola (Efflatoun). The possibility that Pro. dimonica is a synonym of this species has to be considered. Unfortunately, I have been unable to examine the types of Pro. deserticola held in Cairo, but photographs suggest that it differs in colour of dusting and has more strongly marked paramedian and antehumeral vittae. The genitalia of both sexes of Pro. deserticola need to be studied to confirm its conspecificity or otherwise with Pro. dimonica. Distribution Israel, Morocco., Published as part of Gibbs, David, 2023, A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat., pp. 1-162 in European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1) on pages 72-75, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, http://zenodo.org/record/7767958, {"references":["Zaitzev V. F. 1996. On the Bombyliidae (Diptera) of Israel. I. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 74 (4) [1995]: 902 - 912. [In Russian.]","Evenhuis N. L. & Greathead D. J. 1999. World Catalog of Bee Flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.","Efflatoun H. C. 1945. A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part VI. Family Bombyliidae. Section 1: Subfamily Bombyliidae Homoeophthalmae. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad Ier d'Entomologie 29: 1 - 483."]}

Protypusia vagans (Becker, 1906) gen. et comb. nov. Figs 8, 58 Usia vagans Becker, 1906: 221. Etymology From Latin ‘ vagus ’ = ‘wandering’, ‘vague’. Type material Lectotype TUNISIA • ♂; “ Gafsa, Biró/ vagans Beck. ♂ det. Becker / Lectotypus /Zool. Mus. Berlin [leg. Lajos Biró, abdomen greased, head glued back on upside down]” ZMHB. Other material examined MOROCCO • 4 ♀♀; “Oujda, Plateau du Rekkam 100 km E Ain-Benimathar 1150 m N33°44.254 W2°59.095, 25 April 2010, Leg. Dils J. Faes J. ” PCJD. Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length. 2.2–2.6 mm. Wing length: 2.3–3.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin narrow, about as broad as the length of the pedicel with pale grey-dusted gena barely wider than the tip of the palps, mouth margin shiny. Frons rather small, triangular and not tumid, silky white without outstanding hairs. Eyes meeting for about 9–10 facets, equal to or greater than the length of the vertex. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, densely grey-brown dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye margins. White hairs on ocellar tubercle noticeably longer than the width of vertex at its broadest. Eye facets large in upper half, small in lower half, the division between them, just below the antennal insertion, not well marked. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with grey-brown dust, covered with whitish hairs about half as long as those on ocellar tubercle, becoming longer and silky below. Antennae blackish with scape and pedicel more brownish, postpedicel about 1.4 times as long as scape and pedicel together, rather oval in shape with no more than a slight point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus. Palps small, subclavate, pale brown with several white hairs apically as long as palp. Proboscis moderate, about as long as thorax and scutellum, hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane blackish-brown. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by brownish-grey dust, with vaguely darker paramedian vittae extending back two thirds the length of the mesonotum, also faint, obscurely defined, darker antehumeral vittae broken at thoracic suture. Hairs of mesonotum pale yellow-white, rather long, longer than ocellar hairs, acrostichals irregular, dorsocentrals irregularly uniserial, hairs on hind third and lateral parts of mesonotum more general, more dense on notopleuron, area above wing bare. Scutellum rather more yellowish brown dusted than mesonotum, hairs equal in length to than those on mesonotum, generally scattered dorsally but lateral margins bare. Pleura concolourous with mesonotum, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with long, white hairs. WING. Membrane somewhat milky with inconspicuous brown shades around fork of R 2+3 and R 4+5, fork of R 4 and R 5 and the crossveins r-m, m-m and m-cu the veins pale yellow basally, darker in rather more than apical half. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe very well developed with conspicuously convex margin, much broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Yellow, stem and base of knob clearly suffused with brown. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora and tibia rather browner, not densely dusted, very tip of femora and narrow base of tibia yellow. Legs covered with white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally and hind tibia dorsally. ABDOMEN. Greased but probably grey-brown dusted similar to thorax. Tergite one brownish laterally and along apical margin, remaining tergites also with narrow dull brownish posterior margins. All tergites with long white hairs on reflexed lateral margins, dorsally hairs shorter and largely confined to the posterior half of each tergite. Sternites similar to tergites. GENITALIA. Small even for holoptic Protypusia gen. nov., dark in ground colour, tip of gonocoxite yellower, densely covered in brown dust, covered in white hairs. Female Differs from male in having widely separated eyes, frons almost a third head width, densely olive-grey dusted with small median black spot. Laterally, close to eyes and level with anterior ocellus, is a uniserial row of relatively long, proclinate hairs, front half of frons with more generally distributed shorter hairs. Hairs on ocellar tubercle shorter, a little longer than distance across hind ocelli. Hairs of mesonotum, pleura and scutellum very much shorter and rather sparser, dusting with a definite yellow-brown colour. Legs generally with shorter hairs. Infuscation on wing veins can be rather obscure, most conspicuous on crossveins. Abdomen with apical yellow margins of tergites a little broader and more obvious, hairing of tergites and sternites significantly shorter than in male. Remarks The male and female genitalia suggest close affinities with Pro. dimonica and Pro. hyalipennis, the shape of the gonostyli especially being very similar in these three species. Protypusia hyalipennis especially is very similar, but the mesonotal pattern and hyaline wings readily distinguish it. Although both species occur in Morocco, Pro. hyalipennis is known north of the Atlas Mountains while Pro. vagans to the south. Protypusia dimonica also occurs on the Saharan side of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco, so could be sympatric with Pro. vagans, but is readily identified by its general blue-grey colour and entirely hyaline wings. Distribution Morocco, Tunisia., Published as part of Gibbs, David, 2023, A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat., pp. 1-162 in European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1) on pages 115-117, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, http://zenodo.org/record/7767958, {"references":["Becker T. 1906. Usia Latr. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 50 [1905]: 193 - 228."]}

Protypusia punctipennis (Loew, 1846) gen. et comb. nov. Fig. 54 Usia punctipennis Loew, 1846: 417. Etymology From Latin ‘ punctus ’ = ‘pierced’ and ‘ penna ’ = ‘feather’, ‘wing’; ‘spotted-wings’. Type material Lectotype (here designated) [TURKEY] • ♂; “[headless, front left and hind right legs missing; otherwise in good condition.] Small square blank label/ Usia punctipennis m./9691/ Coll. H. Loew / Type /Zool. Mus. Berlin”; ZMHB. Paralectotype UNKNOWN • 1 ♀; “[antennae missing; otherwise in good condition.] Small square blank label/ Typus / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Other material examined GREECE • 7 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; “Fokida, Itea 0 m, N38°25′53″ E22°23′49″ 15 May 2001 ”; PCJD. TURKEY • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Icel, Ќarakűtűk, 549 m, N37°8′28.7″ E34°50′20.1″ 3 June 2005 ”; PCJD • 7 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; “ 663 m N37°8′27.6″ E34°50′23.6″ 5 June 2005 ”; PCJD • 8 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Calaman, 683 m N37°11′33.1″ E34°48′33.9″ 5 June 2005 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes)”; PCJD. ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Tel Aviv beach, 10 June 1996 (leg. B. Merz & A. Freidberg)”; TAU • 1 ♀; “Merzliya, 28 August 1977, F. Kaplan ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ 5 km E, No’omi, saline, 31°54′ N 35°30′ E, 16 March 2005, L. Friedman ”; TAU. CYPRUS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “Akamas Peninsular, Lara beach 0 m 28 April 2002 / 2t.28 dunes, meadow (leg. B. Merz, J. Deeming, M. Ebejer & P. Gatt)”; NMWC. Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.0–3.0 mm. Wing length: 1.9–3.6 mm. Male HEAD. Gena plus mouth margin very narrow, no wider than anterior ocellus, the shining yellow mouth margin significantly broader than linear, often hardly visible dusted gena. Gena broadening abruptly just below antennae, running into long narrow frons, at antennal insertions hardly as wide as scape is long, covered with whitish-grey or brown dust, often a little darker and browner centrally, frons paler dusted in Israeli specimens. Eyes clearly separated, by distinctly more than half diameter of anterior ocellus. Vertex between the eyes densely brown dusted, often a little darker than the frons, but paler and uniform in Israeli specimens. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, dark brown dusted, hind ocelli contiguous with the eye, front ocellus narrowly separated. Pale hairs on ocellar tubercle rather longer than the width across hind ocelli. White hairs on anterior part of frons short and inconspicuous. Eye facets small and equal throughout. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with brown to grey-brown dust. Occiput covered with pale yellow to white hairs, upper ones short, falling well short of tips of hairs on ocellar tubercle, those on ventral side of head a little longer but not dense. Antennae black with a brown or grey cast on scape and pedicel, postpedicel variable, longer than scape and pedicel together, obviously contracted below in apical third, convex, swollen below in basal two thirds, tip truncate. Palps relatively large, easily seen, pale yellow with a few very inconspicuous pale hairs apically. Proboscis black, rather short, about equal to thorax length (with scutellum), but longer in Israeli specimens where longer than head plus thorax, hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane pale-whitish. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense grey to brown dust, often with an olive tinge, patterned with sharply defined dark brown paramedian vittae back to just rear of wing bases and antehumeral vittae, the latter broadly separated at thoracic suture. A dark prescutellar vittae running forward almost to paramedian pair, less clear but still present in some specimens; supra-alar area just behind transverse suture lacking any defined marking in many, but clear in some. Hairs of mesonotum white to very pale yellow, relatively short, arranged along acrostichal and dorsocentral lines irregularly bi- to tri-serial more general on lateral parts of mesonotum. Scutellum dark grey-brown dusted similar to adjacent parts of mesonotum, often with darker longitudinal mid-vittae, sparse yellowish to white hairs on disc longer around margin. Pleura greyer dusted than mesonotum, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with short white hairs. WING. Membrane apart from faint brownish tinge, with clear brown spots over junctions of R 2+3 and R 4+5, base of R 4, r-m, m-m and m-cu. Veins brown, subcosta yellower basally. Crossvein r-m approximately at mid-point of discal cell, or even beyond, well beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, equal or a little broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob variable, from clear white (some Israeli specimens) to more or less dark brown dorsally (Greece and Turkey), stem slightly infuscated especially at base. LEGS. Femora and coxae brown to black, coxae with narrow yellow apical rim, femora sometimes yellowish basally, tips of femora yellow. Trochanters dark black to brown. Tibia and base of basitarsi yellow, apical tarsal segments black, hind tibia sometimes infuscated dorsally and apically. Coxae grey dusted like pleura; femora also grey-dusted but more thinly so. Coxae, femora and tibia clothed with short white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally. ABDOMEN. Dark brown dusted with greyer dust laterally on reflexed margins, all tergites with conspicuous yellow apical margins, broadest on basal tergites and laterally, narrowing to edge of tergites (margins broader and brighter in Israeli specimens). All tergites with white to pale yellow hairs mainly longer then the length of respective tergite, longest laterally, shorter and sparser on disc. Sternites similar to tergites but distinctly more grey-dusted, pale apical margins more obscure. GENITALIA. Large for the genus, only some members of Parusia gen. nov. with proportionately larger male genitalia, dusting similar to lateral part of abdomen, epandrium shining apically, yellow to brownish or blackish. Gonocoxite also shining and more brownish apically. Both epandrium and gonocoxite with long hairs as on tergites, or even longer on gonocoxites. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, about one fifth head width (a little wider in Israeli specimen), hind ocelli separated from eye margin by a little more than their diameter (more in Israeli specimen). Frons dusted as occiput, a darker brown line down middle from front ocellus to antennae, short sparse hairs antero-laterally. Postpedicel averages a little shorter. Hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen shorter. Femora often much paler, brown or sometimes almost as yellow as tibia. Wing spotting often more distinct and can include a spot at tip of anal cell. Haltere variable, knob with dark infuscation in Israeli specimen. Remarks Very closely allied to Pro. kerkini gen. et sp. nov. and Pro. strymonas gen. et sp. nov. Relatively widely distributed and so exhibiting some variability with more southern examples (Israel) being generally paler and with entirely white knob to haltere (2 males), or brown infuscated (1 female) and longer proboscis. No significant differences could be found in the epiphallic complex between Greek/Turkish and Israeli specimens. Distribution Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Turkey., Published as part of Gibbs, David, 2023, A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat., pp. 1-162 in European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1) on pages 102-105, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, http://zenodo.org/record/7767958, {"references":["Loew H. 1846. Fragmente der Kenntniss der europaischen Arten einiger Dipteren-Gattungen. Linnaea Entomologica 1: 319 - 530. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 46583212 [accessed 25 Jan. 2023]."]}

Protypusia zimini (Paramonov, 1947) gen. et comb. nov. Fig. 59 Parageron zimini Paramonov, 1947: 216. Etymology Named in memory of Leonid Sergeevich Zimin (1902–1970), who collected the types. Type material Lectotype (here designated) UZBEKISTAN • ♂; “ Tschangyr, northwest Bukhara, 13 June 1930 1 ♂ (leg. L.S. Zimin)/ Parageron zimini sp. nov. ♂ S. Paramonov det. Syntypus /Zool. Mus. Berlin.” ZMHB. Paralectotypes UZBEKISTAN • 2 ♀♀; “locality as lectotype 10 June 1930 ”; ZMHB • 1 ♂ [dissected], 1 ♀; “same locality 13 June 1930 ”; ZMHB • 1 ♀; “same data 17 June 1930 ”; ZMHB • ♂ ♀ in copula, 2 ♀♀; “same data 20 June 1930 ”; ZMHB. Other material examined IRAN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Ghazvin, road to Zereshk 1682 m, N36°24’128” E50°5’434” 28 June-7 July 2009, pan trap Leg. B. Gharali ”; PCDG. Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length; 3.9–5.1 mm. Wing length: 4.1–5.2 mm. Male HEAD. Frons and gena pale yellow in ground colour, the frons slightly tumescent covered with silky off-white dusting, lacking longer hairs. Gena moderately broad, at narrowest point about as broad as length of pedicel, more shining mouth margin a little narrower, together almost as broad as scape length. Occiput and ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour densely covered with grey dust and outstanding white hairs, ocelli contiguous with eyes. Eyes confluent for slightly longer than the length of vertex. Ommatidia conspicuously enlarged in the upper half of the eyes, sharply contrasting with the smaller ones occupying the lower half. Antennae blackish, tip of pedicel can be paler, postpedicel rather long with a small point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus. Palps small and slender, yellowish to brown, darker apically, the white apical setae shorter than the length of the palps. Proboscis very long, about equal to body length, naked dorsally, the basoventral membrane yellow. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dove-grey dust, in some becoming more yellowish on posterior of mesonotum and scutellum, very faint darker paramedian vittae on anterior half or slightly more of mesonotum, antehumeral vittae may be indicated. Whole of mesonotum and scutellum evenly covered with moderately long, silky white hair, largely absent on darker vittae, on the front of the mesonotum hairs longer than tibia is thick at its mid-point. Pleura with similar hairs on pronotum, posterior twothirds of the anepisternum, and a few in upper middle of katepisternum. Metepimeron naked, can be yellow (Uzbekistan). WING. Membrane hyaline, the veins pale yellow, or becoming brown apically. Crossvein r-m from basal quarter to third of the discal cell, opposite or a little beyond m-cu. Anal lobe broad with conspicuously convex margin, broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae dark with a dense coating of grey dust. Femora predominantly dark with a covering of grey dust, up to apical quarter clear yellow (Uzbekistan specimens) or just narrowly yellow (Iranian specimens). Front and mid-tibia clear yellow, hind tibia infuscated apically (Uzbekistan specimens) or infuscation more extensive (Iranian specimens). Tarsi black with the basitarsi more or less yellow basally in some. Legs covered with silky white hairs, rather variable, longer on Iranian male. ABDOMEN. Tergite one entirely yellow (Uzbekistan specimens) or with just apical margin yellow (Iranian specimens), remaining tergites black with dense grey dusting and sharply demarcated apical yellow margins (Uzbekistan specimens) or poorly defined pale margins (Iranian specimens), these becoming narrower rearwards. Sternites similar but yellow apical margins clearer. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, erect white to very pale yellow, rather wavy hairs. GENITALIA. Relatively large when compared to other holoptic species. Gonocoxites black, grey dusted with broad yellow tips, covered in long whitish hairs. Epandrium basally black, grey dusted, with very broad yellow apical margin and narrow lateral margins, covered in short whitish hairs. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons pale yellow and hairless anteriorly, densely pale-grey dusted on hind half, laterally with 1–2 rows of tiny hairs. Legs yellow except for coxae basally (Uzbekistan specimens) or similar to the male, grey dusted, more or less infuscated tarsi largely blackish. Abdomen much more extensively yellow than in the male with less well defined blackish-brown bases to the tergites (except T1) and sternites (Uzbekistan specimens) or similar to male. Hairs on the thorax and abdomen a little shorter, most clearly on the tergites. Remarks Although twelve specimens were available, they originate from just two widely separated localities, 10 from the type locality and two from Iran. There is quite a degree of variation between these two locations notably in the extent of yellow on tergites and legs. Uzbekistan specimens have much yellower tergites and legs compared to the two specimens from Iran. However, in most features, including the structure of both male and female genitalia, they differ very little so I am as confident as I can be that they are conspecific. The illustrations provided by Zaitzev (1966) and ascribed to Pro. grisea (Paramonov) are certainly not Pro. grisea and appear very similar to this species or, perhaps the closely related Pro. negevi. The description, while brief, could fit either species, closer to Pro. negevi on size but more likely to be Pro. zimini on range. Without seeing the specimens it is not possible to be confident what species Zaitzev had before him. Distribution (? Georgia), Iran, Uzbekistan., Published as part of Gibbs, David, 2023, A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat., pp. 1-162 in European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1) on pages 119-121, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, http://zenodo.org/record/7767958, {"references":["Paramonov S. J. 1947. Uebersicht der mit der Gattung Usia Latr. (Bombyliidae, Diptera) naechstverwandten Gattungen. Eos 23: 207 - 220. Available from http: // hdl. handle. net / 10261 / 149924 [accessed 25 Jan. 2023].","Zaitzev V. F. 1966. [Parasitic Flies of the Family Bombyliidae (Diptera) in the Fauna of Transcaucasia.] Nauka, Moscow & Leningrad. [In Russian.]"]}

Apolysis marginata (Brunetti, 1909) comb. nov. Usia marginata Brunetti, 1909: 228. Type material Holotype (not examined) INDIA • ♂; “Simla [= Shimla], Himachal Pradesh 16 May [19]09 leg. Dr. Annandale (Brunetti 1909)”; NZSI. Remarks Very likely belongs in Apolysis, non-type material probably of this taxon in the NHMUK was examined and belongs in Apolysis. Examination of the type to confirm this combination is desirable. Removed to unplaced species of Usiinae in Evenhuis (2015). Distribution India (Himachal Pradesh)., Published as part of Gibbs, David, 2023, A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat., pp. 1-162 in European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1) on pages 151-153, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, http://zenodo.org/record/7767958, {"references":["Brunetti E. 1909. New Indian Leptidae and Bombyliidae with a note on Comastes osten Sacken, v. Heterostylum Macquart. Records of the Indian Museum 3: 211 - 230.","Evenhuis N. L. & Greathead D. J. 2015. World Catalog of Bee Flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae) web site. Available from http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / bombcat / [accessed 25 Jan. 2023].","Efflatoun H. C. 1945. A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part VI. Family Bombyliidae. Section 1: Subfamily Bombyliidae Homoeophthalmae. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad Ier d'Entomologie 29: 1 - 483."]}

Apolysis flavipes (Efflatoun, 1945) comb. nov. Usia flavipes Efflatoun, 1945: 212. Type material Holotype (not examined) EGYPT • ♀; “ Wadi El-Lega (South Sanai) June 1941 leg. Efflatoun (Efflatoun 1945)”; ESEC. The female holotype in ESEC is destroyed, photos show that only the pin, mount and labels exist. Other material examined Neotype (here designated) ISRAEL • ♀ (glued to small white card point, in perfect condition); “ Arava Valley, Iddan, side wadi below date orchard, - 640ft. el., malaise, 17-IV-1996, M.E. Irwin, 30°49’05” N 35°16’55” E”; TAU. Additional specimens (from Neotype locality) ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Arava Valley, Iddan, side wadi below date orchard, - 640ft. el., malaise, 12-IV-1996 ” TAU • 1 ♀; “same location 14-IV-1996 ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “same location 17-IV-1996 ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “same location 18/ 19-IV-1996 ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “same location 22-IV-1996 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “same location 25-IV-1996 ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “same location 28-IV-1996 ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “same location 30-IV-1996 ”; TAU. Remarks Efflatoun (1945) described this species from just one female specimen, now unfortunately destroyed, although not before a plate was completed of it. Searching for the type, photographs of the relevant drawers from the Egyptian Entomological Society collection were made and show just a pin, mount and labels standing over this name. I thus conclude the holotype is destroyed and propose a neotype for it to fix the name and help avoid confusion with other similar-looking species in this genus. Efflatoun’s (1945) original description plus the plate in the Smithsonian Institution Archives [Image no. SIA2012-7882] refer to a distinctive species, most particularly the contrasting ivory-white scape is a feature not seen in other species. The neotype and all other specimens in the series cited above share this unusual feature and fit very closely with Efflatoun’s description and the plate in the Smithsonian archives. There is a degree of variation in the series (as would be expected) that Efflatoun could not have appreciated from his single specimen. The legs vary in the degree of infuscation, in some front femora and tibia not quite clear yellow. Pleura often more extensively yellow than is suggested from the type description. Base of postpedicel externally often pale (as in Efflatoun’s type), but in some this is not apparent. Efflatoun’s holotype was collected in Wadi El-Lega (South Sinai). This is about 320 km south of the collecting locality of the neotype in the Negev. Although not close, the situation is very comparable, a wadi in rocky desert with sparse vegetation (from Google Maps) so a similar biotope. Distribution Egypt (Sinai), Israel (Negev)., Published as part of Gibbs, David, 2023, A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat., pp. 1-162 in European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1) on pages 150-151, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, http://zenodo.org/record/7767958, {"references":["Efflatoun H. C. 1945. A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part VI. Family Bombyliidae. Section 1: Subfamily Bombyliidae Homoeophthalmae. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad Ier d'Entomologie 29: 1 - 483."]}

Apolysis melanderi nom. nov. Oligodranes bicolor Melander, 1946: 473. Type locality: USA (California) [Lectotype designated by Evenhuis & Greathead (1999: 667) in USNM]. [Preoccupied by Apolysis bicolor (Efflatoun, 1945)]. Distribution Nearctic: USA (California)., Published as part of Gibbs, David, 2023, A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat., pp. 1-162 in European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1) on page 156, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, http://zenodo.org/record/7767958, {"references":["Melander A. L. 1946. Apolysis, Oligodranes and Empidideicus in America (Diptera, Bombyliidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 39: 451 - 495. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 39.3.451","Evenhuis N. L. & Greathead D. J. 1999. World Catalog of Bee Flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.","Efflatoun H. C. 1945. A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part VI. Family Bombyliidae. Section 1: Subfamily Bombyliidae Homoeophthalmae. Bulletin de la Societe Fouad Ier d'Entomologie 29: 1 - 483."]}