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The dangerous problem in the contemporary world is plastic trash. This problem represents the biggest danger to civilization. These plastic wastes have a negative impact on the aquatic life, and they also cause the sea water's quality to decline. We look for practical answers to the problem of plastic pollution. Consequently, action is done to create the plastic bricks from waste plastic. It is the most economical option presently being used in the construction industry. It is also advantageous for the environment. In our research, we gathered waste plastic from the neighbourhood municipality, mixed it with the appropriate amount of sand (0.8 kg of plastic and 3.2 kg of sand), and burned it correctly in a pit so that the plastic melted easily. We then poured this mixture into a brick mould and let it sit for a few hours. It is demoulded and kept available for laboratory tests after three to four hours. The water absorption test result and compressive strength result given in Table 2 indicates that the plastic brick is definitely an alternative solution of clay brick and from Table 3 it is also concluded that plastic bricks are economical for use.

India's Ayurvedic medicine system is becoming popular worldwide because these medicines are based on natural herbal products and have no side effects on health; somewhat, it improves and strengthens the body's immunity. Today people’s awareness is increasing about health, the side effects of allopathy medicines on health, and their inclination and faith toward Ayurvedic treatments are railing with time. Ayurvedic medicine system is based on traditional herbal knowledge, identification of herbs in natural habitats, and formulations. The present study involves the survey and analysis of local healers of Shivalik hill in the Western Himalayas to discover the most used herbs and their economic potential from national and international market perspectives. Therefore, a survey and analysis were conducted in randomly selected 37 villages of six development blocks. The survey interviewed 195 local healers and people based on the scientifically designed questionnaire. During the 2019-2022, the thirty-one wild medicinal plant species were identified with, highlighting ten highly valued plants. These plants have high demand from local healers, vendors, or the pharma industry. Further analysis of the importance and value of each part of the plant shows this: leaves (15%), flowers (13%), roots (21%), seeds (27%), oil (2%), wood (4%), juice (11%), tuber (4%) and whole plant (4%). Study shows that local healers can. This study also emphasizes the cultivation of these herbal plants on a large scale and can potentially raise the financial status of local people and healers. The study highlights the potential of these herbal plants found in the study area to enhance rural livelihood and community resilience and calls for the integration of medicinal plants in conservation and development strategies.

We report a combined numerical and experimental approach to determine the transient three-dimensional temperature distribution in a biogel medium subjected to freezing operation by a single cryoprobe. The cryoprobe tip temperature was measured using thermocouples and imposed as a boundary condition in numerical simulations. Numerical simulations have been supported by optics-based experiments conducted under similar operating conditions wherein the principles of lens-less Fourier transform digital holographic interferometry (DHI) have been employed to map the freezing phenomenon in a completely non-intrusive manner. The combined numerical and experimental findings have been made use of to propose a novel methodology for assessing the cooling performance of the cryoprobe. Three different cryoprobe insertion depths (id) viz., 2, 4, and 6 mm, were considered. The numerical estimations for the freezing front were within ± 1 mm margin when compared with the DHI-based intensity data. In the context of temperature values, the numerical predictions were within a ± 5 K margin as compared to the thermocouple data placed at some select locations inside the freezing medium. In addition to the freezing front, we successfully tracked planning isotherm propagation, a parameter that holds importance during cryosurgical planning. Furthermore, the whole-field temperature data predicted using numerical simulations were used to determine the transient cooling capacity of the cryoprobe. The lens-less Fourier transform DHI, in conjunction with numerical simulations, provided a reliable way to obtain the whole-field temperature, which could potentially be used to investigate the cryoprobe cooling characteristics.

Rural development is widely acclaimed as a tool for economic development of any region by the policy makers. Being a multi-level and multi-faceted process, the actual status of rural development is insuperable to assess through the individual scrutiny of either one or a few development indicators. Therefore, the present study endeavours to reckon district level rural development and its disparities in Punjab through the formulation of a composite rural development index (RDI) encompassing four dimensions, namely rural economy, rural social transformation, rural health and education and rural infrastructure at five points in time, that is, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2018 based on 29 development indicators. The findings of the study revealed a lopsided picture of rural development with a concentration of frontrunner districts mainly in the Doaba belt, while mediocre and laggard categories are dominated by the districts of the Malwa belt. Further, reduction in the level of inter-district disparities in rural development has also been observed over the study period. It is suggested that mediocre as well as laggard districts should be prioritised in resource allocation to curtail the extent of rural development disparities in the state. JEL Codes: C38, H54, O10, R10

Three decades after its first outbreak, the shrimp white spot virus (WSV) is still a global cause of concern due to considerable losses and lack of effective control measures. Several candidate host receptor proteins have been identified, but the pathogenesis is not clearly understood, although the key role of the WSV envelope protein VP28 in virus internalization is established. Here, protein-protein docking is applied to evaluate the interaction of VP28 trimeric extracellular region with four host (Penaeus monodon) receptors reported earlier, Rab7 GTPase (PmRab7), glucose transporter 1 (PmGLUT1), C-type lectin (PmCTL) and calreticulin (PmCRT). The stability of predicted complexes evaluated in terms of binding energy per unit buried surface area ranged from -8.46 to -11.82 cal mol

Serotyping is the most widely used epidemiological marker to characterize pathogenic E. coli. Pathogenic E. coli is diverse as different serotypes are known to be prevalent in different area. Certain serotypes are known to be closely associated with pathotypes especially among diarrheagenic E. coli. Analysis of E. coli serotypes prevalence and its distribution pattern in different geographical area is important from better understanding its epidemiology and better control and management of E. coli diarrhea and non-intestinal infections. Present study was carried out to study prevalence of various “O”serogroups in clinical E. coli isolates in India and its distribution in different geographical locations of the country. A total of 783 clinical isolates suspected to be E. coli comprising of 437 Intestinal (human diarrheal) and 346 extra-intestinal isolates (human UTI) were biotyped using conventional Biotyping method to confirm isolates as E. coli. A total 534 confirmed E. coli isolates were sero-typed using specific anti E. coli “O” antiserum by micro titer plate agglutination assay. The 534 E. coli isolates were found to be clustered over 36 different groups. O8, O11, O22, O126, O88, O83, O35, O7, O149 and O141 being the most frequently detected “O” serogroups. Serogroup O157 was also detected in only seven isolates. Big six serotypes were not detected. This study indicates that diverse E. coli serotypes are in circulation in the country. With very low frequency of serogroup O157 frequently associated with EHEC/STEC.

Banking Industry in India is led by Public Sector Banks (PSB) with a big share in the Indian market. The present study is to compare the financial performance of SBI with the industry averages on the basis of financial ratios for the period 2016-17 to 2020-21. It was found that the solvency position of SBI and the employment of assets are far better than the industry and the other banks. The employment of shareholders’s funds and CASA of SBI is also better than the industry and other banks.