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Aberrant changes in the expression levels and structure of lipids may shape tumor microenvironment. In this study, we have performed mass spectrometry imaging and profiling analysis of 63 tissues of five types of cancer, namely, breast, colorectal, esophageal, lung, and gastric cancer, using in situ liquid extraction electrosonic spray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Alteration of fatty‐acyl chain length of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositols, and phosphatidylserines and of chain length of (un)saturated fatty acids are associated with different cancerous areas of five types of cancer. The ratios of the same fatty‐acyl carbon atom lipids with one double bond difference and the ratios of the same chain‐length fatty acids with one double bond difference exhibited significant differences among the cancerous areas of five types of cancer. Our data may reveal that there were different lipid metabolism networks among five types of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In China, an indigenously developed electronic medication monitor (EMM) was designed and used in 138 counties from three provinces. Previous studies showed positive results on accuracy, effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility, but also found some ineffective implementations. In this paper, we assessed the effect of implementation of EMMs on treatment outcomes. Methods: The longitudinal ecological method was used at the county level with aggregate secondary programmatic data. All the notified TB cases in 138 counties were involved in this study from April 2017 to June 2019, and rifampicin-resistant cases were excluded. We fitted a multilevel model to assess the relative change in the quarterly treatment success rate with increasing quarterly EMM coverage rate, in which a mixed effects maximum likelihood regression using random intercept model was applied, by adjusting for seasonal trends, population size, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and clustering within counties. Results: Among all 69 678 notified TB cases, the treatment success rate was slightly increased from 93.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 93.0–94.0] in second quarter of 2018 to 94.9% (95% CI: 94.4–95.4) in second quarter of 2019 after implementing EMMs. There was a statistically significant effect between quarterly EMM coverage and treatment success rate after adjusting for potential confounders (P = 0.0036), increasing 10% of EMM coverage rate will lead to 0.2% treatment success rate augment. Besides, an increase of 10% of elderly or bacteriologically confirmed TB will lead to a decrease of 0.4% and 0.9% of the treatment success rate. Conclusions: Under programmatic settings, we found a statistically significant effect between increasing coverage of EMM and treatment success rate at the county level. More prospective studies are needed to confirm the effect of using EMM on TB treatment outcomes. We suggest performing operational research on EMMs that provides real-time data under programmatic conditions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fungal polysaccharides belong to a very important class of biological macromolecules in nature, and have complex monosaccharide composition and structure. These studies on structure and biological activity of fungal polysaccharides have become one of the research hotspots of scholars at home and abroad. Results: This study was performed in order to understand the structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Lenzites betulina (LBPs). The LBPs were deproteinized using sevag method, and further purified by DEAE cellulose-52 column and Sephadex G-100 column chromatographies, then the two refined polysaccharides were obtained and named LBPs-5 and LBPs-6. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) showed that LBPs-5 and LBPs-6 are typical β-pyranose with characteristic peaks of polysaccharides. The molecular weight of the two water-soluble polysaccharides were estimated to be 3.235 × 103 Da and 6.196 × 103 Da by HPGPC, respectively. HPLC with PMP derivatization analysis indicated that the monosaccharide compositions of LBPs-5 were mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 0.05:0.15:0.76:0.04. The monosaccharide compositions of LBPs-6 were mannose, glucuronic acid, and glucose, in a molar ratio of 0.04:0.17:0.79. Furthermore, the two water-soluble polysaccharides demonstrated strong scavenging effects on DPPH·, ABTS·+, ·OH and weak total reducing power, especially LBPs-6 was significantly stronger in scavenging rate than that of LBPs-5. Conclusions: The outcome of the study indicated that LBPs had good potential as medicine and food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the political influence of the Internet, especially social media, on people's attitude toward their governments has been widely discussed in western democracies, the situation in authoritarian regimes such as China has not yet been adequately addressed. The current Chinese administration considers social media 'the main battlefield for public opinion struggle' between the official discourse and those challenging it. To provide clues about who is shaping the public opinion, this study examined how consuming news from competing information sources on social media influences Chinese citizens' satisfaction with the central and local government. Based on a nationally representative survey of 2,882 Chinese adults, the study found that consuming news from governmental sources on the country's major social media platforms – Weibo and WeChat – was positively associated with citizens' satisfaction with the central government, while exposure to alternative news sources on WeChat had a negative impact on both central and local government satisfaction. Additionally, news consumption from mainstream media sources on social media did not significantly influence the public's government satisfaction. This paper contributes to the current literature by revealing that social media do not provide a unified agenda and by emphasizing the impact of platform affordances on people's political attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas hydrate decomposition is an important cause of submarine geological hazards. Understanding the mechanism of overlying seabed failure caused by gas hydrate decomposition is important to engineering practice and geological hazard prediction. In this paper, an observational device is designed to simulate the process of seabed failure caused by gas hydrate decomposition and the evolutionary process of seabed failure under different seabed thickness and slope conditions is compared and analysed. The mechanism of seabed damage is also discussed. In addition, based on the seabed failure mechanism, a computational model for the influence of hydrate dissociation on seabed stability is established. It is found that in shallow or steeper strata, the seabed will be destroyed by shear slip; however, when the stratum is thicker or the slope is gentle, the seabed surface first collapses, then is deformed and destroyed. The excess pore pressure ratio of the seabed in critical failure state is only related to the seabed gradient. The larger the gradient, the smaller the critical excess pore pressure ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalistic competency is a constitutive element of professional values and practices in journalism. But what constitutes journalistic competency in today's ever-changing media landscape? Existing literature lacks theoretical and empirical understandings of journalistic competency, especially in broadcasting. Drawing on Cheetham and Chivers's competence model, we examine professional competencies as defined by broadcast media through a content analysis of 359 job announcements. Four dimensions of journalistic competency were explicated and empirically assessed: cognitive/knowledge, functional, personal/behavioral, and ethical competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a novel distributed attitude coordination control scheme is proposed for a group of rigid spacecraft with unknown disturbances. The communication topology is described by a general directed graph, and the leader's attitude is available to only a small fraction of followers. Different from existing attitude coordination control schemes, here an event-triggered communication strategy without Zeno phenomenon is designed, which avoids continuous communication between neighboring spacecraft and considerably reduces the communication burden. Moreover, a nonlinear observer is constructed for each follower, which enables us to estimate and compensate for a large class of disturbances exactly. The proposed scheme is able to ensure the boundedness of all closed-loop signals and steer the attitude tracking errors into an arbitrarily small residual set, regardless of the intermittent communication. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity and changeability of electromagnetic environment make the deficiency of traditional methods of electromagnetic protection increasingly prominent. The organisms with the regulation of nervous system have advantages of self-adaptive, self-organizing, and self-repairing. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a new thought on electromagnetic protection by drawing from the biological self-adaptive advantage. In this study, two kinds of scale-free spiking neural networks (sfSNNs) with different clustering coefficients are constructed. Then, the antiinterference function of the sfSNNs under the ac magnetic field stimulation is evaluated and compared. Finally, the antiinterference mechanism is analyzed. The experimental results show that both sfSNNs have a certain antiinterference function, and the performance of the sfSNN with high clustering coefficient is better than that with low clustering coefficient in the antiinterference function; the dynamic evolution of neural information processing in the sfSNN is clarified; and the dynamic regulation of synaptic plasticity is the intrinsic factor of the antiinterference function of the sfSNNs. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the electromagnetic protection of electronic system based on adaptive bionic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Cu(OTf) 2 was explored as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen deuterium (H/D) exchange of indole derivatives. The advantage of this reaction is that deuteration selectivity can be adjusted by changing reaction parameters. When the reaction was performed with 10 mol% of Cu(OTf) 2 as a catalyst in dioxane at 80 °C, deuteration preferentially occurred at C3 position of indole with high atom% deuterium incorporation. Furthermore, per-deuterated indole derivatives could be achieved by performing the reaction with higher catalyst loading in toluene at 120 °C. Performing the reaction on a continuous flow reactor facilitates the scale-up process, affording deuterated products with a throughput of 3.9 g/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48461-2.Correction to: Scientific Reportshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48461-2, published online 02 January 2024In the original version of this Article, the author Ziqi Guo was incorrectly listed as a corresponding author.The original Article has been corrected.By Lei Guo; Jun Tao; Ziqi Guo; Yang Tong; Shichao Chen; Xin Zhao and Rui HuaReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

We propose a novel intelligent method to predict the heat flux on hypersonic aircraft. This method considers the aircraft shape and the inflow conditions as inputs and directly outputs overall surface heat flux values. Specifically, PDI-HFP first projects the aircraft shape onto two-dimensional (2D) images in six directions and then utilizes well-trained neural networks to predict the corresponding heat flux images. Finally, PDI-HFP reconstructs the predicted surface heat flux from 2D space to 3D space, and an interpolation method is then implemented to obtain the heat flux distribution on the surface of the 3D aircraft. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to apply deep learning techniques to 3D heat flux prediction on arbitrary types of surface grid. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the values of the heat flux predicted by our method are very close to those generated by CFD simulation. More importantly, compared with CFD simulation, the use of PDI-HFP effectively shortens the computational time, achieving a speedup by a factor of 200–1000, depending on the aircraft shape. • PDI-HFP is the first attempt to predict the surface heat flux of different 3D aircraft on arbitrary types of surface grid. • We adopt a multiview projection method to generate depth images in six directions, which can represent 3D aircraft accurately. • PDI-HFP has better generalization capability compared with other deep learning methods. It can adapt to different aircraft, different inflow conditions, and arbitrary grid types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with higher rare earth (RE) contents are more resistant to CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (CMAS) attack due to their reaction to form apatite protective products. In this study, the reaction behavior between RE 2 O 3 and CMAS was investigated and their interaction laws were clarified, based on which three criterions for selecting RE dopants for RE-containing TBC materials are proposed: 1) favorable reaction product types and strong protective products formation kinetics, 2) low RE3+ solubility in molten CMAS, and 3) low wettability of residual mixture. Sm 2 O 3 and Gd 2 O 3 are demonstrated as the most attractive dopants for RE-containing TBCs against CMAS attack. [Display omitted] • The reaction behavior between molten CMAS and different RE2O3 was systematically studied. • The reaction product types, protective products formation kinetics and residual mixture characters were elaborated. • Three criterions for selecting rare earth dopants for RE-containing TBCs against CMAS attack were first proposed. • Interaction laws of RE2O3 and molten CMAS were clarified. • Sm2O3 and Gd2O3 were demonstrated as the most attractive dopants for CMAS-resistant TBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing affordable and efficient electrocatalysts toward water electrolysis under industrial conditions is crucial for large-scale production of green hydrogen. In this regard, we propose a facile and mild method to construct crystalline-amorphous composites of metal phosphate (MPi) and NiS on nickel foam (NF) for practical water electrolysis. The as-prepared electrodes exhibit excellent performance, achieving a remarkable current density of 1000 mA cm–2 at the ultralow overpotential of 345 and 223 mV for FePi-NiS/NF (oxygen evolution reaction, OER) and NiCoPi-NiS/NF (hydrogen evolution reaction, HER), respectively. The composites can undergo an in-situ transformation into highly active and targeted species under high current density, which possess a unique pore structure interconnected by nanosheets that provides an abundance of catalytic sites and open channels for efficient bubble diffusion. When operated under industrial conditions (6 M KOH, 70 °C), the assembled electrode requires only 1.712 V to attain a current density of 1000 mA cm−2. The electrodes also demonstrate exceptional performance in alkaline electrolysis with an anion exchange membrane (AEMWE) when scaled up to a larger size (area: ≈ 25 cm2). Specifically, they achieve a substantial current of 12.5 A at 1.87 V with a high energy efficiency of 79.2 % and remarkable durability over 30 h under industrial electrolysis conditions (1 M KOH, 50 °C), outperforming benchmark Pt/C/NF || IrO 2 /NF electrodes with energy saving of 0.215 kWh Nm–3. This work provides a cost-effective and efficient strategy for designing and constructing stable and active catalysts for water electrolysis under harsh industrial conditions. [Display omitted] • Self-supported crystalline-amorphous composites are prepared by a universal method. • FePi-NiS/NF and NiCoPi-NiS/NF exhibit excellent OER and HER performance, respectively. • The in-situ formed active species play an important role in water splitting. • The assembled AEMWE (area: ≈ 25 cm2) can be operated efficiently and stably under industrial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inherent highly hydrophilic feature of cellulose-based paper hinders its application in many fields. Herein, a cellulose-based hydrophobic paper was fabricated based on surface chemical modification. Firstly, the hydrophobic acrylate components were bonded to the cellulose acetoacetate (CAA) fibers to obtain CAA graft acrylate (CAA-X) fibers through Michael addition reaction. Subsequently, CAA-X fibers were processed into paper via wet papermaking technology. The resulting paper exhibited good hydrophobic performance (water contact angle was up to 135°) with an air permeability of 24.8 μm/Pa·s. The hydrophobicity of paper was very stable and remained even after treating with different solvents. Moreover, the hydrophobic properties of this paper could be adjusted by changing the type of acrylate component. It should be noted that the surface modification strategy has no obvious effects on the whiteness (79.8%), writing, and printing properties of the cellulose fibers. Thus, it is a simple, benign, and efficient strategy for the construction of cellulose-based hydrophobic paper, which has great potential to be used in paper tableware, oil-water separation, watercolor protection, and food packaging fields. [Display omitted] • Cellulose-based hydrophobic paper was fabricated based on surface modification. • Acrylate compound was grafted to cellulose fibers via Michael addition reaction. • Chemical modification showed no obvious effect on properties of cellulose fibers. • The hydrophobic performance of cellulose-based paper was stable to solvents. • Hydrophobic paper exhibited good writing and printing performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a room temperature liquid metal alloy (Galinstan) and tungsten diselenide (WSe 2) composite anode (LM x @WSe 2) were synthesized utilizing a one-step hydrothermal method. Through a comprehensive characterization process, including XRD, SEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and BET, the structural and morphological properties of the synthesized composites were extensively explored. The liquid metal alloy was observed to combine effectively with WSe 2 via electrostatic adsorption, coordination, and additional bonding methods. Furthermore, it displayed high fluidity, deformability, and chemical stability. Consequently, the alloy promoted the repair of cracked surface areas in the electrode material and reduced internal oxidation-reduction reactions, leading to improved electrochemical performance during repeated lithium-ion insertion and extraction cycles. After 500 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1, this composite electrode retained a capacity of 224.5 mAh g−1. Impressively, at a low temperature of − 10 °C, it maintained a capacity of 290 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. Our research may open avenues for addressing mechanical difficulties experienced in flexible electronic devices and self-healing electronic circuits exposed to chemical reaction processes. • Liquid metal alloy (Galinstan) /WSe 2 composite anode was synthesized for LIBs. • Successful combination of liquid metal alloy and WSe 2 via various bonding methods. • High fluidity, deformability, and chemical stability observed in the alloy. • Electrochemical performance with superior capacity retention & low-temp. stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Demonstrates a novel technique for purifying the cefluosil. • Investigates the optimal nucleation temperature is 1145 °C. • Identifies optimal separation conditions, i.e., T = 1150℃， P = 0.35MPa, t = 4, resulting in the η ce = 88.56%. • Develops the Cake Filtration Models, which expressed as Δ P = α · σ · u · η A 2 · V + u · η · R m A , and t = η · σ · α 2 · ρ 2 · A 2 · Δ P · W 2 + η · R m ρ · A · Δ P · W. • Provides meaningful insights into the separation and purification of rare earth elements. Bayan Obo blast furnace slag (i.e., rare earth slag) is rich in rare earth elements. However, current methods for the separation and extraction of rare earth elements often suffer from lengthy production processes, high energy consumption, and significant environmental pollution, making large-scale applications difficult. Therefore, the separation, purification, and comprehensive utilization of rare earth elements from rare earth slag have become urgent priorities. In this study, gas pressure filtration technology was employed to purify and separate cerium fluorosilicate crystals from a quaternary system of CaO-SiO 2 -CaF 2 -Ce 2 O 3 rare earth slag. The pressure filtration mechanism was investigated, and both constant rate filtration and constant pressure filtration cake models were established. Additionally, the nucleation behavior of the cefluosil crystals was studied, and the optimal nucleation temperature under theoretical conditions was estimated to be 1145 °C. Furthermore, the effects of different separation conditions on the separation efficiency were examined, and it was concluded that successful separation of the cefluosil crystals was achieved under the optimal separation conditions (i.e., filtration temperature of 1150 °C, filtration pressure of 0.35 MPa, and filtration times of 4). After the pressure filtration separation, the recovery rate of Ce, a rare earth element, in the upper crucible reached 88.83%. This study confirms the effectiveness of pressure filtration for solid-liquid separation of rare earth slag and provides new insights for the separation and purification of high-value rare earth elements in rare earth slag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The sensor based nanoclay exhibits turn on fluorescent with BAs response. • The sensor exhibits wonderful sensitivity with a low limit of detection. • The BAs detection device is prepared by doping sensors into PVA. • The device applied as responsive marker for monitoring the freshness of fish. Biogenic amines (BAs), which naturally occur as chemicals in seafood, are indicators of food freshness and quality. High concentrations of BAs can cause an undesirable inflammatory response. However, traditional detection methods cannot meet the needs of rapid analysis nowadays. It is essential to explore a simple and valid method to monitor the food quality. Herein, we design and prepare a nanoclay-based turn on fluorescent material with BAs response, which could be used for the real-time and visual detection of raw fish freshness. As the concentration of BAs increase, the sensor of the fluorescence signal is significantly enhanced. The sensor demonstrated wonderful response and sensitivity which showed a detection limit of 0.935 mg/L for typical BAs histamine within a linear range of 2–14 mg/L in an aqueous solution. More importantly, we developed a responsive BAs device by doping the sensor into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is well applied as a rapid-responsive fluorescent marker for visual monitoring the freshness of raw fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article is devoted to the problem of attitude control for rigid spacecraft subject to multiple disturbances. Due to the limited communication and storage resource, an event‐triggered anti‐disturbance attitude control approach is proposed for the attitude control system (ACS) with multiple disturbances. Different from some existing event‐triggered attitude control methods, the multiple disturbances are considered and can be divided into an uncertain modeled disturbance and a norm bounded equivalent disturbance. A disturbance observer is designed to estimate the modeled disturbance. Based on the framework of disturbance observer‐based control, the proposed event‐triggered anti‐disturbance controller can guarantee that the ACS converges toward a small invariant set, which successfully avoids continuous communication and Zeno phenomenon. Finally, simulation results are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most deleterious elements in iron ore, it is easy to form iron phosphides that make steel brittle during reduction processes. A new process (direct reduction and flash smelting separation (FSS)) of treating high phosphorus iron ore (HPIO) is introduced in this paper. By limiting the smelting separation between slag and iron to the level of about 1 s, the reduction and migration process of P element was restrained, and the content of P element in the metallic iron obtained after separation was limited to about 0.3 wt%. The effects of flash smelting temperature and ore particle size on the flash smelting process were studied. The migration process of phosphorus was analyzed, and a mathematical model of this smelting process was established to facilitate the visualized understanding and regulation of this process. Unlabelled Image • The flash smelting separation method is introduced in this study. • The metallic iron will melt into a spherical ball wrapped by slag phase. • The rapid smelting separation hinders the reduction and diffusion of P. • Proper particle size is suggested when using this method. • The dephosphorization behavior can be interpreted with the mathematical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem to identify the type of source generating discharges detected during campaigns of partial discharge (PD) measurements in cable terminal is of utmost importance in the quality control and state detection of the power supply system of a high-speed railway train. The purpose of this article is to provide a novel PD feature and a potential tool for cable terminal PD identification. The traditional PD type of high-speed train cable terminal is usually identified by PD test parameters, such as amplitude, PD times, and discharge energy. These features contain limited information and are easily affected by external factors, resulting in large numerical fluctuations, making the reliability of the test results low, which makes the operation, maintenance, and repair decision of high-speed train cables very difficult. Therefore, this article proposes a method that can extract rich feature information from PD data and distinguish PD types accurately and reliably by combining with a classification algorithm. First, to make full use of the characteristics of PD data, the single-scale PRPD images are transformed into multiscale PRPD images by using image pyramid theory. Then, the first-order texture statistics, the second-order texture statistics, and the higher order texture statistics are extracted from the multiscale PRPD space. Finally, the input features are optimized and classified by random forest and compared with other feature extraction algorithms. The results show that this method can identify PD type accurately and reliably, and the recognition accuracy is better than that of a single PD discharge feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 40 years, the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) in China has shown an increasing trend, leading to an urgent need to develop efficient treatment modes and methods. Since the beginning of the new century, the diagnosis, treatment, and research of ED in China have been under development. This article gives an introduction and commentary on the treatment modes, treatment methods and their applications in ED in China. There are two main treatment forms for ED until now, that is, inpatient treatment and outpatient treatment. Inpatient treatment is recommended as the first choice. Since 2008, clinical psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and family‐based treatment (FBT), which are effective for pathological symptoms of ED, have been introduced into China and developed clinically. Group CBT and group DBT for patients with ED and group FBT for caregivers might be the most efficient psychotherapy in China nowadays. A multi‐family FBT support group could be developed as the basic treatment of ED patients. Although these new types of psychotherapy have observed effectiveness in clinical application, the Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are rare and need to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a class of mathematical programs with complementarity constraints (MPCC) where the objective function involves a non-Lipschitz sparsity-inducing term. Due to the existence of the non-Lipschitz term, existing constraint qualifications for locally Lipschitz MPCC cannot ensure that necessary optimality conditions hold at a local minimizer. In this paper, we present necessary optimality conditions and MPCC-tailored qualifications for the non-Lipschitz MPCC. The proposed qualifications are related to the constraints and the non-Lipschitz term, which ensure that local minimizers satisfy these necessary optimality conditions. Moreover, we present an approximation method for solving the non-Lipschitz MPCC and establish its convergence. Finally, we use numerical examples of sparse solutions of linear complementarity problems and the second-best road pricing problem in transportation science to illustrate the effectiveness of our approximation method for solving the non-Lipschitz MPCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of automation and informatization, the electromagnetic environment has become increasingly complex. Traditional protection methods for electronic systems are facing with serious challenges. Biological nervous system has the self-adaptive advantages under the regulation of the nervous system. It is necessary to explore a new thought on electromagnetic protection by drawing from the self-adaptive advantage of the biological nervous system. In this study, the scale-free spiking neural network (SFSNN) is constructed, in which the Izhikevich neuron model is employed as a node, and the synaptic plasticity model including excitatory and inhibitory synapses is employed as an edge. Under white Gaussian noise, the noise suppression abilities of the SFSNNs with the high average clustering coefficient (ACC) and the SFSNNs with the low ACC are studied comparatively. The noise suppression mechanism of the SFSNN is explored. The experiment results demonstrate that the following. (1) The SFSNN has a certain degree of noise suppression ability, and the SFSNNs with the high ACC have higher noise suppression performance than the SFSNNs with the low ACC. (2) The neural information processing of the SFSNN is the linkage effect of dynamic changes in neuron firing, synaptic weight and topological characteristics. (3) The synaptic plasticity is the intrinsic factor of the noise suppression ability of the SFSNN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural information coding is the foundation of information processing in the nervous system. The specificity of coding is the key issue of efficiently realizing complex cognition functions. In this study, a scale-free spiking neural network (SFSNN) is constructed based on synaptic plasticity and scale-free topology. The time coding properties of the SFSNN under different intensities of different stimulations including Gauss stimulation, impulse stimulation, and AC electric field stimulation are analyzed. On this basis, the specificity of time coding and the mechanism of time coding are studied emphatically. The experimental results show that: (1) Under each kind of stimulation, the inter-spike interval (ISI) is decreased, and the stronger the stimulation intensity is, the smaller the ISI is. (2) The time coding patterns have high similarity under same kind of stimulation, which is verified by the cosine similarity algorithm; the time coding patterns have high difference under different kind of stimulations, which is verified by the K-means clustering algorithm. Therefore, the time coding specificity is verified by the algorithms. (3) The relationship between the synaptic plasticity and time coding is established based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The dynamic regulation of synaptic plasticity is significantly correlated with time coding under each kind of stimulation, which implies that the dynamic regulation of synaptic plasticity is the intrinsic factor of time coding mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-derived Silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and yttrium-containing silicon oxycarbide (SiYOC) ceramics were obtained in the present work. To investigate their high temperature behaviors in low pressure atmosphere, these ceramics were further annealed at 1200 °C, 1300 °C, 1400 °C, and 1500 °C. The structure evolutions of SiOC and SiYOC ceramics through heat-treatment were studied. It was found that the carbothermal reductions of SiOC ceramics were activated at 1400 °C and almost finished at 1500 °C. The introduction of Y element played a major role on high temperature stability by influencing the structure evolution of SiOC and hindering the carbothermal reductions. The results show that introducing yttrium to modify the SiOC structure should be an effective way to enhance the thermal stability of SiOC ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the discussion of "fake news" often revolves around online rumor. In addition to politically motivated rumors, a large portion of profit-driven, sensational rumors permeate China's Internet. This study examines the diffusion of day-to-day online rumors on Weibo, WeChat, and mainstream news websites—the three major online news platforms in China—within an agenda-setting framework. Specifically, the study analyzed the top ten most widely distributed online rumors in China in 2016, focusing on how each rumor was reported and the transfer of rumor salience within and across the three media platforms. A total of 18,347 news items were quantitatively content analyzed and time-series analyses were conducted to discover the rumor diffusion patterns. Overall, the results show that Weibo was most likely to advance rumors, while WeChat had the greatest rumor refutation-to-advancement ratio. Mainstream news websites set the agenda of both Weibo and WeChat in refuting rumors and, ironically, also set the agenda of WeChat in advancing rumors. For rumor refuting within social media, the agenda-setting power of mainstream media remained strong on Weibo, while on WeChat governmental accounts and alternative information sources were more effective in building the mainstream media agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction of antibacterial substances from Galla chinensis (ASGC) that act against the aquatic pathogen Vibrio harveyi, to identify the chemical composition and explore the mechanism of action. The optimal extraction process was as follows: anhydrous methanol, liquid/material ratio (mL/g) 26:1, extraction temperature 98 °C and extraction time 157 min. The diameter of the inhibition zones (21.31 ± 0.51 mm) under the optimal conditions agreed with the predicted value by experimental rechecking. The yield of ASGC was 39.39% ± 0.69%, and two compounds including gallic acid (GA) and penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (5GG) were identified in ASGC. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ASGC and GA were 0.50 and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, 5GG and other chemical constituents did not exert antibacterial activities against V. harveyi (MICs > 1 mg/mL). Further investigation of the mechanisms of action of ASGC and GA against V. harveyi revealed their strong destructive effects on the growth of bacterial cells, the integrity and permeability of the cell membrane, and morphological alterations. The report provides a favorable prospect of GA as a potential control agent against V. harveyi in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Self-crystallization behavior of CMAS glass and its potential effects on the corrosion to TBCs are studied. • During the cooling process, CMAS self-crystallization layer thickness increases with the cooling rate decreasing. • Crystalline phases are formed in a sequence of diopside, wollastonite and anorthite. • Upon heating, self-crystallization product types depend on the dwell temperature, not on the heating rate. • Although self-crystallization can slow CMAS penetration, the function on protecting TBCs from damage is limited. Understanding self-crystallization characteristics of calcium-magnesium-alumina- silicate (CMAS) glass is of great significance for seeking for solution to its corrosion to thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Here, we design a series of experiments to investigate the relationship between CMAS self-crystallization behavior and cooling/heating rates and dwell temperature, and emphasize the potential influence of self-crystallization on CMAS corrosion behavior to TBCs. With the cooling rate decreasing, crystalline phases formed in a sequence of diopside, wollastonite and anorthite, and the thickness of the crystalline layer increased. During the heating process, diopside and melilite phases formed when the temperature was lower than 1050 °C; while at higher temperatures, melilite transformed to anorthite and wollastonite, independent on the heating rate. Although self-crystallization can slow molten CMAS penetration, the function on protecting TBCs from damage is limited, and other strategies alleviating CMAS corrosion are necessitated to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing wireless signals for gesture recognition and human identification is an emerging type of technology for touchless user interface, which allows the computer to automatically identify the user and interpret his/her gestures as commands. Such techniques extract features to profile the fluctuation of time series wireless signals to infer human gestures/identities. Among which, device-free approach becomes more attractive because it does not need human to carry or wear sensing devices. Existing device-free solutions, though yielding good performance, require heavy crafting on data preprocessing and feature extraction. In this paper, we propose RFnet, a multi-branch 1D-CNN based framework, that explores the possibility of directly utilizing time series RFID signal to recognize static/dynamic gestures as well as the identity of users, which can benefit a large number of applications such as smart homes where security is also a prior concern. We conduct extensive experiments in three different environments. The results demonstrate the superior effectiveness of the proposed RFnet framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vortex identification and visualization are important means to understand the underlying physical mechanism of the flow field. Local vortex identification methods need to combine with the manual selection of the appropriate threshold, which leads to poor robustness. Global vortex identification methods are of high computational complexity and time-consuming. Machine learning methods are related to the size and shape of the flow field, which are weak in versatility and scalability. It cannot be extended and is suitable for flow fields of different sizes. Recently, proposed deep learning methods have long network training time and high computational complexity. Aiming at the above problems, we present a novel vortex identification method based on the Convolutional Neural Networks-Extreme Learning Machine (CNN-ELM). This method transforms the vortex identification problem into a binary classification problem, and can quickly, objectively, and robustly identify vortices from the flow field. A large number of experiments prove the effectiveness of our method, which can improve or supplement the shortcomings of existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel adaptive neural network (NN) control scheme is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown control direction. By introducing some differentiable functions and high-order Lyapunov functions, the obstacle caused by unknown control direction in NN control is successfully circumvented and all closed-loop signals are shown to be uniformly bounded up to infinite time. Meanwhile, by introducing an error transformation technique, it is rigorously proved that the argument of the unknown nonlinearities remains within a compact set which can be explicitly calculated a priori, making the NN approximation always valid. Moreover, with the aid of a bound estimation approach, we effectively compress the impact of approximation errors and external disturbances and steer the tracking error into a predefined small residual set. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goals were twofold: To estimate the depression and anxiety levels among caregivers of patients with eating disorders (ED) in China during the COVID‐19 pandemic when compared with a control group, and to assess whether an online education program was effective in decreasing the anxiety and depression of the caregivers of patients with ED, and associated factors. Method: Caregivers of patients with ED (n = 254) and a comparison group of non‐ED caregivers (N = 254) were recruited at baseline. Additionally, caregivers of patients with ED were invited into a free 4‐week online education program, with an additional online group as support. Depression and anxiety levels were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. Results: Caregivers of patients with ED showed significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety than the comparison group of non‐ED caregivers. The online education program showed no significant effect on decreasing depression and anxiety levels of caregivers of patients with ED overall. Caregivers who had older loved ones and not living with them were more likely to decrease their depression levels. Caregivers of patients with longer illness duration were less likely to decrease their anxiety levels. Discussion: These results showed that caregivers of ED patients suffered more serious psychological distress during the pandemic. A more structured and intensive online intervention with a limited number of participants might be required to address caregivers' distress in post‐COVID‐19 China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymer nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity show a promising prospect in thermal management of next‐generation electronic devices due to their excellent mechanical adaptability, outstanding processability, and superior flexibility. However, interfacial thermal resistance between individual CNT significantly hinders the further improvement in thermal conductivity of CNT‐reinforced nanocomposites. Herein, an interfacial welding strategy is reported to construct graphitic structure welded CNT (GS‐w‐CNT) networks. Notably, the obtained GS‐w‐CNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite with a GS loading of 4.75 wt% preserves a high thermal conductivity of 5.58 W m−1 K−1 with a 410% enhancement as compared to a pure CNT/PDMS nanocomposite. Molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to elucidate the effect of interfacial welding on the heat transfer behavior, revealing that the GS welding degree plays an important role in reducing both phonon scattering in the GS‐w‐CNT structure and interfacial thermal resistance at the interfaces between CNT. The unique welding strategy provides a new route to optimize the thermal transport performance in filler reinforced polymer nanocomposites, promoting their applications in next‐generation microelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of prophylactic infusion of norepinephrine (NE) versus normal saline in patients undergoing cesarean section. Methods: Patients (n = 97) were randomized to receive a bolus of NE (6 μg) immediately following spinal anesthesia with maintenance NE (0.05 μg/kg/min IV) or normal saline (n = 98). The primary endpoint was the incidence of postspinal anesthesia hypotension [systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 80% of baseline] at 1–20 min following spinal anesthesia. Secondary outcomes were the overall stability of SBP control versus baseline, inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVC-CI), other adverse events (bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, and hypertension), and neonatal outcomes (blood gas values and Apgar scores). Results: The rates of postspinal anesthesia hypotension and severe postspinal anesthesia hypotension (SBP < 60% of the baseline) were significantly lower in the NE group (17.5% vs. 62.2%, p < 0.001; 7.2% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.031). In the NE group, SBP remained more stable and closer to baseline (p < 0.001), and IVC-CI values were lower 5 min after spinal anesthesia and 5 min after fetal delivery (p = 0.045; p < 0.001, respectively). Other adverse effects and neonatal outcomes were not different between the two groups. Conclusion: Prophylactic NE infusion effectively lowers the incidence of postspinal anesthesia hypotension and does not increase other adverse events in patients or neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdcoding, a method that outsources "coding" tasks to numerous people on the internet, has emerged as a popular approach for annotating texts and visuals. However, the performance of this approach for analyzing social media data in the context of journalism and mass communication research has not been systematically assessed. This study evaluated the validity and efficiency of crowdcoding based on the analysis of 4,000 tweets about the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The results show that compared with the traditional quantitative content analysis, crowdcoding yielded comparably valid results and was superior in efficiency, but was more expensive under most circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular concrete filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) has broader application aspects in engineering practice due to its superior confinement and elegant architectural appearance compared with square CFDST. However, there is still lack of an effective and reliable assembled method to connect the circular CFDST column to the beam. This paper focused on the theoretical and structural behavior on the assembled joint between circular CFDST column and composite beam. A sophisticated theoretical model was proposed to evaluate the initial rotational stiffness and moment capacity of the assembled joint. This theoretical model firstly accounted for the curved end plate in bending considering the clamping forces of blind bolts. Furthermore, a simplified arch model was developed to assess the circular steel tube in compression and the stiffness coefficients related to the circular CFDST column determined by the load transfer mechanism were also involved in the theoretical model. Subsequently, an experimental investigation on such kind of joint was conducted as a basis to verify the developed numerical model, indicating the numerical model could well replicate the typical failure modes and hysteresis curves. Parametric analyses based on the validated numerical model were performed to identify the effects of various parameters on the typical assembled joint. The theoretical model was verified to be capable of predicting the initial stiffness and moment capacity of assembled composite joint to circular CFDST column by comparing with the numerically observed results. The theoretical and analytical results performed in this paper would be beneficial for the application of the assembled beam to column joint in CFDST structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy innovation and diffusion literature mainly focuses on the decision to adopt a new policy, while ignoring the differences among new policies. This study divides the decision-making process of policy innovation diffusion into two phases: in the "innovate or not" phase, governments make the decision to adopt or reject the new policy, while "how to innovate" is the process by which governments formulate specific content for the new policy. A dynamic comparative analysis finds that effects of internal determinants and diffusion mechanisms vary during these two phases and that internal determinants moderate the effects of diffusion mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D hierarchical Bi-doped CoP nanoflower electrocatalyst has been developed based on a MOF self-sacrifice strategy. 3% Bi/CoP delivers a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at low overpotentials of 122 mV in alkaline electrolyte and 150 mV in acidic electrolyte, respectively. DFT calculations demonstrate that Bi doping can synergistically optimize the binding free energy of H* on the CoP (202) facet and ultimately improve the HER performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we compared the outcomes of medical therapy (MT) with successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in chronic total occlusions (CTO) patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 2015 patients with CTOs were stratified. Diabetic patients (n = 755, 37.5%) and non-diabetic patients (n = 1260, 62.5%) were subjected to medical therapy or successful CTO-PCI. We performed a propensity score matching (PSM) to balance the baseline characteristics. A comparison of the major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was done to evaluate long-term outcomes. Results: The median follow-up duration was 2.6 years. Through multivariate analysis, the incidence of MACE was significantly higher among diabetic patients compared to the non-diabetic patients (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.61, p = 0.005). Among the diabetic group, the rate of MACE (adjusted HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42–0.87, p = 0.006) was significantly lower in the successful CTO-PCI group than in the MT group. Besides, in the non-diabetic group, the prevalence of MACE (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.64–1.15, p = 0.294) and cardiac death (adjusted HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.51–1.70, p = 0.825) were comparable between the two groups. Similar results as with the early detection were obtained in propensity-matched diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Notably, there was a significant interaction between diabetic or non-diabetic with the therapeutic strategy on MACE (p for interaction = 0.036). Conclusions: For treatment of CTO, successful CTO-PCI highly reduces the risk of MACE in diabetic patients when compared with medical therapy. However, this does not apply to non-diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ultrasonic‐assisted extraction method was applied to extract Boletus edulis pigment, and its stability and antioxidant activity were also investigated. The optimal extraction process condition was liquid‐solid ratio of 38 ml/g, ethanol concentration of 55%, ultrasound time of 42 min, and ultrasound power of 450 w, resulting in the highest yield of 84.77%. The crude B. edulis pigment was found to have high stability at low temperatures away from light and pH values at a range of 3–5. Glucose, citric acid, Ca2+, Na+, and K+ increased the stability of B. edulis pigment, while Cu2+, Fe2+, and Al3+ had a negative effect on the pigment stability. Finally, research on antioxidant activity showed that B. edulis pigment had strong scavenging activities on DPPH·, ABTS·+, and OH, and the IC50 values of them were 0.352, 0.13, and 0.41 mg/ml, respectively. Overall, this study indicated that B. edulis pigment presented certain stability and antioxidant, and could be used as food antioxidant and coloring in food industry. Practical applications: Nowadays, microorganisms pigments, especially fungal pigments, have been shown to be an excellent alternative source of natural pigments. Research on fungal pigments should focus on obtaining a wider variety of hues, using pigments with health benefits, increasing shelf life and reducing production costs. This study will contribute a novel method to develop natural pigments with an extended shelf life. In addition, the immense advantages of B. edulis pigments over other natural or synthetic pigments have opened new avenues in the market for a wide range of applications in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines a networked global media system by discerning what drives international news flow in multiple dimensions. A network analysis of news coverage from news websites in 67 countries and their interactions in 2015 reveals that structural factors not only predict a country's international attention – but also its transnational intermedia agenda-setting (IAS) power – the power to influence international discourse. Rationales that drive different dimensions of news flow vary. For instance, our results show that economically influential and more populous countries continue to set the world news agenda in reporting international politics, but smaller countries may have the potential to determine how their own countries are portrayed by the outside world. In addition, trade volume explains international news flow in several ways. Overall, this article advances prior literature by demonstrating that international news flow is multilayered, networked, and possesses systemness and fluidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hispar Glacier is a useful site for studying surge mechanisms. Prior to this study, only two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow velocities having low temporal resolution were available for this glacier, providing inadequate information about its surge evolution. In this study, 139 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from Sentinel‐1A were used to obtain 3‐D flow velocity time series for the Hispar Glacier during the recent surge (2014–2016). The 3‐D flow velocities were sampled at an interval of 11 days, which is much greater than in previous studies. Besides, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) and two TanDEM‐X images were used to determine glacier thickness changes prior to and following the recent surge. Combining the results and geomorphologic features, we deduced that the recent surge was because of saturated basal water pressure in the Yutmaru tributary. The mass from the Yutmaru tributary squeezed into the trunk and rapidly flowed downslope along the northern margin, generating strong normal pressure to the trunk mass. Pushed by the Yutmaru tributary, the trunk began to surge in September 2014. The flow velocity reached a first peak in May 2015 and then decreased in October 2015, as part of the basal meltwater ran off. However, basal meltwater accumulated again during the following 4 months, and correspondingly, the trunk accelerated again after October 2015. Finally, as kinetic energy was released and resisting force increased, the trunk became almost stagnant in August 2016. The surge mass was blocked downstream in the trunk by the mass transferred from the Kunyang tributary, and consequently, the glacier did not advance. Key Points: The 3‐D flow velocity and the thickness change of the Hispar Glacier were retrieved via the PO‐MSBAS and geodetic methods, respectivelyThe results indicate that the surge of a tributary at high altitude triggered the surge in the trunkWe deduced that the surge of the tributary was triggered by saturated water pressure at the interface between the ice and the bedrock [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bialkali photocathodes, such as cesium potassium antimonide (CsK2Sb), can generate a high-brightness electron beam using a high-power green laser. These photocathode materials have potential applications in advanced accelerators and electron microscopes. It is known that the quantum efficiency (QE) of these photocathodes is affected severely by their substrates; however, reusability of the substrates is not well known. Here, we use graphene, silicon (Si), and molybdenum (Mo) substrates to evaluate the effects of substrates on the QE of redeposited CsK2Sb photocathodes after thermal cleanings. We found that the QE of CsK2Sb photocathodes redeposited on a graphene substrate after thermal cleaning at 500 °C remained largely unchanged. On the other hand, the QE of redeposited photocathodes on Si and Mo substrates after thermal cleaning at the same temperature decreased drastically. We used x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to quantitatively evaluate the residues of photocathodes after thermal cleaning at 400 °C and 500 °C. We found that Sb, K, and Cs are removed by thermal cleaning at 500 °C for the graphene substrate, but all or the majority of these elements remained on the Si and Mo substrates. The results were consistent with our density functional theory calculations for the case of Si, which we investigated. Furthermore, our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on graphene indicated that its intrinsic electronic structure is preserved after photocathode deposition and thermal cleaning at 500 °C. Hence, we attributed the difference in the amount of photocathode residue to the unique dangling-bond-free surface of inert graphene. Our results provide a foundation for graphene-based reusable substrates for high-QE semiconductor photocathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DDA shows excellent corrosion inhibition performance for Q235 steel in H 2 SO 4. • The solubility and toxicity of DDA were evaluated by theory. • Surface morphology of Q235 steel was examined by SEM and AFM. • The adsorption process of DDA follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm. • Experimental results were supported by DFT and molecular dynamics calculations. 3,3-Dithiodipropionic acid (DDA) as a potential corrosion inhibitor for Q235 steel in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution was examined. A variety of research approaches including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and computational techniques were employed. The toxicity and solubility of DAA were reasonably assessed. Its inhibition efficiency can reach approximately 93% when the optimal concentration is 5 mM. The results of PDP curves manifest that DDA is a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. EIS data indicate that the charge transfer resistance increases with increasing concentration of DDA. Gibbs free energy obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model suggests that DDA molecules hinder the acid attack mainly by chemisorption. Surface topography analysis strongly confirmed the electrochemical findings. Moreover, the simulation results based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations supported the successful interfacial adsorption of DDA on Fe(1 1 0) surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Chinese economic development has slowed down and competition in the financial industry has become increasingly fierce. The purpose of this paper is to study the efficiency characteristics of China's banking industry in the new environment and provide suggestions for banks to improve efficiency. This paper uses a data envelopment analysis (DEA) SBM-undesirable model and window analysis to measure the technical efficiency of 13 nationwide commercial banks in China during the period from 2008 to 2017. Furthermore, the convergence characteristics of bank technical efficiency are examined. The empirical results show that state-owned banks were more efficient than joint stock banks before 2012. After 2012, state-owned banks were less efficient than joint stock banks. Finally, this paper explores the influential factors of technical efficiency. Noninterest income ratio, net interest margin, growth rate of total investment in fixed assets, and consumer price index have a significant positive impact on bank efficiency. The cost-to-income ratio has a significant negative impact on bank efficiency. Further research using the threshold model shows that noninterest income ratio has a threshold effect on bank efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nerve agents (NAs) are a group of organophosphorus compounds with acute lethal toxicity, but the knowledge of NA simulants is insufficient to clarify the toxicity of NAs. Herein, we introduce a self-assembled bienzymatic electrochemical biosensor, in which acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase were immobilized to a poly(o-phenylenediamine)-modified Au electrode. This as-presented biosensor is competent in the in situ detection of NAs and in the recording of the inhibition and reactivation processes of AChE. The limit of detection for soman (GD), sarin (GB), VX, and tabun (GA) can reach as low as 2.9, 1.1, 3.1, and 41 nM, respectively. Besides, the in situ characterized inhibition processes are achieved using a one-step protocol, where the inhibition rate constants for GD, GB, VX, and GA were calculated to be 1.36 × 107, 3.9 × 106, 3.2 × 106 and 1.7 × 105 M−1 min−1. We further investigated the reactivation efficiency of oximes against NA-inhibited AChE. HI-6 and obidoxime possess better reactivation capacity for GB- and VX-inhibited AChE. Insights into NA inhibition and reactivation processes with such an electrochemical biosensor may benefit in the better designing of an early detection system with high sensitivity and selectivity for NAs and for understanding poisoning and detoxification of other chemical warfare agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]