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By using gas physisorption and multifractal theory, this study analyzes pore structure heterogeneity and influencing factors during thermal maturation of naturally immature but artificially matured shale from the Kongdian Formation after being subjected to hydrous pyrolysis from 250 °C to 425 °C. As thermal maturity increases, the transformation of organic matter, generation, retention, and expulsion of hydrocarbons, and formation of various pore types, lead to changes in pore structure heterogeneity. The entire process is divided into three stages: bitumen generation stage (250–300 °C), oil generation stage (325–375 °C), and oil cracking stage (400–425 °C). During the bitumen generation stage, retained hydrocarbons decrease total-pore and mesopore volumes. Fractal parameters ΔD indicative of pore connectivity shows little change, while Hurst exponent H values for pore structure heterogeneity drop significantly, indicating reduced pore connectivity due to bitumen clogging. During the peak oil generation stage, both ΔD and H values increase, indicating enhanced pore heterogeneity and connectivity due to the expulsion of retained hydrocarbons. In the oil cracking stage, ΔD increases significantly, and H value rises slowly, attributed to the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons further consuming retained hydrocarbons and organic matter, forming more small-diameter pores and increased pore heterogeneity. A strongly negative correlation between ΔD and retained hydrocarbon content, and a strongly positive correlation with gaseous hydrocarbon yield, highlight the dynamic interaction between hydrocarbon phases and pore structure evolution. This study overall provides valuable insights for petroleum generation, storage, and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of hydrocarbons, including methane, is part of interrelated hydrogeochemical reactions affecting the carbon budget in Earth's crust. To investigate these processes in deep siliciclastic strata, we analyzed core samples from Lower Triassic red beds in the Mahu Sag (Junggar Basin, northwest China) by coupling petrological observations with high-resolution in situ secondary ion mass spectroscopy stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses and clumped isotopes (47) of authigenic calcite. The strata contain variable oil and gas content as well as abundant high-valence Fe and/ or Mn oxides. Three sequential generations of cement occur, which are characterized as (1) non-luminescent, early diagenetic calcite (MnO <0.3%, d13CVPDB [Vienna Peedee belemnite] = -5.6‰ to -4.1‰); (2) bright-orange luminescent late-stage I calcite (0.75%-5.23% MnO, d13C = -51.4‰ to -25.8‰); and (3) dull-orange late-stage II calcite (4.10%-12.93% MnO, d13C = -91.4‰ to -30.9‰). Clumped isotopic thermometry reveals that the calcite precipitation temperature increases successively from <40 °C, to 81-107 °C, to finally 107-132 °C, corresponding to three precipitation time periods: before the Late Triassic, from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, and from the Early Cretaceous to the present, respectively. d13C values of -55.7‰ to -25.8‰ indicate that late-stage I calcite is the final product of oxidation of both methane and C2+ hydrocarbons, whereas d13C values as low as -91‰ indicate that late-stage II calcite is mainly derived from the thermochemical oxidation of methane (d13C = -46.8‰ to -39.3‰) induced by high-valence Mn and/ or Fe oxides. For late-stage I calcite, hydrocarbon oxidation was most likely promoted by high temperatures, although microbial oxidation cannot be completely ruled out. The higher precipitation temperature of latestage II calcite demonstrates that the oxidation of methane requires higher activation energies than oxidation of C2+ hydrocarbons. We provide reliable geochemical evidence for thermally induced sequential oxidation of hydrocarbons within deep siliciclastic strata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The extreme toxicity of petroleum products to human and environmental health, particularly when linked to large-scale unintentional spills, has made them one of the most serious and current environmental pollution issue. Petroleum products are a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Methods: Oil-contaminated soil samples were gathered and utilized to isolate hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial isolates. The bacterial isolates possessing bioremediation capabilities were identified using phenotypic determination and biochemical properties. The Optimal conditions including incubation period, temperature, different pH values and different carbon sources were studied for bioremediation of crude oil by bacterial isolates. Result: In Wasit province of Iraq, Pseudomonas putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa isolated from soil samples tainted with petroleum hydrocarbons. Pseudomonas putida have more ability for bioremediation of crude oil (68%) compared to P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens (47%, 58%) respectively. The results of optical density (600nm), biomass and (E24%) index for Pseudomonas putida were (1.080, 1.98 and 60%) respectively. The Optimal conditions (incubation period, temperature, different pH values and different carbon sources) were studied for bioremediation of crude oil by Pseudomonas putida by using liquid BHM supplemented with 1% crude oil. The result of this study showed that the incubation period of 9 days was the optimum for bioremediation of hydrocarbons which was 88.33%. The optimum temperature and pH were 35 °C and 7 respectively. The carbon source (glucose and fructose) was optimal for hydrocarbon bioremediation. Conclusion: This bacterial isolate Pseudomonas putida can be use in petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prominent etiological factor underlying the onset of end-stage kidney disease, which is characterized by the presence of microalbuminuria. Recent studies have found that high glucose can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in podocytes, leading to renal impairment and proteinuria. Triptolide was extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F., which has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and podocyte protective activities. Multiple studies have shown that triptolide can ameliorate proteinuria in DKD. However, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates whether triptolide can reverse proteinuria in DKD by inhibiting ferroptosis in db/db mice and its specific protective mechanisms. The results demonstrate that triptolide could preserve podocytes and reduce proteinuria in db/db mice via inhibiting ferroptosis. In vivo and in vitro, the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH-1), and the cystine/glutamate reverse antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) were increased, and the production of transferrin receptor 1 (TFR-1) was decreased by triptolide. Moreover, triptolide suppressed oxidative stress and mitochondria dysfunction. Additionally, triptolide up-regulated the expression of NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and change the expression of its downstream targets related to ferroptosis. Furthermore, the podocyte actin cytoskeleton was stabilized by triptolide, and the transition from slit diaphragm (SD) to tight junction (TJ), which is a pivotal character of filtration barrier damage, was attenuated by triptolide. In conclusion, our results suggest that triptolide could stabilize the glomerular podocyte cytoskeleton and attenuate renal SD–TJ transition in DKD by upregulating Nrf2 and thereby inhibiting ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative articular disease that leads to physical disability and reduced quality of life. The key pathological events in OA are cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation. Conventional therapies often lead to adverse effects that some patients are unwilling to endure. Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have long been known for their efficacy in treating OA with minimal side effects. The wingless-type (Wnt) signaling pathway is believed to play a role in OA progression, but there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding on how TCM may treat OA via the Wnt signaling pathway. This study aims to fill this gap by reviewing relevant research on the association between the Wnt signaling pathway and cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation in OA. Meanwhile, we also summarized and categorized TCMs and their active components, such as alkaloids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, etc., which have shown varying efficacy in treating OA through modulation of the Wnt/ β -catenin signaling pathway. This work underscores the pivotal role of the Wnt signaling pathway in OA pathogenesis and progression, suggesting that targeting this pathway holds promise as a prospective therapeutic strategy for OA management in the future. TCMs and their active components have the potential to alleviate OA by modulating the Wnt signaling cascade. Harnessing TCMs and their active components to regulate the Wnt signaling pathway presents an encouraging avenue for delivering substantial therapeutic benefits to individuals with OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhubarb, the Rhei radix et rhizoma (Da huang) is a member of the Polygonaceae family, included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and is mainly distributed in Gansu, Sichuan, Qinghai, northwestern Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. Rhei radix et rhizoma is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines, processed into drinkable tablets in different concoctions for clinical use. Phytochemical studies showed that more than 170 compounds were isolated and identified from Rhei radix et rhizoma, including anthraquinones/anthrones (major constituents), stilbenes, chromones, flavonoids, tannins, and other compounds, etc. Rhei radix et rhizoma is an herb with a long history of traditional use and many potential therapeutic benefits. It can play the role of diarrhea, clearing heat in response to different combinations and concoctions. It is mainly used for the treatment of constipation, gastrointestinal function impairment, and other diseases. In addition, Rhei radix et rhizoma has significant antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepato-renal protective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory activities. Its active constituents have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and hepato-kidney protective properties. Although it is primarily used for gastrointestinal disorders, it may also have wider applications in various inflammatory and liver disorders. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore its full potential and mechanism of action. This paper reviews the research progress of Rhei radix et rhizoma in terms of botany, traditional use, chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical studies. It aims to provide a scientific basis for in-depth research and development of Rhei radix et rhizome resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of hydrocarbons (HC) into the marine environment has serious consequences, both economically and ecologically. This work presents an efficient process to remove HC pollution from seawater: cloud point extraction (CPE), considered to be a reliable, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method, using the readily biodegradable nonionic surfactants Lutensol ON30 and Tergitol 15‐S‐7. A real salt water sample with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD = 1700 mg O2/L) was thus treated. First, the phase diagrams of the binary systems (water–surfactant), and the pseudo‐binary systems (water–surfactant–HC), were determined. Second, after a 24 h settling time, considered as optimal, the extraction results, that is, residual soluble COD, residual percentage of surfactant in the dilute phase and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium, were expressed in terms of temperature and initial surfactant concentration. For each parameter, the results obtained were modeled using the response surface methodology and represented on three‐dimensional diagrams. They show that the COD can be reduced to 10 and 15 mg O2/L, using Lutensol ON30 and Tergitol 15‐S‐7, respectively, under seawater temperature conditions. Finally, it was shown that the surfactant can be recycled. The present work demonstrates that CPE can reduce the HC content of seawater on a laboratory scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Wildland firefighters are exposed through the lungs and skin to particulate matter, fumes, and vapors containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Wearing respiratory protection should reduce pulmonary exposure, but there is uncertainty about the most effective and acceptable type of mask. Methods Firefighters from 6 unit crews working with the British Columbia Wildfire Service were approached and those consenting were randomly allocated within each crew to a "no mask" control group or to use 1 of 3 types of masks: X, half-face respirator with P100/multi gas cartridge; Y, cloth with alpaca filter; Z mesh fabric with a carbon filter. Crews were followed for 3 consecutive firefighting days. The mask allocated was constant for each firefighter throughout. All participants completed a brief questionnaire at the start and end of each day, giving information on mask use, respiratory symptoms, and assessment of mask qualities. Spot urine samples were collected pre and post shift to assess 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) concentration as an indicator of total PAH absorption. Skin wipe samples from the hands and throat were collected pre and post shift and analyzed for PAH concentration. On each day monitored, 4 participants carried sampling pumps to measure total particulates and PAHs on particles and in vapor phase. The primary outcome was the concentration of urinary 1-HP at the end of the fire day. Secondary outcomes were changes in respiratory and eye symptoms during the course of the shift, reported mask use, and perception of mask qualities. The analysis used a 3-level random intercept regression model that clustered observations within individuals and crews. We aimed to detect any relation of allocated mask type to the 4 outcomes, having allowed for estimated exposure. Results Information was collected from 89 firefighters, including 14 women: 49% (37/75) of male firefighters were bearded. Nineteen fire days were monitored for a total of 263 firefighter × days, 64 to 68 for each intervention group. The end of shift 1-HP was higher than the start of the shift. Urinary 1-HP was more strongly related to PAHs on the skin than in the breathing zone. Men with beards had higher end-of-shift urinary log 1-HP/creat (ng/g) than other firefighters. None of the groups allocated a mask had lower 1-HP than the no-mask group, either in the study group overall or when stratified by beard-wearing. Among those without either beards or a failed fit-test, Mask Z reduced at the end of shift 1-HP where airborne PAH concentration was high. End-of-shift symptoms were related to particle mass in the breathing zone but was not mitigated by any of the masks. Hours electing not to wear a mask increased from the first to third shift for all mask types. Mask Z was rated as more comfortable than other types. Mask X was rated highest on fit and perceived protection. Mask Y gained the lowest ratings on fit, comfort and feelings of protection. Conclusions Allocated masks did not provide protection overall, but the results highlighted the need for a wider understanding of the circumstances in which wearing efficient protection is well-advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial methanogenesis from crude oil is an important source of CH4 for gas reservoirs and atmospheric greenhouse gases. However, its petrological records have not been found in natural environments, and the geological conditions under which it may occur remain unclear. Here, we provide the first petrological evidence of Fe(III)-mediated methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation in a deep subsurface oil reservoir in Northwest China. The major findings are as follows: (1) highly positive δ13C values (up to +16‰) of secondary calcite attributed to methanogenesis; (2) paragenetic relation of high-δ13C calcite to biodegraded hydrocarbon; and (3) remarkably high FeO contents (up to 8 wt%) and heavy δ56Fe ratios (up to +0.52‰) in calcite, indicative of microbial Fe(III) reduction. Our study shows that methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation can occur in Fe(III)-reducing environments. This process transformed hydrocarbons into CO2 and CH4, where the former mostly precipitated as Fe-rich calcite (the carbon sink), while the latter, representing an estimated ~1968 Tg, might have escaped into the overburden and atmosphere from the Permian reservoir during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, which may have acted as an important CH4 source in changing global climate in the geological past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One promising approach to overcome drug resistance in asthma treatments involves dual-target therapy, specifically targeting the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) and muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor (M3R). This study investigated the anti-asthma effects and dual-target mechanisms of glycyrrhizic acid, hesperidin, and platycodin D (GHP) from Zhisou San. GHP administration effectively attenuated OVA-induced inflammatory infiltration and overproduction of mucus in asthmatic mice. Additionally, GHP treatment significantly suppressed M3R and promoted β2-AR activation, resulting in the relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle. These findings concluded that GHP mitigated asthma by targeting β2-AR and M3R to ameliorate airway inflammation and modulate airway smooth muscle relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve compounds, comprising of four new ones, 6β,7α-limondiol (1) and ethyl 19-hydroxyisoobacunoate diosphenol (2), N-benzoyl 3-prenyltyramine (9) and 9-O-methyl integrifoliodiol (12), were isolated from the twigs with leaves of Tetradium trichotomum. The structures were elucidated by analysis of MS, NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1, 6, 8, 9 and 12 exhibited immunosuppressive activities in vitro against the proliferation of ConA-induced T lymphocytes and LPS-induced B cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exhumed hydrocarbon traps of East Greenland provide a superb opportunity to study the evolution of fluid flow in the petroleum systems of the North Atlantic. Following basin inversion during the Cenozoic these structures were exhumed and deeply incised which has allowed them to be observed and mapped in great detail. This study examines the diagenetic history of the Mols Bjerge and Laplace Bjerg exhumed hydrocarbon traps, from the initial charge of Triassic and Jurassic reservoirs, to their eventual uplift and destruction. Detailed petrographic analysis was undertaken on 67 samples collected at representative intervals throughout the structures. Variations in the distribution of diagenetic phases and remnant porosity were investigated. Twenty three samples were also subjected to helium porosity measurement. Bitumen, up to 18%, was recognised in 34 samples, 6 of which were analysed for their form and reflectance. Fluid inclusion data, collected from the nearby Bjørnedal region, helps to constrain the thermal history of the region. Helium porosity and permeability measurements are low, largely below 10% and 2 mD respectively. However, the abundance of bitumen highlights the presence of significantly higher porosity and permeability during hydrocarbon charge. A synthesis of fluid inclusion data and bitumen reflectance, alongside a detailed examination of the paragenetic sequence, demonstrate that hydrocarbon charge occurred in the Eocene, during maximum burial, at which time only a minor reduction in original intergranular porosities had taken place. The destruction of the pore systems occurred due to the degradation of hydrocarbons to bitumen, resulting from heat flow during intrusive events, and subsequent carbonate and limonite cementation during uplift. The original source of the hydrocarbons is unclear. This work highlights that where unaffected by intrusives and uplift, the largely untested Triassic play may still contain viable reservoir intervals at depth on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane dehydroaromatization is a viable route for production of carbon and valuable petrochemicals. Unlike Fischer–Tropsch and methanol synthesis processes which have been scaled up to commercial level, development of methane dehydroaromatization to commercial level has been hampered by various challenges. In this work, a 5.4 wt. % trimetallic (Fe‐W‐Mo/HZSM‐5) catalyst has been synthesized, characterized, and applied in catalytic methane dehydroaromatization reaction. A gas chromatograph was used to analyze both liquid and gaseous products from the reactor. Based on 0.0013 moles of reacted methane after 240 min time on stream at 750°C, GHSV 960 mlg‐1cath‐1, and atmospheric pressure, a 5.4% Mo/HZSM‐5 catalyst recorded 7.9% methane conversion, 10.6% C2 hydrocarbon selectivity, 51.8% benzene selectivity, 9.8% toluene selectivity and 27.8% coke selectivity. Doping Mo/HZSM‐5 with Fe reduced methane conversion by 4.0%, increased C2 hydrocarbon selectivity by 1.7%, reduced benzene selectivity by 6.2% and increased toluene and coke selectivity by 1.8% and 2.8% respectively. Doping Mo/HZSM‐5 with W increased methane conversion by 7.3%, reduced C2 hydrocarbon selectivity by 2.1%, reduced benzene selectivity by 7.6% and increased toluene and coke selectivity by 0.3% and 9.4% respectively. When iron and tungsten were loaded onto Mo/HZSM‐5, catalytic activity of the tri‐metallic catalyst in methane conversion reduced by 2.0%, C2 hydrocarbon selectivity increased by 2.7%, benzene selectivity reduced by 3.1%, toluene selectivity reduced by 3.7%, and coke selectivity increased by 4.1%. Therefore, this present work demonstrates that metal synergy in a tri‐metallic catalyst plays a role in methane conversion and selectivity towards useful hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implications of cannabis use in the U.S. for public health research. Topics include issues that make for concerning public health trends and underscore a need to disseminate information on the status and impact of cannabis-related policies, the increasing prevalence of daily or near daily cannabis use, and collateral impacts of cannabis use associated with drug-impaired driving and workplace safety.

For public health protection, informed decision-making relies on having a robust foundation of evidence concerning risks and their prevention. Application of an evidence-based framework depends on the availability of pertinent, scientifically sound data generated by well-directed and valid research endeavors. In this essay, we address the current state of research in humans and the evidential base concerning high-concentration delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) products, which are readily available in the United States. Furthermore, we explore the intricate challenges faced in carrying out research on these products, which reflect the full range of study design issues: measurement of exposure and outcomes, confounding, selection bias, and the generalizability of findings. We offer recommendations to guide future research toward providing more informative evidence. By following these recommendations, researchers and funders on this emerging topic could move toward generating the valid and comprehensive evidence needed to effectively inform public health initiatives and guide policy decisions regarding high-concentration delta-9-THC products and their use. The urgency of generating such evidence cannot be overstated, given the widespread legalization and increasing availability and use of these products. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S639–S644. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307724) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenes are small hydrocarbon compounds that impart aroma and taste to many plants, including Cannabis sativa. A number of studies have shown that terpenes can produce pain relief in various pain states in both humans and animals. However, these studies were methodologically limited and few established mechanisms of action. In our previous work, we showed that the terpenes geraniol, linalool, β-pinene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene produced cannabimimetic behavioral effects via multiple receptor targets. We thus expanded this work to explore the potential antinociception and mechanism of these Cannabis terpenes in a mouse model of chronic pain. We first tested for antinociception by injecting terpenes (200 mg/kg, IP) into male and female CD-1 mice with mouse models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) or lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain, finding that the terpenes produced roughly equal antinociception to 10 mg/kg morphine or 3.2 mg/kg WIN55,212. We further found that none of the terpenes produced reward as measured by conditioned place preference, while low doses of terpene (100 mg/kg) combined with morphine (3.2 mg/kg) produced enhanced antinociception vs either alone. We then used the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) selective antagonist istradefylline (3.2 mg/kg, IP) and spinal cord–specific CRISPR knockdown of the A2AR to identify this receptor as the mechanism for terpene antinociception in CIPN. In vitro cAMP and binding studies and in silico modeling studies further suggested that the terpenes act as A2AR agonists. Together these studies identify Cannabis terpenes as potential therapeutics for chronic neuropathic pain and identify a receptor mechanism for this activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cannabinoid-based medicines (CBMs) are being used widely in older people. However, information on the incidence of adverse events (AEs) is limited. Objective To quantify the incidence rate difference (IRD) of AEs in middle aged and older adults of age ≥50 years receiving CBMs and also examine associations with weekly doses. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov (1st Jan 1990–12th June 2023). Methods We included randomised clinical trials (RCTs) using CBMs with mean participant age ≥50 years for medicinal purposes for all clinical indications. Paired reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and appraised risk of bias. We estimated pooled effect-sizes IRD under the random-effects model. Results Data from 58 RCTs (37 moderate-high quality studies, pooled n = 6611, mean age range 50–87 years, 50% male, n = 3450 receiving CBMs) showed that compared with controls, the incidence of all-cause and treatment-related AEs attributable to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing CBMs were: THC alone [IRD:18.83(95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.47–55.79) and 16.35(95% CI, 1.25–48.56)] respectively; THC:cannabidiol (CBD) combination [IRD:19.37(95% CI, 4.24–45.47) and 11.36(95% CI, 2.55–26.48)] respectively. IRDs of serious AEs, withdrawals and deaths were not significantly greater for CBMs containing THC with or without CBD. THC dose-dependently increased the incidence of dry mouth, dizziness/lightheadedness, mobility/balance/coordination difficulties, dissociative/thinking/perception problems and somnolence/drowsiness. The interaction of weekly THC:CBD doses played a role in mostly neurological, psychiatric and cardiac side-effects. Conclusions Although CBMs in general are safe and acceptable in middle aged and older adults, one needs to be mindful of certain common dose-dependent side-effects of THC-containing CBMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concerns for global warming have pushed very harsh regulations on conventional propulsion systems based on the use of fossil fuels. New technologies are being promoted, but their current technological status needs further research and development to become a competitive substitute for the ever-present internal combustion engine. Transition technologies like hybrid-electric platforms are the preferred solution, but their dependence on the internal combustion engine demands continued developing and improving this technology. Advanced combustion modes like dual-mode dual-fuel combustion are attractive solutions with room for improvement. This work evaluates the specifics of the hydrocarbon composition emitted during the operation of a medium-duty dual-mode dual-fuel engine, analyzing the specific requirements of a diesel oxidation catalyst for this application. Also, the modeling approach of this after-treatment component is revised for this type of application, proposing a new approach and evaluating numerically the performance of a conventional diesel oxidation catalyst. The results show that the new modeling approach brings better accuracy when modeling the transient operation of the engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the leading oil-exploring and -exploiting country in the world. As a result, contamination of the environment by petroleum products (mainly hydrocarbons) is common, necessitating strategies for their removal from the environment. Much work has been conducted on bacterial degradation of hydrocarbons in the KSA. This review comprehensively analyzed 43 research investigation articles on bacterial hydrocarbon degradation, mainly polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within the KSA. More than 30 different bacterial genera were identified that were capable of degrading simple and complex PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene and coronene. Different strategies for selecting and isolating these bacterial strains and their advantages and disadvantages were highlighted. The review also discussed the origins of sample inocula and the contributions of various research groups to this field. PAH metabolites produced by these bacteria were presented, and biochemical pathways of PAH degradation were proposed. More importantly, research gaps that could enrich our understanding of petroleum product biodegradation mechanisms were highlighted. Overall, the information presented in this paper will serve as a baseline for further research on optimizing bioremediation strategies in all petroleum-contaminated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the evolutionary trajectories of Rhipicephalus ticks (Ixodidae) through the interpretation of molecular phylogenetics, elucidating their chromatographic spectrum. The use of advanced chromatographic tools in this study explored the dynamics chemical profiling, providing valuable insights into the evolutionary history and ecological adaptations. Prevalence of Rhipicephalus ticks was 4.5% in sheep and 3.9% in goats. The ITS2 sequence of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus (OK642408) and Rhipicephalus microplus (OK642409) form a distinct clade with sequences from other countries. The 16S rRNA sequences of R. sanguineus (OK560870) clustered with sequences form three lineages, tropical, temperate, and south‐eastern. The Cox I gene‐identified Rhipicephalus turanicus (OK623472) and R. microplus (OK623463) form separate clades with sequences. The HPLC chromatogram of tick samples reveals a diverse array of identified hydrocarbons, explained the complex chemical composition of their exoskeletons. This analytical approach provides valuable insights into the specific hydrocarbon profiles, allowing for potential applications in species differentiation, ecological studies, and a deeper understanding of the functional roles played by hydrocarbon compounds in tick physiology. The findings revealed the potential of applying molecular phylogenetics tools with chromatography not only to enhance our understanding of tick evolution but also to inform strategies for disease control and management in regions where Rhipicephalus ticks (Ixodidae) are endemic. Research Highlights: Chemical mapping utilizing advanced chromatographic techniques.Scanning microscopic insights high‐resolution scanning tool to observe structural and morphological features of ticks at a molecular level.Molecular phylogeny data elucidate the evolutionary relationships among tick species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report results of studies of luminescence decay processes in excited states of nitrogen molecules and ions in gas mixtures with hydrocarbon molecules. Use is made of emission spectroscopy methods to perform measurements. Nitrogen molecules N2 and nitrogen molecular ions are excited to the C3Πu state and the state, respectively, by a repeated high-voltage nanosecond discharge in the gas mixture in question. As a result of processing the data obtained by varying the composition of the gas mixtures and their pressure (1–20 Torr), the quenching rate constants of the excited states of nitrogen N2(C3Πu) and in collisions with hydrocarbon molecules CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 are determined. For the first time, the values of the quenching rate constants are obtained for a mixture of nitrogen and propane, as well as for the 3 → 7 transition of the emission band system N2(C3Πu → B3Πg) of a nitrogen–methane mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study details the enhancements to operational procedures aimed at intensifying the flow in producing horizontal wells within the oil field located in the eastern part of Pechora Sea. Situated on the Arctic shelf, this field is subject to severe weather and heavy ice conditions and is characterized by lowpermeable, high-temperature carbonate reservoirs. Consequently, acid treatment is identified as the optimal method for flow stimulation. An acid composition (AC) tailored for carbonate reservoir rocks is proposed in this study. Laboratory evaluations of the AC have been conducted, resulted in the substantiation of the selected concentrations of acids and additive reagents. Dependencies of the rate and degree of dissolution of the carbonate material of the proposed AC with respect to time have been established. Additionally, it was determined how the AC’s stabilizing capacity for iron ions depends on the complexing agent concentration, and how interfacial tension at the boundary with the hydrocarbon phase varies with the surfactant type and concentration in the AC. The concentration of the corrosion inhibitor within the AC has also been determined. A methodology along with an illustrative calculation for estimating the volumes of primary acid components and additive reagents for the proposed AC under field conditions are presented. Moreover, to incorporate the results from laboratory physicochemical and filtration experiments of the AC, a methodology along with a calculation example is provided to estimate changes in the skin factor relative to the volume of acid composition injected per meter of horizontal well completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polyolefins such as polyethylenes and polypropylenes are the most‐produced plastic waste globally, yet are difficult to convert into useful products due to their unreactivity. Pyrolysis is a practical method for large‐scale treatment of mixed, contaminated plastic, allowing for their conversion into industrially‐relevant petrochemicals. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), despite their tremendous utility in heterogeneous catalysis, have been overlooked for polyolefin depolymerization due to their perceived thermal instabilities and inability of polyethylenes and polypropylenes to penetrate their pores. Herein, we demonstrate the viability of UiO‐66 MOFs containing coordinatively‐unsaturated zirconium nodes, as effective catalysts for pyrolysis that significantly enhances the yields of valuable liquid and gas hydrocarbons, whilst halving the amounts of residual solids produced. Reactions occur on the Lewis‐acidic UiO‐66 nodes, without the need for noble metals, and yield aliphatic product distributions distinctly different from the aromatic‐rich hydrocarbons that can be obtained from zeolite catalysis. We also demonstrate the first unambiguous characterization of polyolefin penetration into UiO‐66 pores at pyrolytic temperatures, allowing access to the abundant Zr‐oxo nodes within the MOF interior for efficient C−C cleavage. Our work highlights the potential of MOFs as highly‐designable heterogeneous catalysts for depolymerisation of plastics, which can complement conventional catalysts in reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the structural and environmental recovery of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soils using low-carbon solutions and aimed to ascertain the suitability of the remediated soils for engineering purposes. 25% (w/w) of ground ripe (RPP) and unripe (UPP) waste plantain peels were each added to 1 kg weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soil samples and monitored for 90 days. Biological, physicochemical, and engineering properties were analysed for all samples in triplicates. After 90 days of remediation, RPP and UPP nutrients degraded the mid-distillate hydrocarbon alkanes by 93% and 88%, while the heavier hydrocarbon alkanes were degraded by 83% and 85%, respectively. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had 89% and 93% degradation for RPP and UPP-treated soils, respectively, while the natural attenuation sample had 28% degradation. The soil compressive strength increased by 16% and 19% for RPP and UPP-treated soils, respectively, whereas the natural attenuation soil compressive strength remained fairly constant. It was observed that the remediated soil cohesion, angles of internal friction, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content all improved as the remediation proceeded, which subsequently showed that the remediation influenced the engineering properties of the contaminated soils. Therefore, the remediation of the contaminated soil improved the structural suitability of the soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Müller's hydrocarbon is a well‐known open‐shell singlet diradicaloid, yet its structural determination and redox property remain elusive due to its extremely high reactivity. Herein, we report the successful synthesis and full characterizations of the first neutral boron‐centered analogue (4) of Müller's hydrocarbon, along with the first dianionic boron‐centered analogue (52−) featuring three isolable redox states. In the presence of two equivalents of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC), reduction of 4,4"‐bis(triisopropylphenylbromoboryl)terphenyl 3 with potassium graphite afforded NHC‐stabilized boryl diradicaloid 4 with a near‐pure diradical character (y0 = 0.93). Stepwise reductions of 4,4"‐bis(dimesitylboryl)terphenyl 5 in THF yielded the isolable monoradical anion 5·− and diradical dianion 52−, respectively, accompanied by a decreasing aromaticity within the conjugated spacer. Experimental studies and theoretical analyses revealed that both 4 and 52− exhibit large spin distributions at boron atoms, open‐shell singlet ground states, and small singlet‐triplet energy gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first data on the composition of organic compounds in thermal waters have been obtained from deep boreholes in the Paratunka geothermal field in Kamchatka. A variety of organic compounds belonging to eleven homological series were identified by capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and solid phase extraction. The thermal waters were found out to be strongly dominated by aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC), which were formed in relation to both thermogenic processes (transformation of organic residues under the effect of high temperatures and pressures) and bacterial activity. The Karymshina thermal waters are characterized by a specific molecular mass distribution of HC and contain only even-normal alkanes. It is shown that the composition of organic compounds of medium volatility in the Paratunka geothermal field is similar to the composition of organic matter (OM) in other thermal water occurrences of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Mutnovka and Uzon geothermal fields), which have been previously studied using the same methodology: all the waters are characterized by the prevalence of aliphatic and aromatic HC over other identified compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing well logging data, outcrop profiles, and previous research, this study analyzes the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Yan'an Formation in the Ordos Basin, correlating the resulting sedimentary facies with hydrocarbon reservoirs to establish the necessary connections. The study reveals that: (1) Vertically, the sediment grain size shows a pattern of coarser grains at the bottom and top, with finer grains in the middle. Horizontally, the grain size tends to become finer from the northern, western, and southern parts of the basin toward the central-western region. (2) Tectonic movements during the Yan'an period controlled the sedimentary environment. These tectonic activities, through uplift and subsidence, caused the Yan'an Formation to experience four stages of sedimentary environments: braided river, lake, delta, and meandering river. (3) The Yan'an Formation exhibits four types of reservoir sandbody stacking patterns—continuous superposition, intermittent superposition, interbedded sand-mud, and single sandbody types—with continuous and intermittent stacking being the most common. (4) The hydrocarbons in the Yan'an Formation originated from the Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation and migrated into the Yan'an reservoirs. The oil is characterized by its low density, low viscosity, and low pour point, indicating it is a high-maturity, high-quality crude oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable open‐shell luminescent radicals have recently attracted much attention due to their unique luminescence properties. However, a radical molecule with both Kasha and anti‐Kasha doublet emission properties has not been reported. Herein, we have successfully synthesized a stable chlorine‐substituted Chichibabin's hydrocarbon, TTM‐TTM, along with its mono‐radical counterpart, TTM‐HTTM. The emission of TTM‐TTM follows Kasha's rule in the near infrared region. However, TTM‐HTTM shows dual channel doublet emissions of Kasha and anti‐Kasha. Remarkably, these two types of emission compete dynamically in both solution and condensed states. Our findings provide valuable insights into the rational design and discovery of stable radicals that possess distinctive luminescent properties, thus broadening the horizons of luminescent materials research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hetero- and homoleptic dinuclear zinc(I) complexes containing the macrocycle Me4TACD (N,N′,N′′,N′′′-1,4,7,10-tetramethylcyclododecane) were prepared; the heteroleptic complex [(Me4TACD)Zn–ZnCp*]+ reacted with activated hydrocarbons R–H (R = CH2CN, C≡CPh) to give the corresponding hydrocarbyl zinc(II) complexes [(Me4TACD)ZnR]+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercalcemia can result from either hyperparathyroidism or non-parathyroid conditions. When hypercalcemia is accompanied by undetectable parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, hyperparathyroidism is rarely considered the diagnosis. Herein, we report the case of a 65-year-old Caucasian woman referred to our hospital for further evaluation of hypercalcemia. Her symptoms included fatigue and brain fog, with undetectable PTH levels. A comprehensive workup, including a series of laboratory and imaging tests, excluded common non-parathyroid causes such as malignancy and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Ultrasound identified a likely enlarged parathyroid gland, which was further confirmed by a sestamibi scan. After 2 weeks of cinacalcet treatment, the patient's calcium levels decreased, indicating the parathyroid gland as the likely source of hypercalcemia. Parathyroidectomy was subsequently performed, revealing a 1927 mg adenoma. Postoperatively, the patient's calcium levels normalized, PTH levels became detectable within the normal range, and her symptoms resolved, with a marked improvement in energy. This case demonstrates that primary hyperparathyroidism can present with hypercalcemia and undetectable PTH. A genetic mutation in the PTH gene within the adenoma may explain the undetectable PTH levels preoperatively. Plain Language Summary: This case report discusses a 65-year-old woman who was found to have high calcium levels in her blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. Typically, hypercalcemia can result from either a condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) or from other non-parathyroid-related issues like cancer. However, when hypercalcemia occurs with undetectable levels of PTH, it is unusual for hyperparathyroidism to be the cause. In this patient's case, she experienced symptoms like fatigue and brain fog, but her initial tests showed undetectable PTH levels. Further tests ruled out other common causes of high calcium, such as cancer or a genetic condition called familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. An ultrasound and a special scan called a sestamibi scan revealed an enlarged parathyroid gland, suggesting the presence of a parathyroid adenoma, a non-cancerous tumor. To confirm this, the doctors gave the patient a medication called cinacalcet, which is known to lower calcium levels if the parathyroid glands are involved. After two weeks of treatment, her calcium levels dropped, indicating that the parathyroid gland was indeed the source of the problem. The patient underwent surgery to remove the adenoma, which weighed nearly two grams. Following the surgery, her calcium levels returned to normal, and her PTH levels became detectable again within the normal range. Her symptoms, including fatigue, improved significantly, and she reported feeling more energetic. This case is unusual because it demonstrates that primary hyperparathyroidism can still be the cause of hypercalcemia even when PTH levels are initially undetectable. The doctors suspect that a genetic mutation in the adenoma might explain why PTH levels were undetectable before surgery. This case emphasizes the importance of thorough clinical evaluation, even when initial test results are not typical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNaphthalene and its derivatives are often determined as markers of environmental pollution, although they are also recognized as crucial building blocks in many beneficial compounds. In the course of this study, a range of 1,2-disubstituted naphthalenes bearing nitro, amine, sulfonate, chlorine, and hydroxyl substituents were synthesized and characterized using several spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR,1H NMR,13C NMR, DEPT-90, DEPT-135, DEPTq, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass (HRMs). The NMR analysis of the aromatic hydrocarbon moiety in these compounds emphasized the impact of substituent variations on the appearance of 1H and 13C NMR signals. To resolve the issue of overlapping one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR signals and determine the connectivity of hydrogen and carbon atoms from the aromatic naphtayl ring, we employed a “two-dimensional” experiment, using homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (2D 1H-1H COSY) and heteronuclear single quantum correlation (2D 1H - 13C HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation spectroscopy (2D 1H - 13C HMBC). This work also investigated the correlation between 1H NMR signals and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) data. X-ray crystallography data validates that the presence of a specific group, not aligned coplanarly with the naphthyl ring, exerts a spatial influence on the manifestation of 1H NMR signals, alongside other electronic effects. This study will offer NMR data, providing insights into the potential applications and analyses of naphthalene derivatives across various theoretical and practical domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of time-to-depth relationships can prove challenging in regions with rare acoustic logs. This study focuses on the eastern part of the Drava Basin in north Croatia, chosen as a mature hydrocarbon exploration area with abundant geophysical and well data. As only a small portion of wells have well log measurements or seismic profiling performed, a time-to-depth extrapolation is often performed, which potentially results in the erroneous placement of well log markers in the time domain and affects the interpretation of seismic sections or volumes. This study proposes a novel methodology for predicting two-way travel time values in wells without vertical seismic profiling or acoustic logging. This research evaluates the parameters for the characterization of the velocity distribution in the subsurface and the efficiency of artificial neural networks versus conventional methods for this task. The constructed artificial neural network model has a correlation coefficient above 0.99 for the training, testing, and validation datasets, with a mean absolute error of approximately 25 milliseconds for each network. Artificial neural networks proved to have a lesser error in predicting the two-way time and are not sensitive to outlier values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major environmental problems, especially in oil-rich countries, is the increase in pollutants caused by hydrocarbon compounds. Recently the use of white rot fungi for bioremediation of pollutants has shown valuable results. In this study, the synergistic effect of two native white rot fungi on the activity of the enzymes laccase and manganese peroxidase and on the degradation of 400 mg/l anthracene over 28 days was evaluated. The anthracene degradation and enzymatic activity of the fungi were evaluated by GC-FID gas chromatography and spectrophotometric assay, respectively. The results of the mixed cultivation were compared with the individual cultivation of each of the two fungi. Based on the results of gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), the percentages of anthracene degradation by Trametes versicolor v21te and T. hirsuta and the mixed culture of the two fungi were 60, 34 and 70%, respectively. In addition, laccase enzyme activity increased by 23% and 16% in the mixed culture compared to the pure culture of T. versicolor v21te and T. hirsuta, respectively. The results show that cultivating this group of fungi together resulted in enzyme stimulation and has increased their bioremediation capacity. The results of this research can be a potential step in the removal of pollutants in industries related to petroleum products. In addition, the importance of ligninolytic enzymes in industries such as textile and paper bleaching further highlights the importance of such studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Standard chemotherapy is still ineffective in metastatic colon cancer and does not target cancer stem cells (CSCs). The combination of standard cytostatic drugs with natural compounds is considered a promising approach to improving cancer cell sensitivity to treatment. Here, a combination of camptothecin (CPT) with celastrol (CEL) or resveratrol (RSV) as a potential strategy to target metastatic and CSCs of colon cancer was investigated in vitro. γH2AX+ and Fast-Halo assays were used to evaluate genotoxicity, an annexin-V assay was used to rate the level of apoptosis, and a scratch test was used to assess antimigratory capacity. All combinations improved the genotoxicity of CPT, achieving a better efficacy with CPT-CEL combination in LOVO and CPT-RSV in LOVO/DX cells. No improvement in the pro-apoptotic effect of CPT was observed. Furthermore, higher efficiency in inhibiting cancer cell migration was noted. Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the leading and most lethal neoplasms. Standard chemotherapy is ineffective, especially in metastatic cancer, and does not target cancer stem cells. A promising approach to improve cancer treatment is the combination therapy of standard cytostatic drugs with natural compounds. Several plant-derived compounds have been proven to possess anticancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cancer invasion. This study was focused on investigating in vitro the combination of camptothecin (CPT) with celastrol (CEL) or resveratrol (RSV) as a potential strategy to target metastatic (LOVO) and stem-like (LOVO/DX) colon cancer cells. Methods: The genotoxic effects that drive cancer cells into death-inducing pathways and the ability to inhibit the migratory properties of cancer cells were evaluated. The γH2AX+ assay and Fast-Halo Assay (FHA) were used to evaluate genotoxic effects, the annexin-V apoptosis assay to rate the level of apoptosis, and the scratch test to assess antimigratory capacity. Results: The results showed that both combinations CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV improve general genotoxicity of CPT alone on metastatic cells and CSCs. However, the assessment of specific double-stranded breaks (DSBs) indicated a better efficacy of the CPT-CEL combination on LOVO cells and CPT-RSV in LOVO/DX cells. Interestingly, the combinations CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV did not improve the pro-apoptotic effect of CPT alone, with both LOVO and LOVO/DX cells suggesting activation of different cell death mechanisms. Furthermore, it was found that the combinations of CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV improve the inhibitory effect of camptothecin on cell migration. Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential utility of combining camptothecin with celastrol or resveratrol in the treatment of colon cancer, including more aggressive forms of the disease. So far, no studies evaluating the effects of combinations of these compounds have been published in the available medical databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability analysis has become the standard method to test the phase appearance in compositional reservoir simulation. This method is very computationally intensive and consumes most of the CPU time in simulation because every single-phase grid block needs to perform this test at every outer iteration in solving global equations (the iterations to solve pressure, saturation and composition). To reduce this part of simulation time, some stability analysis bypassing methods are proposed. Two main methods are the neighborhood bypassing (NB) method and the shadow region bypassing (SB) method. Based on these two methods, a hybrid bypassing (HB) method is presented to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the current two-phase stability analysis bypassing methods. The NB method has limited applications and a comprehensive comparison of these two methods has not been given, so the most effective method is yet unknown. We implement these three bypassing methods in a parallel isothermal compositional simulator and provide a detailed comparison of the performance of these three methods for different reservoir grid models, hydrocarbon fluids and field operations. The results show that the performance of these methods is very case-dependent, and the drawbacks of the NB and SB methods are clearly demonstrated. It is also shown that the HB method always performs better than the SB method and better than or equally compared to the NB method in most cases. Based on the performance of these methods, we give the recommendation that which method should be used in a certain condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational health and safety of workers are issues that have been studied throughout the evolution of society. Many types of operations and activities pose risks of harm to health, and those that expose employees to harmful agents above certain tolerance limits established by the nature, intensity or duration of exposure are classified as unhealthy. One of the major occupational health problems found in the most varied segments of companies is exposure to chemical agents, which can penetrate the human body through inhalation, ingestion or contact with the skin, causing several adverse effects such as irritation, poisoning, cancer, among others. This paper presents a study on the occupational environment of a mechanical engineering teaching laboratory of a Brazilian federal public university in the activities developed by the laboratory technician employee. The chemical agents to which the worker is exposed were identified and the current Brazilian legislation on the subject was analyzed. Of the activities performed, 4 of them were classified as unhealthy and it was decided that the laboratory technician employee is entitled to an additional 20% on the base salary. Corrective measures were proposed in an attempt to neutralize the risks or protect against their effects, but the viable alternative for implementation was the use of Personal Protective Equipment by the employee, which in itself does not exempt the employer from paying the unhealthiness bonus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Drinking water at US Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, was contaminated with trichloroethylene and other industrial solvents from 1953 to 1985 METHODS: A cohort cancer incidence study was conducted of Marines/Navy personnel who began service and were stationed at Camp Lejeune (푁 = 154,821) or Camp Pendleton, California (푁 = 163,484) between 1975 and 1985 and civilian workers employed at Camp Lejeune (푁 = 6,494) or Camp Pendleton (푁 = 5,797) between October 1972 and December 1985. Camp Pendleton’s drinking water was not contaminated with industrial solvents. Individual-level information on primary invasive cancers and in situ bladder cancer diagnosed between 1996 and 2017 was obtained from 54 US cancer registries. Proportional hazards regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) comparing cancer incidence between the Camp Lejeune and Camp Pendleton cohorts, adjusted for sex, race, education, and rank (or blue-collar work), with age as the time variable. Precision of aHRs was evaluated using the 95% confidence interval (CI) ratio (CIR). RESULTS: Cancers among Camp Lejeune Marines/Navy personnel and civilian workers totaled 12,083 and 1,563, respectively. Cancers among Camp Pendleton Marines/Navy personnel and civilian workers totaled 12,144 and 1,416, respectively. Compared with Camp Pendleton, Camp Lejeune Marines/Navy personnel had aHRs ≥1:20 with CIRs ≤3 for all myeloid cancers (HR = 1:24; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.49), acute myeloid leukemia (HR = 1:38; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.85), myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative syndromes (HR = 1:68; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.62), polycythemia vera (HR = 1:41; 95% CI: 0.94, 2.11), and cancers of the esophagus (HR = 1:27; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.56), larynx (HR = 1:21; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.50), soft tissue (HR = 1:21; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.59), and thyroid (HR = 1:22; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.45). Lymphoma subtypes mantle cell and marginal zone B-cell and lung cancer subtypes adenocarcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer also had aHRs ≥1:20 with CIRs ≤3. Compared with Camp Pendleton, Camp Lejeune civilian workers had aHRs ≥1:20 with CIRs ≤3 for all myeloid cancers (HR = 1:40; 95% CI: 0.83, 2.36), squamous cell lung cancer (HR = 1:63; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.41), and female breast (HR = 1:21; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.52) and ductal cancer (HR = 1:32; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.71). CONCLUSION: Increased risks of several cancers were observed among Marines/Navy personnel and civilian workers exposed to contaminated drinking water at Camp Lejeune compared with Camp Pendleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirotryprostatins are representative members of medicinally interesting bioactive molecules of the spirooxindole natural products. In this communication, we present a novel enantioselective total synthesis of the spirooxindole alkaloid dihydrospirotryprostatin B. The synthesis takes advantage of copper-catalyzed tandem reaction of o-iodoanilide chiral sulfinamide derivatives with alkynone to rapidly construct the key quaternary carbon stereocenter of the natural product dihydrospirotryprostatin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, bioinformatics analysis of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dataset was conducted with the hepatoprotective effect of the Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsule against the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC progression analyzed. Eight cell clusters were defined and tanshinone IIA, arachidonic acid, and quercetin, compounds of the FZHY capsule, inhibit HCC progression-related fibrosis by regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3. Combined with the ameliorative effect of the FZHY capsule against liver dysfunctions and expression of PLAU and IGFBP3, our study confirmed the effect of the FZHY capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated HCC progression via regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Exposure to benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) increases the incidence and severity of allergic rhinitis (AR), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the in vivo effects of BaP exposure on mucus hypersecretion and tissue remodeling in a rat model of AR. Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: a negative control group, a group of healthy rats exposed to BaP, a group of rats with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR, and a group of AR model rats exposed to BaP. Nasal symptoms and levels of OVA-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured in each individual rat. Moreover, examination of goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition was carried out with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and Masson trichrome (MT) staining. Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: BaP significantly increased the number of sneezes, the number of nasal rubs and the levels of OVA-specific serum IgE in rats with AR. Statistically significant differences in goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition were observed between the BaP-exposed AR model group and the AR model group. Immunohistochemical results showed that the nasal mucosa of AR model rats displayed markedly elevated MUC5AC expression after BaP exposure. Conclusion: Our data indicate that mucus hypersecretion and the development of nasal remodeling might be pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying increased susceptibility to AR after exposure to BaP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-(Organyloxymethyl)tetrahydro-1,3-oxazines were synthesized by the condensation–heterocycliza-tion of 3-aminopropan-1-ol, formaldehyde, and various hydroxyl-containing compounds. 3,3′-methylenebis-(tetra-hydro-2H-1,3-oxazine) was also formed as byproduct in ~10% yield. The yield of the title compounds increased in parallel with the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the initial alcohol. Furthermore, the yields of the target products obtained from unbranched alcohols were higher than in the reactions with their branched isomers. The product structure was determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The effect of the organyloxymethyl substituent on the 13C chemical shifts of the endocyclic carbons in comparison to unsubstituted tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine and 3-methyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to use oxidation, adsorption, and nanofiltration in combination to separate and remove hydrocarbon compounds from industrial effluent. Initially, anthracite adsorption was used to remove hydrocarbon compounds from a refinery's wastewater. The refinery's wastewater was then subjected to advanced Fenton oxidation in order to eliminate hydrocarbon compounds. The oxidation process had a better removal percentage and a greater optimal hydrocarbon content than the adsorption method, according to a comparison of the results of the two processes (Fenton and adsorption). As a result, the oxidation process was started from the beginning of this series chain. However, in this round, the optimal parameters were determined as there was not any variation in the hydrocarbon concentration and the feed was the refinery's effluent, which had 40.2 mg/L of hydrocarbon compounds. 5.1 mg/L of hydrocarbon compounds existed in the Fenton process output, which was kept in the reservoir and used as feed for the adsorption process series. The feed from the Fenton stage's output was used to adjust the adsorption process's parameters. 2.16 mg/L of hydrocarbon compounds existed in the adsorption stage's output, which served as feedstock for the nanofiltration process. When all three of these steps were combined, the nanofiltration step produced water that could be used in the refinery's internal networks at a concentration of 0.4 mg/L of hydrocarbon compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires can negatively impact the health and well-being of wildland firefighters through a variety of exposure pathways. Many studies have measured acute health effects from occupational exposure to pollutants in wildfire smoke; however, research specifically examining cancer risks from exposure to carcinogens is limited. This review aimed to better understand cancer risk in this occupation by assessing the existing evidence of exposures and summarizing measured concentrations of carcinogens among wildland firefighters. A systematic search was conducted to identify scientific papers using the following databases: Medline(OVID), Embase(OVID), PsycINFO(OVID), Cochrane Library, CINAHL(EBSCOHost), EconLit(EBSCOHost), Scopus, Agricultural and Environmental Science Collect(ProQuest), and NIOSHTIC-2. Forty-nine papers were identified that met eligibility criteria. Across the papers, 31 carcinogens were identified and quantified using a variety of assessment methods. Papers measured particulate matter (N = 26), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N = 12), volatile organic compounds (N = 14), crystalline silica (N = 5), black carbon (N = 4), asbestos (N = 3), radionuclides (N = 7), and metals (N = 2). Most papers measured inhalation exposures through traditional air sampling methods, but a subset of exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N = 8), as well as heavy metals (N = 1), were measured through urinary biomarkers and naphthalene was measured using dermal wipe samples (N = 2). Although the heterogeneity of exposure assessment methods made direct comparison of concentrations difficult, the papers provide consistent evidence that wildland firefighters are regularly exposed to carcinogens. All wildland fire personnel should continue to implement recommended mitigation strategies and support new mitigations to reduce exposure to carcinogens on the job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the results of the authors' work on the comprehensive substantiation of the geological, tectonic and geofluid-dynamic conditions of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the subsalt floor of the Astrakhan Arch inside the Caspian oil and gas province. We analyzed a significant amount of archival geological and geophysical data and materials such as (i) an array of regional seismic profiles; (ii) gravity and magnetic exploration data of different scales; (iii) results of deep drilling. Specific seismic geological bodies that are capable of serving as oil and gas reservoirs have been identified. For the first time in creating the geological model of the Astrakhan Arch, its location within the autoclave hydrocarbon system of the subsalt floor of the Central subprovince of the Caspian oil and gas Province (within the Astrakha—Jambay oil and gas accumulation zone) has been taken into account. This allowed us to substantiate the geofluid-dynamic nature of the number of large non-structural-type oil and gas reservoirs boundaries. It is opening up new possibilities for predicting oil and gas fields, including those with low sulfur content. Several generation-accumulation mini-hotbeds have been identified on the Astrakhan Arch, and in three of them—reservoirs with increased probability of discovering oil and gas fields. The main result of the study is the refinement of the initial total geological resources of hydrocarbons of the Astrakhan Arch and adjacent areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reveals the anti-tyrosinase activity of Ganoderma formosanum extracts, pinpointing compounds including gluconic acid, mesalamine, L-pyroglutamic acid, esculetin, 5-hydroxyindole, and salicylic acid, as effective melanin production inhibitors in melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, multiple molecular docking simulations provided insights into interactions between the identified compounds and tyrosinase, increasing binding affinity up to -16.36 kcal/mol. The enhanced binding of identified compounds to tyrosinase facilitated synergistic inhibitory effects on melanin production. This study highlights the potential of GFE-EA as a source of natural tyrosinase inhibitors and contributes to understanding the role of active compounds extracted from G. formosanum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic features of the structures of the most common hydrocarbon (fatty acid) chains of phospholipid molecules that form the basis for biological membranes are considered. It has been established that the most symmetrical association of tetrahedrally coordinated chains corresponding to the hydrocarbon chains of phospholipids was found to be the four-dimensional 240-vertex diamond-like substructure of a three-dimensional sphere: the {240} polytope. The building blocks of the phospholipid hydrocarbon chain are defined as 14- and 11-vertex fragments of the tetrahedrally coordinated linear substructure of the {240} polytope and are also defined by structural realizations of a special combinatorial construction on seven symbols. It is shown that the symmetry-based requirement for the assembly only from an integer number of such building blocks makes it possible to explain the realization of a very limited number of hydrocarbon chains of biomembrane phospholipids from a huge number of combinatorially possible variants of similar chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poria cocos (Schw.) wolf (P. cocos) is an important medicinal material with both therapeutic and edible properties. This study investigated volatile constituents, amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, triterpenoid ingredients, and alcohol-soluble extracts on P. cocos during eight drying processes. A total of 47 volatile components were found and identified; the main volatile components of shade drying (SD) and hot-air drying at 50 °C (HD50) were esters and alcohols, while for drying in hot air at 60 °C~100 °C (△ = 10 °C) and infrared drying (ID), the main compounds were aldehydes and hydrocarbons. The amino acids in P. cocos remained the same when dried with various methods. Compared with SD samples, with the temperature increase, the content of amino acids showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while the content trend of proteins was the opposite. The HD70 samples had the highest content of polysaccharide, triterpenoid ingredients, alcohol-soluble extracts, and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, volatile compounds showed a correlation between non-volatile constituents. This research provides evidence that the aroma, active components, and activity of P. cocos were affected by the drying method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 100,306 drug overdose deaths occurred in the US during a 12-month period ending in April 2021. Opioids were involved in 75% of these related deaths. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a constantly evolving public health crisis with potentially lethal consequences. In 2017, 900 adolescents began to misuse opioids every day. Nearly 10% of high school seniors reported using opioids nonmedically. Additionally, the incidence for hospitalizations for adolescents among children 1-19 years of age increased nearly 2-fold from 1997 to 2012. This data emphasizes the dangers associated with the increasing accessibility of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical opioids, particularly for adolescents. All three of the currently FDA approved medications for OUD have shown clear efficacy in decreasing all-cause mortality in adults. It is proposed that the same effects should be seen in adolescents but limited data is present. A recent study analyzed buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment amongst OUD in adolescents between 2001-2014; only 1 in 4 youth received any medication therapy within six months of diagnosis. Adolescents under 16 were the most likely to receive medications. However, even adolescents aged 17, for whom buprenorphine is FDA approved for, were less likely to receive therapy than adults over 18 years of age. The following case report aims to demonstrate how subcutaneous extended release buprenorphine treatment can be initiated effectively as an outpatient in an adolescent with OUD. It is critical that clinicians work to expand access to pharmacotherapy for adolescents struggling with OUD to ensure proper management and reduction of opioid-related overdoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]