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The diet composition was quantified of year-0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeons during sampling years (2004-2008) from the Middle Mississippi River to evaluate trends in diet. River stage height varied among years and seasons. Water temperature differed among seasons but did not differ among years. The presence of empty stomachs was evident across years, seasons, and size classes of sturgeon. The overall Multivariate Analysis of Variance for frequency of occurrence was significant, suggesting that macroinvertebrate taxa (e.g. Ephemeroptera, Diptera pupae, Chironomidae, ' Other') differed among size classes of sturgeon, but not seasons or years. Furthermore, Tukey's pairwise comparisons indicated Ephemeroptera frequency of occurrence differed between medium and large size classes; Diptera pupae differed between small and medium size classes and small and large size classes; Chironomidae differed between small and large size classes and medium and large size classes; the macroinvertebrate taxa category ' Other' differed between small and large size classes. Ultimately, because of the link between diet and growth of year-0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon, the early life history may affect eventual recruitment to adult stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anorexia nervosa is highly prevalent among young women.Objective: To determine prevalence and predictive factors for regional bone loss.Design: Prospective cohort analysis.Setting: University hospital.Patients: 130 women with anorexia nervosa.Measurements: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.Results: The prevalence of osteopenia (-1.0 SD >/= T-score > -2.5 SD) and osteoporosis (T-score Conclusions: Bone mineral density is reduced at several skeletal sites in most women with anorexia nervosa. Weight, but not estrogen use, is a significant predictor of BMD in this population at all skeletal sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This paper addresses the lack of a standard protocol for pharmacotherapy trials for patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD: Twenty-two surveys were sent to established researchers in the field of eating disorders to elicit their opinions regarding medication trials, including baseline laboratory tests, the optimal length/frequency of medication management sessions, and the information that should or should not be included in these sessions. RESULTS: Sixteen of 22 researchers completed and returned the survey. Their answers are the basis of the data presented. DISCUSSION: We propose a battery of screening laboratory tests for both conditions. We suggest 30-45-min initial medication management sessions in both AN and BN trials with 15-min follow-ups to be held weekly for AN subjects, and weekly for 2 weeks, then biweekly for 2 weeks, then monthly, for BN subjects. We also recommend that published trials should include explicit details of medication management. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood pressure control and its influence on the rat remnant kidney function were studied. The deterior ation in kidney function was followed for up to 20 weeks at 4-weekly intervals in four groups of 5/6th nephrec tomised rats. The groups studied were: (I) Control, untreated (C), given normal rat chow containing 21% protein; (2) nisoldipine (a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker) treated (N), given nisoldipine freshly mixed daily in normal chow (0.3–0.6 mg/kg body weight); (3) dihydralazine-treated (14), fed normal chow and given dihydralazine added daily to the drinking water, about 15–25 mg/kg body weight daily; and (4) low-protein (6%) diet (LP), isocaloric and having the same sodium content as the normal chow. Proteinuria, serum creatinine, blood urea, histological damage as seen by light microscopy, and cumulative survival were taken to assess the severity of the chronic renal failure. All three therapeutic regimens attenuated significantly the rise in blood pressure which developed within less than 4 weeks in the rats with the remnant kidney. At the 16th week, means ± standard deviations were, in group C, 237 ± 20 mmHg; group N, 147 ± 2OmmHg; group H, 164±23mmHg; and group LP 149±16. Systolic blood pressure at the 8th week had a significant correlation with the serum creatinine of the 12th and of the 16th weeks. There was a strong correlation between blood pressure and the serum creatinine at the 16th week. This indicates that a time lag is necessary for the hypertension to have an effect on kidney function. Proteinuria, serum creatinine and blood urea were much higher in the untreated group. Cumulative survival for the l9th–2Oth week interval was 11% in untreated rats, 75% in nisoldipine-treated, 50% in dihydralazine-treated and 75.5% in those on a low-protein diet. Light microscopy showed severe scler osis in the control group. Nisoldipine-treated and those on a low-protein diet had the least, while dihydralazine treated had intermediate histological damage. These find ings seem to indicate that control of severe hypertension delays the development of renal failure. The protection achieved by the low-protein diet and by nisoldipine were better than dihydralazine, possibly because of a specific action on the kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Reviews a brief sampling of recent political thought on a perceived renaissance of liberalism. Liberal equality; History of liberalism; Romanticism and liberalism; Communitarianism. INSET: Books discussed in this essay..

Women with anorexia nervosa have reduced bone mass and may develop fractures. Neither the pathophysiology of this osteoporosis nor its natural history is known. To study the clinical course of osteoporosis, we followed up 27 women with anorexia nervosa for a median of 25 months (range, 9 to 53 months). At study entry, cortical bone density, measured by single-photon absorptiometry of the radial shaft, was low (mean +/- SD, 0.63 +/- 0.07 g/cm2) and inversely related to the duration of amenorrhea (r = -0.49). During follow-up, most patients gained weight (n = 19), took calcium supplements (n = 16), and exercised regularly (n = 22), but fewer than half reached 80% or more of ideal body weight (n = 11), resumed menses (n = 6), or received estrogen (n = 4). Cortical bone density was stable during follow-up for the group as a whole; the mean annual change (+/- SD) was +0.005 (+/- .015) g/cm2 (95% confidence interval, -0.0009 to +0.0109). There was no significant difference in the mean change in bone density between women who attained 80% of ideal weight and those who did not or between groups who did or did not regain menses, take estrogen or calcium, or exercise vigorously. Four fractures were clinically observed in three women during follow-up. The rate of 0.05 nonspine fractures per person-year (95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.13) exceeds that of normal women in this age range (relative risk, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.2 to 18.5). We conclude that reductions in cortical bone density appear not to be rapidly reversed by recovery from anorexia nervosa and that anorectic women may have an increased risk of fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]