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On sandy or peat soil, the limit is 150kg N. Because the Netherlands achieved clearly higher yields per hectare than the European average, it remained in an exceptional position for 30 years -- 250kg N from animal manure could be applied instead of the EU standard of 170kg. With Dutch dairy farmers having to return to a maximum of 170kg N from animal manure (170 x 45% = 76.5 kilos of effective N from animal manure), they must have many more hectares to keep the same number of cows. Of the nearly 25,000 livestock farmers in the Netherlands (more than 15,000 dairy farmers, in addition to pig, poultry and beef farmers), more than 1000 have registered for voluntary buy-out in the past three years. [Extracted from the article]

GLO:16PJ/01Nov22:30n1.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): A typical modern Danish dairy farm. gl Denmark has among the highest milk production per cow in the world. The trust in dairy cooperative Arla Foods is high, but there are fears of a pending carbon tax and unwilling banks Danes praise their co-op, but fear banks and carbon tax: Danish dairy farmers have had a hard time in recent years. [Extracted from the article]

We describe the routine imaging practices of Level 1 trauma centres for patients with severe pelvic ring fractures, and the interobserver reliability of the classification systems of these fractures using plain radiographs and three-dimensional (3D) CT reconstructions. Clinical and imaging data for 187 adult patients (139 men and 48 women, mean age 43 years (15 to 101)) with a severe pelvic ring fracture managed at two Level 1 trauma centres between July 2007 and June 2010 were extracted. Three experienced orthopaedic surgeons classified the plain radiographs and 3D CT reconstruction images of 100 patients using the Tile/AO and Young–Burgess systems. Reliability was compared using kappa statistics. A total of 115 patients (62%) had plain radiographs as well as two-dimensional (2D) CT and 3D CT reconstructions, 52 patients (28%) had plain films only, 12 (6.4%) had 2D and 3D CT reconstructions images only, and eight patients (4.3%) had no available images. The plain radiograph was limited to an anteroposterior pelvic view. Patients without imaging, or only plain films, were more severely injured. A total of 72 patients (39%) were imaged with a pelvic binder in situ.Interobserver reliability for the Tile/AO (Kappa 0.10 to 0.17) and Young–Burgess (Kappa 0.09 to 0.21) was low, and insufficient for clinical and research purposes.Severe pelvic ring fractures are difficult to classify due to their complexity, the increasing use of early treatment such as with pelvic binders, and the absence of imaging altogether in important patient sub-groups, such as those who die early of their injuries.Cite this article: Bone Joint J2013;95-B:1396–1401.

There has been debate over how patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) can be safely selected for outpatient treatment.

Background: Traditionally, patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) are initially treated in the hospital with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The results of a few small non‐randomized studies suggest that, in selected patients with proven PE, outpatient treatment is potentially feasible and safe. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of outpatient treatment according to predefined criteria in patients with acute PE. Patients and Methods: A prospective cohort study of patients with objectively proven acute PE was conducted in 12 hospitals in The Netherlands between 2008 and 2010. Patients with acute PE were triaged with the predefined criteria for eligibility for outpatient treatment, with LMWH (nadroparin) followed by vitamin K antagonists. All patients eligible for outpatient treatment were sent home either immediately or within 24 h after PE was objectively diagnosed. Outpatient treatment was evaluated with respect to recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), including PE or deep vein thrombosis (DVT), major hemorrhage and total mortality during 3 months of follow‐up. Results:Of 297 included patients, who all completed the follow‐up, six (2.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8–4.3) had recurrent VTE (five PE [1.7%] and one DVT [0.3%]). Three patients (1.0%, 95% CI 0.2–2.9) died during the 3 months of follow‐up, none of fatal PE. Two patients had a major bleeding event, one of which was fatal intracranial bleeding (0.7%, 95% CI 0.08–2.4). Conclusion: Patients with PE selected for outpatient treatment with predefined criteria can be treated with anticoagulants on an outpatient basis. (Dutch Trial Register No 1319; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/index.asp).

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This paper provides a synthesis of our research on the use of induced plant volatiles for sensitive monitoring of plant health status in greenhouses. The main research objective of this research was to investigate whether plant-emitted volatiles can be used to detect a Botrytis cinereainfection in a large-scale greenhouse. The pathogenic fungus B. cinereaand the plant species tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were selected as model organisms. Based on this choice, three main research questions were formulated: (1) What is the effect of a B. cinereainfection on the emission of volatiles from tomato? (2) Are B. cinereainduced emissions of tomato specific for the infection with this pathogen? (3) Are B. cinerea induced concentrations of volatiles detectable in large-scale greenhouses?

Internationally, rapid response systems have been implemented to recognise and categorise hospital patients at risk of deterioration. Whilst rapid response systems have been implemented with a varying amount of success, there remains ongoing concern about the lack of improvement in the escalation, and management of the deteriorating patient. It also remains unclear why some clinicians fail to escalate concerns for the deteriorating patient.

Hofstee and Ten Berge (2004a) have proposed a new look at personality assessment data, based on a bipolar proportional (-1, .. . 0, .. . +1) scale, a corresponding coefficient of raw-scores likeness L =΢XY/N, and raw-scores principal component analysis. In a normal sample, the approach resulted in a structure dominated by a first principal component, according to which most people are faintly to mildly socially desirable. We hypothesized that a more differentiated structure would arise in a clinical sample. We analyzed the scores of 775 psychiatric clients on the 132 items of the Dutch Personality Questionnaire (NPV). In comparison to a normative sample (N= 3140), the eigenvalue for the first principal component appeared to be 1.7 times as small, indicating that such clients have less personality (social desirability) in common. Still, the match between the structures in the two samples was excellent after oblique rotation of the loadings. We applied the abridged m-dimensional circumplex design, by which persons are typed by their two highest scores on the principal components, to the scores on the first four principal components. We identified five types: Indignant (1-), Resilient (1-2+), Nervous (1-2-), Obsessive-Compulsive (1-3-), and Introverted (1-4-), covering 40% of the psychiatric sample. Some 26% of the individuals had negligible scores on all type vectors. We discuss the potential and the limitations of our approach in a clinical context.

The genetic diversity of scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.) resistance was studied on two of the four sublines of the HortResearch Apple Genetics Population. Subline 91 consisted of 214 families and was evaluated in its 6th leaf, and subline 94 consisted of 75 families and was evaluated in its 3rd leaf at Havelock North. A total of 253 families were derived from open-pollinated seed from apple cultivars (Malus × domestica Borkh.), as well as crabapples (Malus spp.) from various countries, including 52 families derived from seed collected in Kazakstan. The other 36 families resulted from controlled crosses. Seedlings at two sites (Havelock North and Riwaka) were individually rated on a 10-point scale (from 0 = not infected to 9 = very highly infected) for the amount of scab on the leaves (two sites) and fruit (one site only) after natural infection in orchards where no fungicides were applied in the season of evaluation. The overall average scab score was 1.61 for the open-pollinated families with known provenance in subline 91, with the lowest score for the families from the Netherlands (1.03), followed by Denmark (1.27) and Sweden (1.30). For subline 94, the average scab score for the Kazak families (2.60) was much lower than that for the families derived from cultivare (3.57). There was a fair relationship between the scab levels on the leaves and the fruit (R2=45.8%). The estimated heritability of scab resistance was moderate (c. 0.30) for some subsets of the Apple Genetics Population, which is sufficient for the efficient development of new apple cultivars with durable resistance. However, heritabilities were much lower for the full-sib families of subline 91 and the Kazak collection in subline 94. Based on their mean scores, 31 families were identified as having the highest potential for improving scab resistance in apple.

Purpose: To review a single-center experience in the management of symptomatic congenital vascular malformations of the hand and forearm with special attention to embolotherapy.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with vascular malformations referred for arteriography and possible intervention between 1983 and 1998. Arteriography and venography were performed in all patients to differentiate between true high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and low-flow primary venous malformations (PVM). The clinical and radiological data, procedural results, and follow-up data were retrieved and reviewed.Results: In a 15-year period, 39 patients (22 men; mean age 22.5 years, range 1–51) had symptomatic vascular lesions diagnosed in the forearm and hand: 21 AVMs, 17 PVMs, and one complex lesion with both AVM and PVM. Thirty-four (87%) lesions were treated with immediate technical success achieved in 31 (91%) cases; 5 (13%) lesions were not amenable to percutaneous treatment. There were no major complications, but 3 embolized AVMs had significant residual flow (81.6% technical success on intention to treat basis). Long-term follow-up ranging to 5 years was available in 26 of the 34 treated patients; the mean symptom-free period was 30 months for the AVM patients and 30.5 months for the PVM group, with an average of 1.5 and 1.2 embolization procedures, respectively.Conclusions: Vascular malformations of the hand and forearm are extremely rare lesions that demand a multidisciplinary approach for optimal diagnosis and management. Microembolotherapy with or without surgery has offered the highest level of safety and success to date.

Neutron decay of excited hole states and isobaric analog states (IAS) populated by the 116Sn(3He,α) reaction at an energy of 102 MeV has been investigated. The α-particles were analysed in a magnetic spectrograph positioned at 1.4° and detected with a multiwire drift chamber. Excitation energies in 115Sn up to 23 MeV were studied. An array of neutron detectors was positioned around the target at angles ranging from 68° to 209°. The neutron data were analysed in terms of decay into final states, using statistical model calculations as a tool to extract lower limits of nonstatistical decay. Nonstatistical decay was observed from states up to an excitation energy of about 18 MeV. The neutron emission of the IAS is compatible with 100% statistical decay.

KoePon Germany exchanged Holstein-Friesian cows for Jerseys in 2017, switched the entire dairy farm to organic in 2018 and opened a brand new dairy barn with eight milking robots last year. But the main reason was that Wijnand wanted to milk Jersey cows. [Extracted from the article]

Agricultural machinery in the future will be equipped with a data bus for the exchange of information between different devices such as a task computer, virtual terminal, implement controllers, sensors and actuators. This exchange of information requires standardization. Currently, a working group of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is defining a standard for a serial control and communications data network for tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry and is based on controller area network (CAN) Version 2·0B.A simulation program has been written for a typical agricultural machinery configuration, equipped with data buses, connected to each other. The simulation program is used to analyse the performance of the network with respect to the transfer time of messages across the network. The transfer time is determined for different bus loads, priorities of the messages and arrangement of the devices.The simulations showed that the transfer time of messages across the network remains less than 6 ms (maximum observed value) for a typical agricultural machinery configuration. Increase in load on the implement bus to more than 80% of full capacity can result in transfer times of about 70 ms when the priorities are not properly assigned. This transfer time may be too large for some specific applications. When time critical messages are assigned a proper priority, the transfer times of the messages remain less than a few milliseconds, even when the load on the implement bus is high.

There is confusion in the current literature regarding the exact nature of the attachments of the medial crura of the lobular cartilage. There have been suggestions that these may be ligamentous, in case of the attachment between the paired medial crura, or membranous, in case of the attachment between the medial crus and the septum. In an attempt to clarify the situation and to define an unambiguous nomenclature an anatomical study has been undertaken involving the macroscopic dissection and histological examination of the noses of 11 caucasian cadavers. The results have not yielded any evidence to corroborate the presence of either a ligamentous or membranous attachment. Instead they show that these areas consist of irregularly arranged connective tissue which fails to meet the histological criteria of a ligament or membrane.

In an aqueous environment, noncovalent polar bonding (i.e., through ionic, charge transfer, or hydrogen bonds) may be assumed to be relatively weak because of thestrong chargesolvating and hydrogen-bonding ability of water. It has been suggested, the refore, that apolar (hydrophobic) forces may be the most important single factor providing the driving force for noncovalent intermolecular interactions in an aqueous milieu [1, 2]. However, in aqueous solutions electrostatic interaction may become important when the pertaining charges are shielded by accompanying hydrophobic groups from the quenching effect of water [1]. In this connection it may be pointed out that, on account of the low dielectric constant of the hydrophobic interior of a protein, intramolecular interaction of oppositely charged surface groups can be strong indeed [3].

The motion of particles is discussed as affected by physical properties, such as coefficient of friction, and the design of the disc including the vane type, pitch angle of the vane and surface of the vane. The influence of factors that may have an effect are studied theoretically by means of simulations as well as experimentally. When the simulation and measurement results were compared, large differences were found between them. The simulation results showed a clear effect of the coefficient of friction. This effect was, however, hardly visible in the measurements despite differences in vane surfaces that gave large differences in coefficient of friction (0·25 to 0·35 for a nylon surface versus 0·40 to 0·45 for a stainless steel surface). The measurements showed that an increase of the mass flow by a factor of two in the range tested (between 0·3 and 1·0 kg/s) resulted in an increase in the distance projected by the particles of about 1 m. The influence of vane type and pitch angle have been analysed in simulation studies and the effect proved to be dependent on the coefficient of friction. Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press

When dual-energy gamma radiation systems are employed for measurements in porous media, count rates from both sources are often used to compute parameter values. However, for several applications, the count rates of just one source are sufficient. These applications include the determination of volumetric liquid content values in two-liquid systems and salt concentration values in water-saturated porous media. Single-energy gamma radiation procedures for three applications are described in this paper. Through an error analysis, single-source procedures are shown to reduce the probable error in the determinations considerably. Example calculations and simple column experiments were conducted for each application to compare the performance of the new single-source and standard dual-source methods. In all cases, the single-source methods provided more reliable data than the traditional dual-source methods. In addition, a single-source calibration procedure is proposed to determine incident count rates indirectly. This procedure, which requires packing under saturated conditions, can be used in all single- and dual-source applications and yields accurate porosity and dry bulk density values.

Although infiltration, redistribution, and drainage of dense nonaqueous‐phase liquids (DNAPLs) in water‐saturated soils and aquifers are known to be sensitive to stratifications of the solid phases of the porous media, little experimental evidence is available to explain the behavior of DNAPL movement. To improve our understanding of DNAPL movement under these conditions, physical simulations were conducted with various perchloroethylene (PCE) spills in initially water‐saturated, stratified porous media in nominally one‐dimensional glass columns and in an intermediate scale, nominally two‐dimensional laboratory flow container. The columns and flow container were packed with two distinct layers of coarse sand, with a fine sand layer in between. Volumetric water and DNAPL contents, as well as bulk densities, were determined with a dual‐energy gamma radiation system. To obtain additional information required for the explanation of the displacement processes, in‐ and outflow rates of water and PCE were measured during each experiment. In the sand columns, PCE accumulated on top of the fine layer, while in the flow container, considerable lateral movement was observed just above the fine sand layer. In general, these phenomena were attributed to the small conductivity values of the fine layers relative to those of the coarse layers rather than to displacement pressures not being exceeded. Overall our results suggest that in field situations, continuous PCE spills are more likely to penetrate horizontal fine layers than short intermittent spills.

Numerical simulations with the multifluid flow simulator STOMP are compared with quantitative results of a detailed lighter‐than‐water nonaqueous‐phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration and redistribution experiment in a 1.67‐m‐long, 1‐m‐high, and 0.05‐m‐wide flow cell. The experiment was performed to test the ability of commonly used non‐hysteretic and hysteretic constitutive relations between relative permeability (k), fluid saturation (S), and capillary pressure head (h) to describe multifluid flow in two dimensions. The fluid and sand parameters necessary to apply the constitutive relations were obtained independently. The flow cell was filled with a homogeneous sand mixture under saturated conditions. After partial drainage of the sand, the LNAPL was slowly injected for 12 h from a small source area located at the surface. A dual‐energy gamma radiation system was used to determine LNAPL and water saturations at 255 locations during infiltration and redistribution. The results show a reasonable match between the experimental and numerical data, indicating that the constitutive relations used are adequate to describe relatively slow LNAPL infiltration and redistribution. The differences between the nonhysteretic and hysteretic simulations are small. This implies that hysteresis, a result of nonwetting fluid entrapment and pore geometry, was not important in this experiment.

1The clinical findings are reported of 15 members of three families living in houses where relatively large amounts of pentachlorophenol (PCP) solutions had been applied. To be able to interprete the plasma concentrations in the patients, plasma-PCP-concentrations in 99 draftees were measured. The clinical and toxicological-analytical results are discussed.2Signs of a systemic PCP-intoxication were not found in any patient.3Symptoms and objective changes of the uncovered skin were present in three patients (a burning painful sensation, erythema, dryness and scaling) possibly caused by a direct influence of PCP in the air.4The plasma-PCP-concentrations in the patients ranged from 25-660 μgl-1. The mean plasma-PCP-concentrations in the draftees was 128.6±134.9μgl-1(mean±s.d.); the median was 88 μg1-1, the 95% range was 330 μg1-1.5There was an association between patients' plasma-PCP-concentrations and their staying in the affected house.

As effective control measures for silverleaf (caused by Chondrostereum purpureum) are lacking, the breeding and selection of resistant cultivars is considered the most effective means of combatting the disease. In this paper the results of preliminary evaluation of apple germplasm for silverleaf resistance are presented. Cuttings of 214 apple (Malus spp.) cultivars, advanced selections, and rootstocks were artificially inoculated with a single isolate of C. purpureum. After 1 month incubation in vitro the depth of xylem staining was measured and used as an assessment of resistance. Cuttings of 23 cultivars were unaffected by the fungus, whereas the xylem tissues of cuttings of 24 cultivars and sports were fully stained. The wide range of the mean depth of xylem staining implied that silverleaf resistance ispolygenic. However, the high levels of resistance of the cultivar 'Northern Spy' and some of its derivatives indicated major gene resistance in the cultivars.

The motion of particles is discussed, as affected by physical properties such as coefficient of friction and coefficient of restitution and the design of the spout (spout length, bow, spout angle) and the propulsion of the spout as influenced by the angular velocity of the driving shaft and the crank connecting rod ratio. The factors that may have an effect are studied theoretically, by means of a simulation model, and experimentally.

A new technique for measuring the velocity and direction of fertilizer particles discharged by a fertilizer distributor is discussed. The technique is based on the Doppler frequency shift of an ultrasonic beam. The instantaneous amplitude and frequency of the received Doppler signals are computed by digital signal processing. The velocity and the direction of each detected particle are calculated from the instantaneous frequency and the particle diameter is estimated from the instantaneous amplitude. The technique is used to quantify the influence of physical properties of fertilizer on the motion of fertilizer particles in the distributor device. A first series of experiments shows that this technique can measure the velocity and direction of fertilizer particles. The estimation of the particle diameter is more difficult because of the non-uniform frequency response of the ultrasonic transducers in the frequency band used. Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press

Fertilizer spreaders are traditionally tested by using the collecting tray method. This method requires large indoor test facilities and is very expensive when applied on a large scale. A proposed alternative method is to measure the velocity and diameter of individual fertilizer particles emanating from the spreader and use a model to predict the landing spot of individual particles. The total spread pattern follows from accumulating a large number of particle landing spots. An optical device for measuring the velocity vector and dimensions of individual fertilizer particles was developed. The system proved capable of measuring the velocity of a 4mm particle travelling at 29m/s within an accuracy of 5% and dimensions within 2%. Two forms of the detector are discussed, namely, one and two dimensional versions respectively.