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A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23418-z [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate warming could affect the methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes between soils and the atmosphere, but how CH4 and N2O fluxes respond to whole‐soil warming is unclear. Here, we for the first time investigated the effects of whole‐soil warming on CH4 and N2O fluxes in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, and also studied the effects of experimental warming on CH4 and N2O fluxes across terrestrial ecosystems through a global‐scale meta‐analysis. The whole‐soil warming (0–100 cm, +4°C) significantly elevated soil N2O emission by 101%, but had a minor effect on soil CH4 uptake. However, the meta‐analysis revealed that experimental warming did not significantly alter CH4 and N2O fluxes, and it may be that most field warming experiments could only heat the surface soils. Moreover, the warming‐induced higher plant litter and available N in soils may be the main reason for the higher N2O emission under whole‐soil warming in the alpine grassland. We need to pay more attention to the long‐term response of greenhouse gases (including CH4 and N2O fluxes) from different soil depths to whole‐soil warming over year‐round, which could help us more accurately assess and predict the ecosystem‐climate feedback under realistic warming scenarios in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Microbial communities play an important regulatory role in soil carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Most studies on microbial communities and biogeochemical cycling focus on surface soils (0–20 cm). However, relatively little is known about how structure and functioning of microbial communities shift with depth in a soil profile, which is crucial to understand biogeochemical cycling in deep soils. Methods: We combined a number of complementary techniques to investigate the microbial biomass, community composition and diversity, and potential functioning along soil profile (0–70 cm) in two alpine ecosystems (meadow and shrubland) on the Tibetan Plateau. Results: The microbial biomass and fungi:bacteria ratio declined significantly with depth, while the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria increased with depth in both ecosystems. Microbial community composition showed significant differences among soil depths and between ecosystems. The relative abundance of some phylum of archaea, bacteria or fungi (e.g. Basidiomycota, Bacteroidetes) changed significantly with soil depth and ecosystem type. Bacteria diversity declined with depth, while archaea richness (OTU number) increased with depth and fungi diversity and richness did not show clear trend with depth. The co-occurrence network analysis further showed that surface soil microbes were more connected and interacted among each other compared to deep soil microbes. Moreover, total enzymatic activities and soil C mineralization rate declined with depth in both ecosystems. We also detected shifts with depth in some functional guilds of bacteria (based on faprotax database) in both ecosystems and fungi (based on FUNGuild database) only in shrubland. Conclusions: The biomass, community composition and diversity, and potential functioning of microbial communities all shifted significantly along soil profile in both ecosystems, and the vertical patterns of diversity varied among different microbial groups. This may have important implications for carbon and nutrient cycling along the soil profile in alpine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Long-term nitrogen (N) addition can affect soil organic carbon (SOC) pool within different soil fractions with different turnover rates. However, the mechanisms of these effects, particularly in alpine grassland ecosystems, are not clear. Methods: We studied the responses of SOC content in different soil fractions to N addition based on a six-year N addition field experiment in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau. We measured soil chemical and microbial properties, and SOC content in bulk soil, particular organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) fractions in response to N addition. Results: N addition increased soil N availability, decreased soil pH and microbial biomass, but had minimal effect on plant biomass, soil enzyme activity, and SOC content in bulk soil. With increasing levels of N addition, SOC in the POM fraction (POC) showed a significant negative trend, while SOC in the MAOM fraction (MAOC) did not change significantly. Conclusions: As plant biomass input and soil enzyme activity were not significantly altered with N addition, the decline in POC was likely caused by changes in microbial physiology (carbon use efficiency), while the insignificant change in MAOC may be determined by the balance between input (from microbial necromass) and output (from microbial decomposition). Taken together, our study showed that the less-protected POC fraction is more vulnerable to N addition than the more-protected MAOC fraction in the alpine grassland. This finding may improve the prediction of soil C dynamics in response to N deposition in alpine grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The mechanism of inclusion-induced initial pitting corrosion of Al-Ti-Ca complex deoxidized steel with Ce treatment was studied by the experimental investigation and theoretical calculation. To figure out which phases of complex inclusion containing different components induced initial pitting corrosion, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, the continuous immersion experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculation were conducted. Two types of inclusions and different pit morphologies were observed. The pit initially occurred at the sulfide inclusions (MnS and Ce 2 O 2 S) rather than the steel matrix due to the lower the electronic work function (EWF) of this compound compare to the steel matrix and other phases. In addition, the Ce-rich inclusion possessed the higher pitting corrosion resistance than the same type of inclusions. Finally, a schematic diagram was established to explain the mechanism of the different inclusions in initiating and proceeding pitting corrosion. Highlights • The xCaO-yAl 2 O 3 -TiN-MnS inclusions in Ce-free steel were modified to CeAlO 3 -Ce 2 O 2 S inclusions in the Ce-bearing steel. • The pitting corrosion initiates in the sulfide inclusions which have the lowest EWF in both steels. Besides, the Ce-rich inclusion, by contrast, had higher EWF than xCaO-yAl 2 O 3 -TiN-MnS inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SC, Mg/SC and ZVI decreased concentrations of Cd and iAs in rice grain concurrently. • Mg/SC and ZVI simultaneously reduced Cd and iAs concentrations in soil porewater. • ZVI raised DMA concentrations in porewater and rice grain, but SC and Mg/SC didn't. • SC, Mg/SC and ZVI affected Cd/As accumulation through divergent mechanisms. Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) co-contamination has threatened rice production and food safety. It is challenging to mitigate Cd and As contamination in rice simultaneously due to their opposite geochemical behaviors. Mg-loaded biochar with outstanding adsorption capacity for As and Cd was used for the first time to remediate Cd/As contaminated paddy soils. In addition, the effect of zero-valent iron (ZVI) on grain As speciation accumulation in alkaline paddy soils was first investigated. The effect of rice straw biochar (SC), magnesium-loaded rice straw biochar (Mg/SC), and ZVI on concentrations of Cd and As speciation in soil porewater and their accumulation in rice tissues was investigated in a pot experiment. Addition of SC, Mg/SC and ZVI to soil reduced Cd concentrations in rice grain by 46.1%, 90.3% and 100%, and inorganic As (iAs) by 35.4%, 33.1% and 29.1%, respectively, and reduced Cd concentrations in porewater by 74.3%, 96.5% and 96.2%, respectively. Reductions of 51.6% and 87.7% in porewater iAs concentrations were observed with Mg/SC and ZVI amendments, but not with SC. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) concentrations in porewater and grain increased by a factor of 4.9 and 3.3, respectively, with ZVI amendment. The three amendments affected grain concentrations of iAs, DMA and Cd mainly by modulating their translocation within plant and the levels of As(III), silicon, dissolved organic carbon, iron or Cd in porewater. All three amendments (SC, Mg/SC and ZVI) have the potential to simultaneously mitigate Cd and iAs accumulation in rice grain, although the pathways are different. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the best oxide based thermoelectric materials, the BiCuSeO compounds with very low lattice thermal conductivity and high figure of merit have been widely investigated because of the good thermal/chemical stability, low price and environmental friendliness. In this paper, the Bi 1-x Sb x CuSeO ( x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08) oxychalcogenides were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) and resistance pressing sintering (RPS) process in order to improve the thermoelectric properties. The effect of Sb doping on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of p-type BiCuSeO ceramic has been investigated in detail. To analysis the change rule of the thermoelectric properties of Bi 1-x Sb x CuSeO due to Sb replacing Bi site, the lattice structure and electronic behavior of Bs CuSeO ( Bs = Bi or Sb) were calculated and simulated, respectively. The band gap of Bs CuSeO has been reduced from 0.478 eV to 0.329 eV, and the bond length of Cu/Bi-Se has been decreased, the hole pocket in the band structure has been deeper, and the peaks of Cu/Se orbitals in the decomposed partial density of states have been broadened after Bi site was replaced by element Sb, which resulted in the significant increase of carrier concentration and electrical conductivity, while still keep a relatively high Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity. The maximum power factor of 0.36 mWm −1 K −2 and ZT value of 0.73 were obtained for the Bi 0.95 Sb 0.05 CuSeO at 873 K, which was 65% higher than that of the undoped stoichiometry BiCuSeO ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coiled carbon nanotubes (CCNTs) were coated by CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) nanoparticles to form the CCNTs/CFO composites. The phase composition, morphology, electrical and magnetic performances of the composites were characterized by means of modern analytical techniques. The results indicated that the conductivity and magnetic performances of the samples were related to their compositions. The CCNTs/CFO composite with ω CCNT / ω CFO of 0.4 exhibited the best microwave absorption property in the prepared samples, whose minimum reflection loss was about −14 dB in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz for a layer of 2.5–3.0 mm thickness, and the available bandwidth corresponding to RL less than −10 dB can reach 4.0 GHz. Hence, the obtained composite could be used as a new candidate for selective frequency shielding and lightweight microwave absorbing material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover cropping is widely used for soil management in vineyards. But few studies have compared the effect of different cover cropping management methods on soil properties and fungal communities in vineyards. Therefore, we examined the effects of traditional management (shallow tillage to remove weeds), cover with single species (two treatments covered with different herbages), cover with mixed species (two combination treatments named M1 and M2 respectively), and cover with a crop on soil physicochemical properties and fungal community structure in a vineyard in northern China in 2020 and 2021. Soil total carbon and mineral nitrogen increased under Carex lanceolata Boott, Medicago sativa L., M1, and M2 covers but decreased under Glycine max (L.) Merr. Compare to traditional management. Soil organic carbon content increased under Carex lanceolata Boott, Medicago sativa L., M1, and M2, with increasing planting time. Cover cropping management had a minor effect on fungal diversity in the short term. Effects on beneficial and pathogenic fungi varied with cover type. With a cover of Glycine max (L.) Merr, the abundance of Fusarium brachygibbosum , a pathogen that affects grape production, increased, but that of Chaetomium , a genus that inhibits pathogens, also increased. With a cover of Carex lanceolata Boott, the abundance of Didymella glomerata , another pathogen that affects grape production, increased, but that of Metarhizium , an entomopathogenic fungus, also increased. Compared with Carex lanceolata Boott, covers with mixed species (M1 and M2) showed minor effects on soil pathogens, so covers with mixed species could benefit the vineyards more than other cover cropping management in North China. • Cover cropping management can improve soil carbon and nitrogen in vineyard. • Cover cropping management has impacts on grape productivity-related fungi. • SOC is the major drivers of fungal diversity and Didymella glomerata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaborative distribution problem is a typical combined optimization cooperative game problem, and is named the collaborative vehicle routing problem. One of its core problems is to determine a fair and reasonable cost sharing plan. Among them, the nucleolus solution is a recognized scientific allocation plan in the field of cost sharing because of its uniqueness and fairness. This paper proposes a method to approximate the nucleolus solution of collaborative distribution problem. Firstly, the paper proves the cost allocation of collaborative vehicle routing problem will theoretically be a convex game problem when the location of the customer is evenly distributed. Based on the theory that the nucleolus solution will be equivalent to the prekernel solution in convex game problems, an approximate iterative algorithm (AIA) is proposed to get the nucleolus solution of convex game problems. The complexity of AIA is O(n42n), and then the paper proposes two effective speed-up strategies of AIA, which reduce the complexity of AIA to polynomial level. Finally, by solving the cooperative distribution examples, it is verified that the AIA algorithm in this paper can accurately solve the nucleolus solution of the collaborative distribution cost allocation problem. The proposed solution can effectively reduce the time-consuming of calculation. And the average deviation between the final result of AIA and the actual nucleolus solution is less than 0.02%. More importantly, AIA can be used to get the nucleolus solution in all convex games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In recent years, polymorphic transformation involved in media milling has become a key factor in inducing the instability of nanosuspensions (NSs). The variation trend of microhydrodynamic parameters, including milling intensity factor (F), can be observed under different milling conditions. Therefore, this study first referenced the microhydrodynamic model to explore how formulations and process parameters affect Irbesartan (IRB) form A crystallinity during wet media milling. As a result, the crystallinity of form A was affected by the intermolecular interactions between drug particles and stabilizers. The crystallinity of form A decreased with decreasing drug loading, increasing stirrer speed and bead loading, which depended on the role of F. Milling could promote the transformation from a 1H to 2H tetrazole ring with stabilizers containing –OH, and form B was changed to form A and finally to an amorphous state. Molecular modelling shows that forms A and B are ductile and fragile materials, respectively, and both present anisotropy. When milling beads hit both polymorphs paralleling to the (0 1 0) surface, the bead-bead collisions are more helpful in fracturing IRB particles. The results of this study may provide a foundation for controlling crystal transformation and obtaining ideal crystal forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of multiple ecosystem functions (that is, multifunctionality) are closely associated with biodiversity, often show positive relationships, but the dynamics of the biodiversity multifunctionality relationship along soil profiles remain unclear. Eutrophication significantly affects biodiversity and soil functions, whereas the mechanisms underlying the impact of nitrogen addition on the biodiversity multifunctionality relationship are poorly understood. Here, we conducted a common garden experiment manipulating plant diversity and nitrogen addition to quantify the effects of biodiversity on soil multifunctionality in the topsoil and subsoil under different nitrogen addition levels. We showed that nitrogen addition had a minor impact on soil multifunctionality but weakened the positive biodiversity multifunctionality relationship. We also found that the positive plant diversity effect on soil multifunctionality decreased with soil depths, resulting in a weaker biodiversity multifunctionality relationship in the subsoil. The weak biodiversity multifunctionality relationship in the subsoil was caused by weakening the relationship between aboveground biomass and soil multifunctionality; nitrogen addition weakened the biodiversity multifunctionality relationship through the attenuation of the association of aboveground biomass and soil microbes with multifunctionality. Our study demonstrates that nitrogen addition undermines the biodiversity soil multifunctionality relationship and the relationship is weakened along the soil profiles, suggesting that Earth system models must represent these heterogeneous soil dynamics to accurately predict future feedbacks to global changes. • N addition weakens biodiversity soil multifunctionality (SMF) relationships (BMR). • Decrease in aboveground biomass (AGB) inputs leads to a weak BMR in the subsoil. • Weak associations of AGB and soil microbes with SMF weaken the BMR under N addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in seasonally frozen soils, such as alpine ecosystems, to climate warming is a major uncertainty in global carbon cycling. Here we measure soil CO 2 emission during four years (2018-2021) from the whole-soil warming experiment (4 °C for the top 1 m) in an alpine grassland ecosystem. We find that whole-soil warming stimulates total and SOC-derived CO 2 efflux by 26% and 37%, respectively, but has a minor effect on root-derived CO 2 efflux. Moreover, experimental warming only promotes total soil CO 2 efflux by 7-8% on average in the meta-analysis across all grasslands or alpine grasslands globally (none of these experiments were whole-soil warming). We show that whole-soil warming has a much stronger effect on soil carbon emission in the alpine grassland ecosystem than what was reported in previous warming experiments, most of which only heat surface soils., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In this study, a comprehensive characterization was conducted on a chiral starburst molecule (C 57 H 48 N 4 , SBM) using scanning tunneling microscopy. When adsorbed onto the hBN/Rh(111) nanomesh, these molecules demonstrate homochiral recognition, leading to a selective formation of homochiral dimers. Further tip manipulation experiments reveal that the chiral dimers are stable and primarily controlled by strong intermolecular interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported that the chiral recognition of SBM molecules is governed by the intermolecular charge transfer mechanism, different from the common steric hindrance effect. This study emphasizes the importance of intermolecular charge transfer interactions, offering valuable insights into the chiral recognition of a simple bimolecular system. These findings hold significance for the future advancement in chirality-based electronic sensors and pharmaceuticals, where the chirality of molecules can impact their properties.

Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) are in a quantum disordered state that is highly entangled and has fractional excitations. As a highly sought-after state of matter, QSLs were predicted to host spinon excitations and to arise in frustrated spin systems with large quantum fluctuations. Here we report on the experimental observation and theoretical modeling of QSL signatures in monolayer 1T-NbSe 2 , which is a newly emerging two-dimensional material that exhibits both charge-density-wave (CDW) and correlated insulating behaviors. By using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), we confirm the presence of spin fluctuations in monolayer 1T-NbSe 2 by observing the Kondo resonance as monolayer 1T-NbSe 2 interacts with metallic monolayer 1H-NbSe 2 . Subsequent STM/STS imaging of monolayer 1T-NbSe 2 at the Hubbard band energy further reveals a long-wavelength charge modulation, in agreement with the spinon modulation expected for QSLs. By depositing manganese-phthalocyanine (MnPc) molecules with spin S = 3/2 onto monolayer 1T-NbSe 2 , new STS resonance peaks emerge at the Hubbard band edges of monolayer 1T-NbSe 2 . This observation is consistent with the spinon Kondo effect induced by a S = 3/2 magnetic impurity embedded in a QSL. Taken together, these experimental observations indicate that monolayer 1T-NbSe 2 is a new promising QSL material., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Global climate warming could affect the methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes between soils and the atmosphere, but how CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes respond to whole-soil warming is unclear. Here, we for the first time investigated the effects of whole-soil warming on CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, and also studied the effects of experimental warming on CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes across terrestrial ecosystems through a global-scale meta-analysis. The whole-soil warming (0-100 cm, +4°C) significantly elevated soil N 2 O emission by 101%, but had a minor effect on soil CH 4 uptake. However, the meta-analysis revealed that experimental warming did not significantly alter CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes, and it may be that most field warming experiments could only heat the surface soils. Moreover, the warming-induced higher plant litter and available N in soils may be the main reason for the higher N 2 O emission under whole-soil warming in the alpine grassland. We need to pay more attention to the long-term response of greenhouse gases (including CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes) from different soil depths to whole-soil warming over year-round, which could help us more accurately assess and predict the ecosystem-climate feedback under realistic warming scenarios in the future., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

For covalent attachment-supported α-diimine catalysts, on the basis of ensuring the thermal stability and activity of the catalysts, the important problem is that the active group on the catalyst can quickly react with the support, anchoring it firmly on the support, shortening the loading time, reducing the negative impact of the support on the active centers, and further improving the polymer morphology, which makes them suitable for use in industrial polymerization temperatures. Herein, we synthesized a α-diimine nickel(II) catalyst bearing four hydroxyl substituents. The hydroxyl substituents enable the catalyst to be immobilized firmly on silica support by covalent linkage in 5-10 min. Compared with the toluene solvent system, the homogeneous catalysts show high activity and thermal stability in hexane solvent at the same conditions. Compared with homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysis leads to improvements in catalyst lifetime, polymer morphology control, catalytic activity, and the molecular weight of polyethylene (up to 679 kg/mol). The silica-supported catalysts resulted in higher melting temperatures as well as lower branching densities in polyethylenes. Even at 70 °C, the polyethylene prepared by S-CatA-2 still exhibits dispersed particle morphology, and there is no phenomenon of reactor fouling, which is suitable for industrial polymerization processes.

Ullmann-like on-surface synthesis is one of the most appropriate approaches for the bottom-up fabrication of covalent organic nanostructures and many successes have been achieved. The Ullmann reaction requires the oxidative addition of a catalyst (a metal atom in most cases): the metal atom will insert into a carbon-halogen bond, forming organometallic intermediates, which are then reductively eliminated and form C-C covalent bonds. As a result, traditional Ullmann coupling involves reactions of multiple steps, making it difficult to control the final product. Moreover, forming the organometallic intermediates will potentially poison the metal surface catalytic reactivity. In the study, we used the 2D h BN, an atomically thin sp 2 -hybridized sheet with a large band gap, to protect the Rh(111) metal surface. It is an ideal 2D platform to decouple the molecular precursor from the Rh(111) surface while maintaining the reactivity of Rh(111). We realize an Ullmann-like coupling of a planar biphenylene-based molecule, i.e., 1,8-dibromobiphenylene (BPBr 2 ), on an h BN/Rh(111) surface with an ultrahigh selectivity of the biphenylene dimer product, containing 4-, 6-, and 8-membered rings. The reaction mechanism, including electron wave penetration and the template effect of the h BN, is elucidated by combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Our findings are expected to play an essential role regarding the high-yield fabrication of functional nanostructures for future information devices.

The structure and function of plant communities in alpine meadow ecosystems are potentially susceptible to climate warming. Here, we utilized a unique field manipulation experiment in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and investigated the responses of plant species diversity, composition, biomass, and net primary productivity (NPP) at both community and functional group levels to whole-soil-profile warming (3-4 °C across 0-100 cm) during 2018-2021. Plant species diversity, biomass and NPP (both above- and belowground) at the community level showed remarkable resistance to warming. However, plant community composition gradually shifted over time. Over the whole experimental warming period, aboveground biomass of legumes significantly decreased by 45%. Conversely, warming significantly stimulated aboveground biomass of forbs by 84%, likely because of better growth and competitive advantages from the warming-induced stimulation of soil water and other variables. However, warming showed minor effects on aboveground biomass of grasses and sedges. Overall, we emphasize that experimental warming may significantly affect plant community composition in a short term by triggering adjustments in plant interspecific competition or survival strategies, which may cause potential changes in plant productivity over a more extended period and lead to changes in carbon source-sink dynamics in the alpine meadow ecosystem., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2022 The Authors. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.)

The combination of chemotherapy and gene therapy has been indicated as a promising approach for cancer therapy. However, this combination strategy is still faced a challenge by the lack of suitable carriers to co-loaded chemotherapeutic drug and gene into one single nanoplatform. In this study, a tumor-targeted HC/pIL-12/polyMET micelleplexes were developed for the co-loading and co-delivery of cisplatin (CDDP) and plasmid encoding interleukin-12 gene (pIL-12), which would be utilized to generate synergistic actions through chemotherapy sensitization and microenvironment modulation. The HC/pIL-12/polyMET exhibited desirable particle size, superior serum stability, effective intracellular CDDP release and pIL-12 transfection efficiency. More important, the HC/pIL-12/polyMET generated the enhanced LLC cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction efficiency. The long-circulating HC/pIL-12/polyMET micelleplexes promoted the accumulation of CDDP and pIL-12 in tumor site, which resulted in significantly inhibiting the growth of lung cancer, and prolonging the overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. The underlying immune mechanism demonstrated the combination of CDDP and pIL-12 activated immune effector cells to release IFN-γ and induced M1-type differentiation of tumor-related macrophages, thereby generating synergistic chemoimmunotherapy effect. Taken together, this study may provide an effective strategy for drug/gene co-delivery and cancer chemoimmunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Chemoimmunotherapy has been indicated as an approach to improve efficacy of cancer therapy. Herein, a tumor-targeted micelleplexes (HC/pIL-12/polyMET) were developed for the co-delivery of cisplatin (CDDP) and plasmid encoding IL-12 gene (pIL-12), which can employ the synergistic effects through chemotherapy sensitization and microenvironment modulation. The HC/pIL-12/polyMET exhibited desirable particle size, superior serum stability, high gene transfection efficiency and antitumor activity on tumor cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. More importantly, the long-circulating HC/pIL-12/polyMET micelleplexes could effectively accumulate in tumor sites and then rapidly release the CDDP and pIL-12, significantly inhibit the growth of lung cancer. This strategy provides a new concept for chemo-gene combination with a strengthened overall therapeutic efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hierarchical structured ZnFe 2 O 4 @SiO 2 @RGO core-shell nanocomposites were prepared via a "coating-coating" route, and its structure, composition and electromagnetic properties were characterized. Compared with the binary composites of ZnFe 2 O 4 @SiO 2 , the hierarchical ZnFe 2 O 4 @SiO 2 @RGO ternary composites exhibited enhanced electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption properties in terms of the effective bandwidth and minimum reflection loss (RL). Furthermore, EMW absorption properties of the prepared samples can be tuned by changing RGO content and thickness of SiO 2 layer to reach the best impedance match. The minimum RL of the sample with a thickness of 2.8 mm can reach -43.9 dB at 13.9 GHz, and its effective bandwidth (RL ≤ -10 dB) was up to 6 GHz. Hence, the obtained products can be a new candidate for lightweight EMW absorbing materials.

In the title centrosymmetric compound, C(28)H(32)N(4)O(2) (2+) 2I(-), the two midazole rings are approximately perpendicular to the central anthracene ring system [dihedral angle = 86.6 (2)°]. The ionic units are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to (01) by C-H⋯I hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions involving the anthracene ring system and imidazole rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.717 (3) Å].

In the title compound, Na(+)·4C(7)H(5)N(6) (+)·5BF(4) (-), the Na(+) ion lies on a fourfold rotation axis and one of the tetra-fluoridoborate ions lies on a site of symmetry . Each Na(+) ion is surrounded by four symmetry-related tetra-fluoridoborate ions, and is eight-coordinated by F atoms, the Na⋯F separation being 2.3956 (15) or 2.4347 (17) Å. The hexa-azaphenalenium ring system is essentially planar. In the crystal structure, the cations and anions are linked into a three-dimensional network by N-H⋯N and C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds.