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In the paper there is considered the question of the influence of hydrogen-ions concentration on the formation of intermediates (unsaturated carbonyl-containing compounds with Lambda max 225 nm and carbonyl-containing compounds with Lambda max 285 nm ) of the early stages of degradation D-glucose in aqueous solutions in pH range 1,0–7,0. By UV-spectroscopy there is demonstrated that an increase in hydrogen-ions concentration slows the formation of basic intermediates of the early stages, but it accelerates the transformation of unsaturated carbonyl-containing intermediates (Lambda max 225 nm ) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. It was shown that reactions of the formation of unsaturated carbonyl-containing compounds, as starting intermediates for further transformations, slowed down at pH 3, indicating a certain stability of D -glucose under these conditions.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) induces muscle hypertrophy. However, cellular mechanisms underlying the muscle hypertrophy induced by NMES combined with BFR remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that NMES combined with BFR would enhance the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Age-matched male Wistar rats (6 months old, n = 7 per group) were assigned randomly to control, BFR alone (BFR), NMES alone (NMES), and NMES combined with BFR (NMES/BFR) groups. NMES induced 25 isometric contractions lasting 8 s with 4-s resting periods between contractions in the gastrocnemius muscle. Four sets in total were performed, with 1-min intervals between sets. A latex cuff was placed on the proximal portion of the hind limb and BFR at 200 mm Hg was conducted in 4 sets (each set 5 min) with 1-min rest intervals between sets. Venous blood was collected from the lateral tail vein to determine pH, H+ concentration, and lactate concentration before and immediately after the treatments. Expression levels of proteins related to muscle hypertrophy were determined by Western blot analysis. The application of NMES/BFR promoted muscle fatigue more than NMES alone. NMES/BFR induced greater changes in accumulation of metabolites and increase in gastrocnemius muscle weight. The phosphorylation of mTOR and MAPK signaling-related proteins was also enhanced following NMES/BFR, compared with other conditions. Thus, NMES enhanced the activation of mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways when combined with BFR.

No estado do Ceará há diversos açudes utilizados para mitigar os impactos das secas para as populações. Entretanto as águas desses açudes estão sendo afetadas por diferentes processos de salinização, afetando sua qualidade e conseqüente uso. Este trabalho refere-se ao estudo dos açudes Trici e Favelas, sub-bacia do Alto Jaguaribe/CE, localizada a Sudeste do Município de Tauá, visando estabelecer um diagnóstico do processo de salinização. Portanto para estabelecer um diagnóstico da causa ou causas da salinização nas bacias hidrográficas dos açudes Favelas e Trici no estado do Ceará, foram geradas informações para as duas bacias. Dentre elas destacam-se as amostragens de águas, nas quais foram abordadas as variáveis temperatura da água (TH2O), condutividade elétrica (CE µS/cm), pH (concentração hidrogeniônica do meio), potencial de oxidação e redução (ORP), sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS). Para analisar os dos obtidos foram aplicadas estatística univariada e as técnicas estatísticas multivariadas da análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise discriminante, com auxilio do software PAST 3. Considerando os resultados estatísticos e da análise estatística multivariada das variáveis TH2O, CE µS/cm, pH, ORP e TDS, tanto no na bacia do açude Favelas como do Trici, verifica-se que elas apresentam comportamentos diferentes. Portanto justificando, a influência dos diferentes processos de salinização que estão ocorrendo nas duas bacias.

Variations in the pH of the surrounding medium of hemocytes in vitro influence the morphology of granular hemocytes, the most predominant cell type in the hemocyte population of Emerita asiatica. Qualitative studies reveal that in the acidic range these cells become spindle-shaped and pseudopodial. Between pH 7.0 and 9.0 of the Tris-HCl buffer system, the hemocytes show a sequential change. The morphological features of the stages are facsimiles of the major hemocyte types occurring in the hemolymph of Emerita asiatica. The granular hemocytes become plasmatocyte- and cystocyte-like cells. Differential counts of hemocytes and pH-induced variations of granular hemocytes reveal that the rate of change decreases with decreasing pH of the surrounding medium. The aggregation of hemocytes increases with increase in pH. The pH-dependent variations of hemocytes indicate that for a truly objective definition of hemocyte morphology and for a strict classification into distinctly separate cell types, experimental analyses of hemocyte morphology are required.

Optical methods for non-invasive beam diagnostics of high current H⁻ ion accelerators have been developed in recent years*, **. Such laserwires typically measure a 1D beam profile and/or 2D transverse emittance from the products of photo-detached ions as a laser beam is scanned across the H⁻ beam. For laser pulse durations (~80ns) longer than the RF period (~3ns), the detector integrates many complete bunches, enabling only transverse beam monitoring. This paper presents a new technique to capture a series of time resolved transverse emittance measurements along the bunch train. A fast (~10ps) pulsed laser photo-detaches ions within each bunch and is synchronized to sample consecutive bunches at certain longitudinal positions along each bunch. A fast detector records the spatial distribution and time-of-flight of the neutralized H⁰, thus both the transverse and longitudinal emittance are reconstructed. We present simulations of a time varying pulsed laser field interacting within an H⁻ bunch, and estimate the yield, spatial and time distributions of H⁰ arriving at the detector. We summarise the design of a recently funded longitudinal laserwire being installed in FETS at RAL, UK., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada

We have demonstrated the extraction of negative hydrogen ion beams in a cesium-free production by using the high density magnetized sheet plasma. The experiment was performed in the linear plasma device TPD-Sheet IV. At the extraction voltage of 3 kV, the H-current density exceeding 7.0 mA/cm2 was obtained without cesium. We succeeded for the first time by extracting high density H- beam from sheet plasma without a surface production.

Spatially localized moving and stationary pH patterns are generated in two-side-fed reaction-diffusion systems. The patterns are sandwiched between two quiescent zones and positioned by the antagonistic gradients of the reactants of the self-activatory process. Spatial bistability, spatiotemporal oscillations, and formation of stationary Turing patterns have been predicted by numerical simulations and observed in experiments performed by using different hydrogen ion autocatalytic chemical systems. The formation of stationary patterns due to long-range inhibition is promoted by a large molecular weight hydrogen ion binding polymer.

BACKGROUND: While interval training is considered an effective modality for improving physical performance, it is still unclear how to monitor and determine optimal training load. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify differences in power, heart rate, and acid-base balance in response to a single interval training session in cyclists. METHODS: The research involved 21 mountain cyclists experienced and inexperienced with interval training. The interval training test consisted of several sets (4–6, until exhaustion) of maximal intensity exercise on a cycle-ergometer. Each set comprised four 30-s repetitions interspersed with 90-s recovery periods. Peak power, work output, heart rate, hydrogen and lactate ion concentrations were measured. RESULTS: The cyclists experienced with interval training performed significantly more ( p< 0.01) sets than inexperienced cyclists (5.6 ± 1.0 vs. 4.5 ± 0.8 sets, respectively). Power and work output decreased in the last completed set only in the inexperienced group (660.5 ± 53.6 vs. 659.9 ± 71.3 W and 666.6 ± 63.3 vs. 633.7 ± 86.8 W in the first and last sets for the experienced and inexperienced cyclists, respectively). The experienced group showed a decrease in hydrogen ion accumulation in the fourth set; in the inexperienced group this occurred in the second set. The experienced group showed lower heart-rate recovery times after the last set. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclists experienced with interval training could perform more repeated bouts of exercise with a disrupted acid-base balance at a similar performance level than inexperienced cyclists.

The contributions of free hydrogen ions, undissociated hydrogen ions in protonated acid species, and anionic acid species to sour taste were studied through sensory experiments. According to tasting results, it can be inferred that the basic substance producing a sour taste is the hydrogen ion, including free hydrogen ions and undissociated hydrogen ions. The intensity of a sour taste is determined by the total concentration of free hydrogen ions and undissociated hydrogen ions. The anionic acid species (without hydrogen ions) does not produce a sour taste but can intensify or weaken the intensity of a sour taste. It seems that hydroxyl or conjugated groups in anionic acid species can intensify the sour taste produced by hydrogen ions. The following strategy to reduce the sensory sourness is advanced: not only reduce free hydrogen ions, namely elevate pH value, but also reduce the undissociated hydrogen ions contained in protonated acid species.

In this research, dead leaves of a common ornamental plant, Dracaena draca known also as dragon tree was used as a biosorbent for the removal of Cadmium (Cd(2+)) from aqueous solutions using a full 2(3) factorial experimental design. Three factors were investigated at two different levels, metal ion concentration (X = 10 and 100 ppm), hydrogen ion concentration (Ph = 2 and 7) and biomass dose (BD = 0.1 and 0.5g). Experiments were carried out in duplicates with 50 ml of Cd(2+) solutions at room temperature. When comparing observed values (experimental) with calculated values (model), they were set closely together that allowed suggesting a normal distribution where (R(2) = 0.9938). A characterization of the biosorbent was done by pHzpc and SEM-EDAX. Results also showed that the most significant effect for Cd(2+) biosorption was ascribed to (X). The interaction effects of (pH BD) and (X pH) were found to have significant influence on Cd(2+) removal efficiency. The highest Cd(2+) removal percentage attained by 79.60% at X = 10 ppm, pH = 7 and BD = 0.5g. The reusability of the biosorbent was tested in three desorption cycles and the regeneration efficiency was above 99.7%.

The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) comprised groups of investigators from many countries throughout the world, with a common goal of identifying genes predisposing to type 1 diabetes. The T1DGC ascertained and collected samples from families with two or more affected siblings with type 1 diabetes and generated a broad array of clinical, genetic, and immunologic data. The T1DGC Autoantibody Workshop was designed to distribute data for analyses to discover genes associated with autoantibodies in those with type 1 diabetes. In the T1DGC-affected sibling pair families, three T1DGC Network laboratories measured antibodies to the islet autoantigens GAD65 and the intracellular portion of protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A). The availability of extensive genetic data provided an opportunity to investigate the associations between type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases for which autoantibodies could be measured. Measurements of additional nonislet autoantibodies, including thyroid peroxidase, tissue transglutaminase, 21-hydroxylase, and the potassium/hydrogen ion transporter H+/K+-ATPase, were performed by the T1DGC laboratory at the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, CO. Measurements of all autoantibodies were transmitted to the T1DGC Coordinating Center, and the data were made available to members of the T1DGC Autoantibody Working Groups for analysis in conjunction with existing T1DGC genetic data. This article describes the design of the T1DGC Autoantibody Workshop and the quality-control procedures to maintain and monitor the performance of each laboratory and provides the quality-control results for the nonislet autoantibody measurements.

The characteristics of a two–radio-frequency (RF)–driven dual antenna inductively coupled hydrogen plasma is investigated for the development of a high efficient RF negative hydrogen ion source dri...

This paper deals with the luminescence of silica (KV-type) induced by beam of hydrogen ions with the energy of 210 keV per nucleon. An average implantation dose of up to 3.5 × 1021 cm−3 (5 × 1010 Gy) was accumulated during irradiation over an extended period. The luminescent spectra consisted of the blue band (maximum at 456 nm) and the red band (650 nm) in the visible range. It was shown that increase in the absorption dose had an effect on the silica luminescence. It was found that the most significant changes in the spectrum occurred during the dose accumulation in the region of 550–700 nm. The shape of the spectrum of the luminescent radiation in this wavelength range was affected both by the oxygen deficient centres (blue band) and non-bridging oxygen hole centers (red band). Mathematical processing of the experimental spectra permitted to identify contributions to the luminescent radiation coming from both types of defects.

Particulate matter (PM) has emitted in many regions of the world and is causing many health-related problems. Thus reasonable politics and solutions are needed to reduce PM in Seoul. Further it is required to clearly explain the major portions of chemical components contained in to figure out the characteristics of , and to develop effective reduction measures in order to decrease the adverse effects of . samples were collected in Seoul and analyzed their ions to examine the physical and chemical characteristics of ionic species. Since hydrogen ion () and carbonate ion ()) cannot be analyzed by Ion chromatography (IC), concentrations of and were initially estimated by pH and equivalent differences between anions and cations in this study. Starting from the study findings, good combination results for compositional patterns between anions and cations were obtained by applying a mathematical modelling technique that was based on the mass balance principle. The ions in were combined with , , and supplement for , formed such compounds , , , , , NaCl, , and in the study area.

We theoretically have investigated the detachment of negative hydrogen ion in circularly polarized monochromatic and bichromatic laser fields by calculating the photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs). We find that the PMDs are controlled by the electric field of laser pulse. For circularly polarized monochromatic laser fields, the PMDs are perfect and isotropic rings, and the photodetachment rates in random direction are same. For this case, the photoelectron momentum spectra directly reflect the electronic distributions of negative hydrogen ion. For circularly polarized bichromatic laser field, the PMDs are inversion asymmetric, but symmetric about a certain axis. The emission directions of the photoelectrons vary with the electric field shape, that is to say that the emission directions of the photoelectrons vary with the carrier-envelope (CE) phases, which decide the electric field of laser pulse. The maximal photodetachment rates and the spectra shape, however, are same for the different CE phases.

The concentration dependences of specific and molar electric conductivities and the hydrogen ion exponents of aqueous solutions of fullerenol-70-d obtained via the direct heterogenic catalytic oxidation of C70 with an alkali are studied. The concentration dependences of the apparent degree of dissociation and concentration dissociation constant of fullerenol-70-d in aqueous solutions are calculated using data on the electric conductivity and hydrogen ion exponent.

The effect of annealing on VmHn complexes and Cu precipitate behaviours in hydrogen ion irradiated Fe and Fe-0.3%Cu alloys was investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy using a slow positron beam. The results of S parameters indicated that the room temperature irradiation was benefit for the formation of the VmHn complex compared to the elevated temperature irradiation. The S-W results confirmed the formation of Cu precipitates in Fe-0.3%Cu even at the irradiation dose of 0.1 dpa. The formation of the evident S value peaks in the damage region after annealing treatment suggested that the VmFn complexes were broken and a larger of hydrogen atoms were escaping. The residual vacancy defects would migrate towards both the surface region and the opposite direction with the increasing annealing temperature. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The hydrogen ion is arguably the most ubiquitous and important species in chemistry. It also plays a key role in nearly every biological process. In this Account, we discuss systems whose behavior is governed by oscillations in the concentration of hydrogen ion. The first chemical oscillators driven by changes in pH were developed a quarter century ago. Since then, about two dozen new pH oscillators, systems in which the periodic variation in pH is not just an indicator but an essential prerequisite of the oscillatory behavior, have been discovered. Mechanistic understanding of their behavior has grown, and new ideas for their practical application have been proposed and, in some cases, tested. Here we present a catalog of the known pH oscillators, divide them into mechanistically based categories based on whether they involve a single oxidant and reductant or an oxidant and a pair of reductants, and describe general mechanisms for these two major classes of systems. We also describe in detail the chemistry of one example from each class, hydrogen peroxide-sulfide and ferricyanide-iodate-sulfite. Finally, we consider actual and potential applications. These include using pH oscillators to induce oscillation in species that would otherwise be nonoscillatory, creating novel spatial patterns, generating periodic transitions between vesicle and micelle states, stimulating switching between folded and random coil states of DNA, building molecular motors, and designing pulsating drug delivery systems. We point out the importance for future applications of finding a batch pH oscillator, one that oscillates in a closed system for an extended period of time, and comment on the progress that has been made toward that goal.

In this work, we study the resistive switching characteristics of two different resistive switching memory devices (SiN x and HfO x ) with SiO 2 tunnel barrier. The switching of the former and the latter is based on the movement of hydrogen ion and oxygen vacancies, respectively. For Cu/SiN x /SiO 2 /p+-Si device, the operating current is drastically reduced and nonlinearity of LRS is increased compared to without the devices without tunnel barrier. These experiment results demonstrate that the two-types RRAM devices having tunnel barrier is highly suitable for the low-power and high-density memory applications.

An experiment was conducted at division of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur (S.K.N.A.U, Jobner). In vitro studies were conducted to know the effect of different solid and liquid media, temperature and hydrogen-ion concentrations on sporulation and growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. The fungus grew the best on Potato Dextrose Agar media (90.00 mm) after 7 days of incubation at 25 ± 1ºC and significantly superior in comparison to other media tested. Among the different liquid media tested, maximum dry mycelium weight was recorded in Potato Dextrose Broth (472.75 mg) superior to all other liquid media tested. The most suitable pH level and temperature for growth of fungus was 6.0 (90.00 mm) and growth of F. oxysporum was maximum at 300C.

This paper shows a disposable and inexpensive microcapsule array chip for on-site multi-target detection of ions in water. Eight pairs of indicator solutions, which are utilized to detect hydrogen ion (PH), lead ion, hexavalent chromium ion, fluorine ion, nitrite ion, nickel ion, copper ion and iron ion, are pre-sealed correspondently in the 4×4 microcapsule arrays with the use of ice-printing technique. Each detecting pair has a detection microcapsule and a contrast one. When the device is applied, sample is directly injected into certain detection microcapsule with a syringe. Afterwards, compared with the contrast group, the composition of sample and concentration of certain target ions can be qualitatively detected by naked eyes within seconds.

Hydrogen ion (H+) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are products of skeletal muscle metabolism and have been implicated in the hyperaemic response to muscle contraction. The microvasculature is instrumental to the increase in blood flow during contraction and its distribution to active fibers. To investigate the vasodilatory ability of H+ and CO2 separately on the skeletal muscle microvasculature, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) buffer was substituted for bicarbonate buffer and increasing concentrations/pressures of H+, CO2 and H+ with CO2 were applied to the cremaster muscle. 100.0 nmol/L H+, 60.7 mmHg CO2, and 60.7 mmHg CO2 with 158.5 nmol/L H+ induced 9.5 ± 1.9, 10.4 ± 3.1 and 7.6 ± 2.5 µm vasodilations respectively. Micropipette application of H+ and CO2 independently and combined onto arterioles and capillaries did not induce upstream arteriolar vasodilation. Thus, H+ and CO2 independently and combined are weak vasodilators that do not stimulate capillaries or arterioles to conduct vasodilation.

Prolonged pre-operative fasting is associated with an increased incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in dogs ( Galatos & Raptopoulos 1995). A preliminary study ( Savas & Raptopoulos 1997) showed that fasting for 3 hours does not significantly increase gastric volume, whereas it significantly decreases hydrogen ion concentration, compared to fasting for 10 hours. This study evaluates the incidence of GOR after the consumption of the same type and amount of food, 3 or 10 hours pre-operatively in dogs.

The properties of the negative hydrogen ion beam produced by the scaled prototype ITER NBI source at the BATMAN testbed were investigated by means of two beam diagnostics: Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES) and a calorimeter. Two modifications to the prototype were applied. The first was the installation of a second Cs oven at the bottom part of the backplate in addition to the standard one at the upper part of the backplate varying the Cs evaporation asymmetry inside the source. The second consisted in the replacement of the cylindrical driver with a larger racetrack-shaped RF driver and placing a single Cs oven in a central position at the backplate of the driver. The resulting beam characteristics are discussed and compared with those obtained with the previous source design. The position of the Cs oven and the different driver size and geometry appear not to influence the beam profile and the beam deflection for a well-conditioned source.

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A cesiated DC negative ion source has been developed for proton cyclotrons in medical applications. A continuous H− beam of 23 mA was stably extracted at an arc power of 3 kW. The beam current gradually decreases with a constant arc power and without additional Cs injection and the decay rate was about 0.03 mA (0.14%) per hour. A feed-back control system that automatically adjusts the arc power to stabilize the beam current is able to keep the beam current constant at ±0.04 mA (±0.2%).

Objectives : Gwakhyangjeonggi-san (GJS) which consists of 13 herbal medicines has been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders caused by common cold. This study was performed to compare GJS decoctions produced using different pressure levels for various extraction times. Methods : Decoctions were prepared by the pressure levels of 0 kgf/cm 2 (non-pressurized) or 1 kgf/cm 2 (pressurized) for 30–180 min. The extraction yield, total soluble solid content (TSSC), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) were measured, and the contents of the nine marker compounds were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results : The higher pressure and longer extraction time significantly increased TSSC value, while decreased the pH value. However, only extraction time affected the extraction yield of pressurized decoction. Variation of the amounts of chemical compounds was shown in pressurized and non-pressurized decoctions during extraction time. The result of regression analysis showed that pressure and extraction time can influence

The hydrogen permeation behaviour of X52 pipeline steel was investigated using the electro-chemical method in high H 2 S-containing solutions from 25 to 80 °C. The corrosion rate increases with the hydrogen ion concentration and the growth of the corrosion scale accelerates with increasing temperature. Hydrogen permeation is dependent on the formation of the corrosion scale. The initial inner corrosion scale in the acidic solution grows faster than that in the neutral solution, while the growth rate of the outer deposited layer in the acidic solution is lower than that in the neutral solution.

Two different types of dislocation loops were found in hydrogen ion implanted pure iron after annealing. The natures of these dislocation loops have been characterized by the inside–outside method of transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is found that the dislocation loops in specimens annealed at 670 K are interstitial type with b = 1/2〈1 1 1〉, n ≈ 〈1 1 2〉, and the dislocation loops in the specimens annealed at 770 K are vacancy type with b = 1/2〈1 1 1〉, n ≈ 〈0 1 1〉 or b = 〈1 0 0〉 and, n ≈ 〈1 1 2〉. Adding nickle element in iron could decrease the formation temperature of the vacancy loops.

Single-beam (He+ or H+) and sequential-beam (He+/H+ or H+/He+) irradiation of reduced-activation martensitic steels at 450°C was carried out to investigate helium/hydrogen synergistic effects on th...

The properties of silicon-on-insulator films implanted with high hydrogen-ion doses (∼50 at %) and annealed under a pressure of 10.5 kbar are studied using the Raman scattering (RS) method. A high degree of optical-phonon localization is detected in the films under study, which is retained to an annealing temperature of ∼1000°C and is explained by the formation of silicon nanocrystals. It is found that the activation energy of annealing of the structural relaxation of dangling bonds in films with a high hydrogen content is independent of the annealing pressure. The activation energy of growth of the crystalline phase, calculated from RS spectra is ∼1.5 eV and is independent of pressure. The effect of hydrostatic pressure consists only in a decrease in the frequency factor limiting Si-Si bond relaxation during ordering.

The Gibbs energies of formation of Ti(IV) hydrolysis forms have been obtained, and they can be used to calculate the TiO2 solubility as a function of the hydrogen ion concentration (pH). The dependence of the change of the Gibbs energy during dissolution of various ilmenites on mole fraction of TiO2 in compounds is established. A method to increase the rate of dissolution of low soluble titanates by their conversion into compounds with a higher solubility is proposed.

The control and regulation of SOx emissions have become a global urgent problem for the environment protection. In the field of ocean and marine engineering, The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has formally passed the amendment of MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI in 2008 that clarified the deadline of requirements on SOx emissions limit. A limitation of 3.5 %mm is strictly requested during 2012 to 2020. Hence the SOx emissions of marine diesel engines faces unprecedented challenges while effective control and regulation systems on the SOx emissions reduction are scarce in the existing ships. To meet the IMO's requirements, this paper has presented a novel seawater exhaust gas cleaning (EGC) system for the SOx emissions reduction of marine diesel engines. The post-combustion desulfurization technology was employed in the EGC system. The carbon ion and hydrogen ion contained in the seawater have been introduced into the EGC system to participant the reaction of desulfurization. The seawater EGC system has already been established in a real ship. Experiments have been carried out with the established seawater EGC system to comparatively analyze SOX emissions characteristics when burning different oil types, including heavy oil and light oil. The experiment results show that the newly established seawater EGC system can achieve satisfactory performance with a desulfurization efficiency of 88%. More important, the standard of the SOX emission limitation set by IMO has been met by using the proposed EGC system.

The activity coefficients (and therefore the activities) of single ionic species are concepts tentatively introduced by G. N. Lewis, which he could not define thermodynamically because of electroneutrality requirements. Guggenheim subsequently gave their formal, pseudo-thermodynamic definitions, while warning that they were imaginary constructs without physical significance. Consequently, the hydrogen ionic activity, as a purely conceptual but immeasurable quantity, cannot serve as the basis of the pH, the globally accepted experimental measure of acidity. Various aspects of this mismatch are described, based on the original literature sources as well as on experimental data used by their proponents. An especially pernicious but apparently widespread misconception is that the hydrogen ion concentration cannot be determined by thermodynamic means, despite the extensive work of Harned, Robinson and coworkers who showed otherwise. A pathway is indicated to facilitate a smooth return to the original, thermodynamically sound definition of Sorensen in terms of the hydrogen ion concentration We also describe a useful formalism based on the imaginary nature of single ionic activities.

A wide range of literature data including in situ immersion, tidal, coastal atmospheric and industrial exposures is used to show that the trend for longer term corrosion of aluminium alloys is nearly always more consistent with a bi-modal model than with the classical power-law function. It is proposed the bi-modal characteristic results from the accumulation of corrosion products causing localised anoxic conditions. These permit a change from predominantly cathodic oxygen reduction to hydrogen ion reduction under anoxic autocatalytic conditions within pits. This mechanism is consistent with established theory for pitting corrosion in aluminium.

With the aim of quantifying the purely hydrological control on fast water quality dynamics, a modelling approach was used to identify the structure (and dynamic response characteristics or DRCs) of the relationship between rainfall and hydrogen ion (H+) load, with reference to rainfall to streamflow response. Unlike most hydrochemistry studies, the method used makes no a priori assumptions about the complexity of the dynamics (e.g., number of flow-paths), but instead uses objective statistical methods to define these (together with uncertainty analysis). The robust models identified are based on continuous-time transfer functions and demonstrate high simulation efficiency with a constrained uncertainty allowing hydrological interpretation of dominant flow-paths and behaviour of H+ load in four upland headwaters. Identified models demonstrated that the short-term dynamics in H+ concentration were closely associated with the streamflow response, suggesting a dominant hydrological control. The second-order structure identified for the rainfall to streamflow response was also seen as the optimal model for rainfall to H+ load, even given the very dynamic concentration response, possibly indicating the same two flow-paths being responsible for both integrated responses.

In this study, the extraction of nickel(II) ions from sulphate and sulphate/chloride solutions with 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridylketoximes was investigated. The effect of different variables influencing the extraction of nickel(II) ions such as the extractant structure and the concentration of hydrogen ion, sulphate, and chloride ions have been studied. The shaking time and temperature also influenced metal ion removal. It was found that the hydrophobic 2-pyridylketoximes are the most effective extractants for nickel ions from sulphate/chloride solutions. The discussion also includes the mechanism of nickel(II) complexation by the hydrophobic pyridylketoximes and the speciation of nickel(II) in the presence of chloride and sulphate ions.

Effects of citrate concentration and pH on the electrochemical reduction process of Co(II) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The results show that Co(II) is reduced into two species which are free Co2+ and [Co(C6H6O7)] in the solution composed of 0.05 mol/L CoSO4·5H2O, 0.20 mol/L Na2SO4 and 0–0.40 mol/L C6H5O7Na3·2H2O in the pH range of 3–9. The reduction behavior depends on the pH of the solution. Co(II) is mainly reduced into the form of free Co2+ at pH 3 and into the form of [Co(C6H6O7)] at the pH range of 4–6 in citrate solution. The [Co(C6H6O7)] is first reduced to an intermediate state and then to Co0. Adsorption of the intermediate state exists on the surface of the electrode. Co(II) is difficult to be reduced in the solution with the pH above 7, because the existing Co(II)-citrate complex species [Co(C6H5O7)]− and [Co(C6H4O7)]2− are more difficult to be reduced than the hydrogen ion.