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Background: Late-life internal migration is frequently associated with a higher risk of depression in older parents. This research delves into the impact of intergenerational emotional cohesion (IEC) on depression in older internal migrants and the underlying mechanisms within the contemporary Chinese context. Methods: Obtained from a cross-sectional survey in Nanjing, China, the research involved 654 older internal migrants (66.97% female; mean age = 66.05 years; SD = 4.67). Variables were assessed using the Intergenerational Solidarity Inventory, 3-item R-UCLA Loneliness Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). For mediation exploration, a serial mediation model was utilized, and the Bootstrap method was employed to test the signifcance of these mediation effects. Results: IEC demonstrates a negative correlation with depression. Through IEC, three significant mediation pathways were identified that directly affect depression: (1) loneliness (β=-0.06; Ratio=17.14%), (2) perceived stress (β=-0.09; Ratio=25.71%), and (3) loneliness and perceived stress (β=-0.03; Ratio=8.57%). Conclusions: IEC can impact the depression of older internal migrants by mitigating negative psychological emotions during the migration process. This finding provides valuable theoretical insights for the prevention of mental health problems among this demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has undergone rapid urbanization and internal migration in past years and its up-to-date gridded population datasets are essential for diverse applications. Existing datasets for China, however, suffer from either outdatedness or failure to incorporate the latest seventh national population census data conducted in 2020. In this study, we develop a novel population downscaling approach that leverages stacking ensemble learning and geospatial big data to produce up-to-date population grids at a 100-m resolution for China from the seventh census data at both county and town levels. The proposed approach employs random forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM as base models for stacking ensemble learning and delineates the inhabited areas from geospatial big data to enhance the gridded population estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach exhibits the best fit performance compared to individual base models. Meanwhile, the out-ofsample town-level test set indicates that the estimated gridded population dataset (R2=0.8936) is more accurate than existing WorldPop (R2=0.7427) and LandScan (R2=0.7165) products for China in 2020. Furthermore, with the inhabited areas enhancement, the spatial distribution of population grids is more reasonable intuitively than the two existing products. Hence, the proposed population downscaling approach provides a valuable option for producing gridded population datasets. The estimated 100-m gridded population dataset of China holds great significance for future applications and it is publicly available at https://figshare.com/s/d9dd5f9bb1a7f4fd3734 (Chen et al., 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban transition is generally imagined as a large-scale permanent migration of people from villages to cities. The formation of new cities is also theorized as occurring through the migration of people. However, recent scholarship implies that parts of India may be witnessing an urbanization process that depends on natural population growth rather than in-migration. This claim carries significant implications for urban theory, but it has never been tested empirically. This article addresses that gap by examining migration patterns in India alongside urbanization—measured in terms of densification of population and built-up area and an economic transition away from agriculture. I find that certain parts of the country, notably the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, are exhibiting all the trends constitutive of urbanization even as they experience negative net migration—a phenomenon I term "urbanization from within." My analysis also highlights that these same regions see high rates of temporary out-migration—suggesting that human mobilities may play a role in the in situ urbanization of rural settlements, but not in the ways that foundational urban and development theories would predict. I discuss the inequalities of India's economic transition and its spatial regime of social welfare as possible causal underpinnings of the trends I observe. The article's findings suggest that urban social scientists should reevaluate long-held assumptions about the relationship between urbanization and migration in the context of 21st-century urban transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian migration to Australia has reached new levels, accompanied by unprecedented complexity and diversity. Little is known about labour market integration for these newcomers, nor about how well their skills match those required for or relevant to their employment. Here we analyse how labour force engagement and skill alignment are influenced by migration status, including migration scheme, region of birthplace, applicant status, year of arrival, citizenship, and internal migration after settlement, and metropolitan versus regional geographic location of settlement. In particular, we focus on employed humanitarian visa holders who arrived between 2000 and 2016. Using the 2016 Australian Census and Migrants Integrated Dataset (ACMID) for quantitative analysis, our modelling established that they were not as likely to be in the labour force as skilled visa holders. Similarly, humanitarian visa holders who were employed were less likely to be in jobs that matched their skills and more likely to have lower income levels. Moreover, there were significant differences in skill alignment between those settling in metropolitan and in regional areas. The relative probability of being over‐skilled was correlated with migration scheme, origin, duration since arrival, internal movement in the year preceding the census, proficiency in spoken English, family status, and gender. Labour market outcomes varied by visa subtype and by metropolitan versus regional settlement. We conclude that the design of migration policy requires further important consideration, both to improve the outlook for this vulnerable population and to address chronic skill shortages in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how slow-onset environmental changes impact the adaptive capacity of rural women living in the Souss-Massa region of Morocco. Given the immobility of many women in rural regions, we especially focus upon the internal migration aspirations of rural woman. In this way our study aims to shed light on the interrelationships between environmental change, gender relations and social and migration aspirations in a gradually environmentally degrading region. Based on Carling's aspiration/ability model, we analyse how slow-onset environmental changes influence the internal migration aspirations and trajectories of rural women, taking into account important background factors such as household characteristics, land heritage systems and migration networks. Our study is based on 38 interviews with inhabitants of the Souss-Massa region of Morocco that (used to) work in the agricultural sector, of which 15 interviews were conducted with rural women. Our findings show the ambiguous role of slow-onset environmental changes in the development of migration aspirations of rural women in a Moroccan rural context and underscores that environmental changes should be taken into account in migration decision making processes, both for internal and international migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation constitutes a disruptive force in man‐made and natural systems. The projected duplication of the frequency and duration of meteorological drought will contribute to a situation of water scarcity, which is expected to negatively impact the agricultural sector. This study focuses on Souss‐Massa, Morocco, a leading agricultural region, and it seeks to map how human mobility fits within a wider adaptation response to environmental degradation. Over 30 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with internal migrants and members of rural communities on the perceived impacts of environmental degradation and human mobility. Most of the interviewees perceive a reduction in the available water, and the agricultural sector is the most severely affected by those changes. Internal migration is the most frequent adaptation strategy mentioned, and the remittances it originates are supporting the communities of origin facing a deterioration of agricultural output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restrictions on mobility as a measure to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic meant, in the case of Spain, an abrupt ending to what could be called the second international migratory boom. At the same time, internal migrations underwent considerable change, with cities becoming less attractive as a destination for migrants, and increased flows into rural areas. In this context, our aim is twofold. First, it is to describe and analyse the decline in international migration according to origin and, second, to analyse internal migration among the population of immigrant origin. The results point to a temporary steep downturn in international flows, which does not affect all origins equally. In the case of internal migrations, there is a slight reduction in the intensity of movements with patterns similar to those of the autochthonous population. However, this drop in numbers is very significant among Asians and barely noticeable among immigrants from Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional views hold that low fertility will lead to low economic growth in the future. We examine the case of China, which has experienced decades‐long below‐replacement fertility, resulting in a rapidly ageing population accompanied by unintended diminished labour force growth. Compensating for the decline in the working‐age population, strong internal migration from rural to urban areas continues to sustain a large, growing and productive urban workforce. To analyse these competing forces, this study employs a quasi‐structural model with several channels that are crucial to demographic‐macroeconomic relationships to assess the potential effects of demographic changes on economic growth in the long run. A long‐run relationship exists between the urban working‐age population, real capital stock and real GDP (rgdp). Although the total working‐age population is projected to shrink, it can be offset by the increased capital stock and continued internal migration to high‐productivity urban areas, so rgdp is projected to increase through 2050. Projected trends indicate that domestic savings will be sufficient to finance projected investment. China's continued emphasis on capital‐intensive production utilising a highly productive urban labour force plays a dynamic role in increasing output and sustaining economic growth for several decades despite persistent low fertility and population ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predictions of the adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change are now accepted. Somewhat less attention has been given to the economic, social, and political consequences. The three interact: the former will have social and political effects, which in turn will harm economies and economic well-being. This analysis of poor countries draws on much recent evidence and various projections. Climate damage contributes to internal political instability and conflict. There is a risk that poor countries will be driven down economically, so reducing the capacity of their governments: some will become fragile states. Internal migration is likely to become a central policy issue. However, international migration will also grow. Climate damage will drag countries into both cooperation and conflict with each other. The effects on sending countries, contiguous countries, and destination countries are examined. This scenario presented is predictive but should be taken as a warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides empirical results for internal migration and commuting flows using panel data for 89 economic regions in Norway for the years 2001–2014. The emphasis is on the potential effects of different incentive variables. We consider both in- and out-migration as well as in- and out-commuting with a common set of explanatory variables. We perform panel data analysis for four educational groups using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models, acknowledging that the effects of the incentive variables may vary across educational groups. Generally, we find weak responses to the incentive variables for the eight response variables, but they differ somewhat across the educational groups. The group comprised of those with a low education appears to be most responsive. An increase in an economic region's relative wage rate leads to higher in-migration and lower out-migration for individuals with low education. Furthermore, an increase in an economic region's relative unemployment rate leads to lower in-migration whereas out-migration is left unaffected for individuals with this type of education. Besides, an increase in the relative unemployment rate leads to a significant reduction in in-commuting for this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a socioeconomic hierarchy by people's migration and hukou status in urban migration destinations in China. Children's education determines to a large extent how that hierarchy evolves into the future. Using a sample of 473 children from the Shanghai Urban Neighborhood Survey, we examine how hukou and migration status stratifies parents' educational aspirations for children in big cities in China. Results suggest that "migrant optimism" exists among permanent migrants and temporary migrants with rural hukou in Shanghai. Everything else being equal, both permanent migrants and temporary migrants with rural hukou have higher educational aspirations for children than native parents. Moreover, adjusting for hukou-based differential treatments in the labor market and unequal information access, the difference in educational aspirations for children between native residents and temporary migrants with rural hukou becomes even larger. To the extent that parents' educational aspirations for children are closely linked with children's eventual educational and occupational attainment, these results suggest that children of permanent migrants are likely to maintain their parents' socioeconomic advantages. Children of temporary migrants with rural hukou have great potentials to achieve upward intergenerational mobility. However, given China's hukou-based educational policies, temporary migrants face enormous difficulties in realizing their educational aspirations in destination cities. Policy implications of our findings are discussed in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much is known about disaster mitigation (DM) actions, but little is known about the impact of migration as an exogenous shock. Rural farmers in mountainous areas are under the pressure of poverty, and also face the threat of geo‐hazards. Therefore, a more complex relationship exists between rural farmers' willingness to out‐migration for work and their DM behavior. To gain insight into the relationship between the two, we constructed the social–ecological system (SES) framework based on the survey data of 864 households in 53 villages in Chongqing, and verified our findings using the endogenous switching regression model and the mediation effect model. The results show that labor out‐migration has a negative correlation with the DM behavior of peasant households. When the total effect is further categorized into the direct effect and mediation effect; the negative total effect of labor out‐migration on the DM of farmers changes from a significant to an insignificant negative direct effect. It can be seen that labor out‐migration is not the direct cause of low motivation for DM, but the loss of leadership caused by labor out‐migration, the dilution of farmers' sense of place, and the decline of farmers' risk perception are the causes that ultimately lead to the decline of farmers' action ability for DM. This study confirms that the SES framework is suitable for empirical research on how labor out‐migration affects the ability of local villages to ensure DM action. These findings add new theoretical insights to the literature on DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only one in seven of the world's population have ever migrated, despite the enormous gains in income possible through international and internal movement. I examine the evidence for different explanations given in the economics literature for this lack of movement and their implications for policy. Incorrect information about the gains to migrating, liquidity constraints that prevent poor people paying the costs of moving, and high costs of movement arising from both physical transportation costs and policy barriers all inhibit movement and offer scope for policy efforts to inform, provide credit, and lower moving costs. However, the economics literature has paid less attention to the fears people have when faced with the uncertainty of moving to a new place, and to the reasons behind the tears they shed when moving. While these tears reveal the attachment people have to particular places, this attachment is not fixed, but itself changes with migration experiences. Psychological factors such as a bias toward the status quo and the inability to picture what one is giving up by not migrating can result in people not moving, even when they would benefit from movement and are not constrained by finances or policy barriers from doing so. This suggests new avenues for policy interventions that can help individuals better visualize the opportunity costs of not moving, alleviate their uncertainties, and help shift their default behavior from not migrating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusive evidence on the relationship between corruption and migration has remained scant in the literature to date. Using 2008–2018 data on bilateral migration flows across EU28 and EFTA countries and four measures of corruption, we show that corruption acts as both push and pull factors on migration patterns. Based on a gravity model, a 1-unit increase in the corruption level in the origin country is associated with an 11% increase in out-migration. The same 1-unit increase in corruption in the destination country is associated with a 10% decline in in-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale internal migration and unprecedented urbanization have dramatically promoted economic growth in China, resulting in a rapid surge in carbon emissions in urban areas. However, few studies have investigated the causal effect of mass internal migration on carbon emissions or examined the effects of autonomous mitigation mechanisms, such as population agglomeration and technological innovation. This study identifies the causal effect of internal migration on prefectural-level cities' carbon emissions in China by employing an instrumental variable and further investigates the buffering effect of population agglomeration and technological innovation using mediating effect models. The results show that mass internal migration has a substantial impact on increasing carbon emissions in prefectural-level cities. If the proportion of inflowed migrants rises by 1% point, prefectural-level cities' carbon emissions per capita will increase by 1.9%. A series of robustness tests confirms the result. Population migration also promotes population agglomeration and technological innovation in urban areas. Two autonomous mechanisms buffer 11.9% and 5.4% of prefectural-level cities' incremental carbon emissions per capita caused by population migration, respectively. This study highlights the crucial role of population agglomeration and technological innovation in mitigating carbon emissions in cities experiencing significant migrant inflows and provides several implications for formulating relevant policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe haze pollution in China threatens human health, and its negative effect hampers rural-to-urban migrants' settlement intentions in destination cities. Using the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey Data (CMDS), the satellite data of PM2.5, and city-level data, this study investigates the impact of haze pollution on rural migrants, long-term residence intentions in Chinese context with IV-probit model, and mediating effect model. Overall, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between the level of haze pollutants and rural migrants' long-term settlement intentions. Robustness check using multi-measures and thermal inversion as the instrumental variable supports this conclusion. The mediating effect model shows haze pollution plays its role through two opposite mechanisms: signal effect and health effect. When the size of signal effect is larger than health effect, rural migrants are inclined to settle down in their host cities; otherwise, they show lower settlement willingness. The turning point appears when PM2.5 concentration reaches 38.5 μg/m3; migrants have the highest long-term residence intentions. Currently, the national average PM2.5 concentration is 40.98 μg/m3, indicating that China is at the stage where the health effect of haze pollution holds a dominant position. Haze pollution has heterogeneous impacts on migrants' residence intentions. From the individual level, the younger generation, female, and higher-educated migrants have a higher tolerance for polluted air. From the city level, migrants who work in the city with 5 to 10 million dwellers have the highest long-term residence intention and are less sensitive to haze pollution. Thus, we propose stringent environmental regulations and more inclined public service policies to migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does male out‐migration impact women's experience of post‐disaster reconstruction? This paper employs survey data collected by Nepal's Housing Recovery Reconstruction Platform in 2018 to establish robust associations between male out‐migration and three indicators of women's participation in rebuilding their private houses after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake: (i) knowing where to consult for information; (ii) visiting a local government official by oneself; and (iii) signing a rebuilding agreement with the local government. Twenty‐six semi‐structured interviews conducted in 2022 further revealed that women whose husbands were abroad undertook roles that they would not have performed had their spouse been present, including in relation to management and decision‐making. However, the interviews also highlighted challenges that women had to overcome, such as a lack of knowledge of procuring materials and difficulties leading the process as a woman. This study advances the literature by establishing a relationship between male out‐migration and variation in women's post‐earthquake rebuilding experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madrid has become a receptor space for both internal and external migration, which supposes social and linguistic consequences that may be worth studying. Sociolinguistic integration of the group of Paraguayans in Madrid is a complex process due to their bilingual character between Spanish and Guaraní, used in mixing and codeswitching as jopara. The aim of this paper is to study not only the sociolinguistic integration process of Paraguayans in Madrid, but also the language attitudes to Paraguayan form of Spanish and Guaraní, as well as the degree of bilingualism and vitality of Guarani in Madrid, where it becomes a minority language. The results suggest a manifest prestige of their two varieties, reflected in the only partial convergence towards the Madrilenian variety and in the vitality of the Guaraní, used as jopara. Despite this, they value the linguistic variety of Madrid as the most prestigious, which they recognize as the normative one and wish it for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change will increasingly contribute to internal and cross-border migration. Despite rising international attention on the issue, there is a long-standing legal protection gap for people displaced across borders by climate change. The 2018 Global Compact on Refugees (GCR), which does not include protections for people displaced by environmental factors, perpetuates this gap. The main contribution of this article is to contextualise the lack of protections for climate migrants in the GCR as a geopolitical strategy of the Global North. Analysing UNHCR records, media publications, and statements from government officials, I show that Global North states intentionally kept climate migration out of the GCR, and have avoided obligations to climate migrants more broadly, as a strategy that is based on three factors: 1) the rise of populist nationalism, 2) the securitisation of migration, and 3) the complexity of the causal relationship between climate change and migration. To close the protection gap, I recommend a new legal category – outside of the traditional refugee status – that centres fundamental human rights rather than drivers of displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viet Nam has deeply experienced internal migration during its development history, typically movements from rural to urban and across regions since the launch of economic reform policy in 1986. This article adopts the cost-minimization approach to calculate the push and pull forces of the internal migrations across geographic distances of provinces and then explains those forces along with socio-economic factors within 63 provinces and cities in Viet Nam based on the census data during the period 2010-2019. The empirical findings from the solution to cost-migration equations between the number of migrants and the inverse distance across 63 provinces reported that the push and pull forces are quite heteroskedastic, mostly due to differences in geographic, social, and economic development. Not surprisingly, the Mekong River Delta (MRD) is still the most repulsive region for migrants, accounting for 30% of the total number migrants of the country and notable 98% of migrants who moved to the Southeastern (SE) region as the most attractive destination. It is obviously proven that the push and pull forces of migrations in a province correlate strongly and significantly with economic factors including relative incomes and poverty rate rather than human factors such as urbanization, population, and labor forces. Finally, discussions about policy implications of equitable investments across regions in Viet Nam are really necessary and could be a potential for creating job opportunities and improving standards of livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration has been studied from an economic and geographical perspective, ignoring social factors such as education. Internal educational migration is a phenomenon driven by the search for better quality education and job opportunities. Internal educational migration has both individual and collective implications. Individually, students face social, political and economic challenges. Collectively, educational migration can contribute to "brain drain", where less advantaged regions lose their most skilled individuals in search of better opportunities, but this process also poses significant challenges for both individuals and regions of origin and destination. This paper seeks to analyze how internal university educational migration has been studied through a review of 119 sources that consider issues related to migration, internal educational and university migration, trajectories and students. University internal educational migration in Latin America, and especially in Colombia, is a phenomenon driven by the search for better educational quality and job opportunities. This phenomenon is related to the inefficient allocation of academic programs, the search for prestigious institutions and the poor coverage of higher education. There are very few studies that analyze factors such as the migratory trajectories of students who change cities to pursue higher education, which have been little studied in Latin America and especially in Colombia. It is crucial that more studies are conducted to fully understand the dynamics and consequences of intrauniversity educational migration and how it relates to economic, social, educational and cultural factors of students and their families, making it a likely source of research for new studies in higher education, in order to formulate policies that mitigate its negative effects and promote equitable development throughout the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The amount of literature on environmental migration is increasing. However, existing studies exhibit contradictory results. A systematic synthesis of the environmentmigration relationship is much needed. OBJECTIVE: This study summarizes research findings, calculates the effect sizes of environmental stressors, identifies publication bias, and investigates heterogeneous environmental effects on migration. METHODS: We collected 3,380 estimates from 128 studies published between 2000 and 2020 to explore the environment-migration relationship and performed weighted instrumental variable regression to unveil the heterogeneous environmental effects on out- and net migration. RESULTS: The majority of environmental stressors were not important predictors of out- and net migration. Among the results showing environmental impacts on migration, 58% and 68% reported that environmental stressors increased out- and net migration, respectively, while 58% reported that environmental stressors decreased in-migration. The overall environmental impact on migration was small; however, disaster-related stressors showed a medium effect, and rapid-onset stressors had a stronger impact than slow-onset ones. Multivariate meta-regression analyses demonstrated that environmental stressors were more likely to trigger internal migration than international migration and that developed countries were less likely to experience out-migration. Rapid-onset environmental stressors did not increase out-migration but played an important role in decreasing net migration toward environmentally stressed areas. Meanwhile, we also found a publication bias toward studies showing a positive relationship between environmental stressors and migration in the previous environmental migration literature. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental stressors may affect migration; however, the environmental effect depends on migration measurements, environmental stressors' forces and rapidity, and the context in which migration takes place. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to migration studies by synthesizing and validating the environment-migration relationship and enhancing our understanding of how and under what circumstances environmental stressors may affect migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern Norrland has a long history of domestic colonialism and internal migration. However, in the latter half of the twentieth century the region has seen a decline in population, job opportunities and welfare services. This study analyses how contemporary popular music from the region represents it and reflects feelings and thoughts on life there, and how identity, moods and sentiments are constructed and attached to place to uncover the rhetoric of place-making in popular music. The analysis shows a complex relationship between the local area and the surrounding country, featuring themes of ambivalence, resistance, dualistic nostalgia and transience responding to contemporary realities of the region. The lyrical themes and rhetorical actions performed in twenty-first century popular music evinces clear connections to literary depictions of the region throughout the last hundred years, indicating a reinterpretation of cultural memory in light of present conditions. These lyrics perform a rhetoric of re-membering which serves to reinforce the bond of people to place through music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transnational migration lens has shaped diaspora research in recent decades. Yet exploring diasporas in the context of moves across international borders has obscured sub-national diasporas, and this has led to a gap in our understanding of how such groups can and do contribute to their communities of origin. This article aims to develop a better understanding of the Scottish islands diaspora and to explore its potential to contribute to island communities, including via internal return migration. We present findings from a survey conducted with the Scottish islands diaspora to illustrate how internal diasporas can exhibit continued connection to a 'homeland'. This includes taking an active interest in a 'home' island's future and participating in shared cultural practices that bind individuals together within the diaspora over a sustained period. We find that the Scottish islands diaspora carries many of the hallmarks of its transnational counterparts and highlight how this group has the potential to contribute to the future of Scotland's islands both at a distance and, potentially, via return migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The making of electoral rolls is a crucial political and democratic question: it depends on incisive and competing conceptions of the demos, and these electoral rolls are always susceptible of being politicized. This happened in post-WW2 Italy. When democratic institutions were stabilizing, political competition between the DC and PCI was intensifying, especially at the local level, and internal and international migrations rose again. This politization ended with a coincidence rule between local residency and exercise of one's voting rights that still prevails today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how a significant relaxation of internal migration restrictions affects labor market outcomes of incumbent migrants and natives, exploiting the 2014 hukou reform in China, which substantially removed the migration barriers of cities with an urban population below 5 million (nonmegacities). Using a difference-in-differences method, we find that migrants' wages in nonmegacities experienced approximately a 2.6%–7.9% decline relative to that in megacities after the policy. The policy had nonnegative impacts on the wages of natives in nonmegacities. These results suggest that the downward wage pressure imposed by new migrants falls primarily on incumbent migrants rather than on natives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of income mobility on internal migration across prefectures in China. We use income intergenerational persistence to evaluate income mobility and find that migrants prefer cities with higher income mobility. We further use the instrumental variable estimation and a set of robustness tests to verify the reliability of our findings. The influence is larger among women, the elderly, and the less‐educated, while the economic prosperity of destinations could relatively offset the negative effect of lower income mobility on migration. Additionally, higher mobility not only attracts but also retains migrants, hence benefiting the local economy. Through further exploration, we find that the real migration influencing factor underlying the higher income mobility is the higher job mobility, indicating that the real pursuit of Chinese migrants is the increased access to suitable job opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is cordial nexus between migration and culture in the context of globalization. Labour migration from India to the Gulf countries is a consequence of globalization. The present study examines the nexus of migration and culture in the context of labour migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf countries using an ethnographic approach through field work from November 2017 to December 2019 in Uttar Pradesh as the root, Mumbai as the transit destination and the United Arab Emirates as the international destination. The findings from the study show that there is interconnection between internal and international migration because of the culture of migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf via Mumbai. This has resulted in the development of the concept of safe zone of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of people from one place to another due to either social, political, demographic, economic or environmental factors represents a real challenge for the member states of the European Union, eager to have secure external borders and an accurate number and territorial distribution of the population. The phenomenon of migration has known intense periods throughout the history of mankind, but on the European level the most resounding was the refugee crisis of 2015, two decades after the establishment of the European Union through the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty. This exodus was followed by the peak on the Gaussian curve represented by the flow of emigrants caused by the invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II to date. The European Union and the member states were thus put in a position to deal with the management of the phenomenon and the migration flows, to create strong institutions, efficient instruments and clear procedures, along with specific rules. But in addition to external migration, internal migration is equally significant, which is based on multiple pressure and attraction factors, both of which affect the social structure of a state. Thus, the approach and understanding of the phenomenon of migration, the determination of the causes and reasons behind leaving the native places and the identification of the economic and social implications produced are essential elements for a more efficient management of migration in the future by European actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research on migration has mostly concentrated on its economic impacts, with growing but limited focus on its mental health impacts in migrant‐sending communities. Existing studies mainly concentrate on the mental health of remaining household members, mostly establishing cross‐sectional correlations, with mixed findings depending on individual and contextual characteristics. Studies that address potential endogeneity are few and tend to find no significant causal impact of migration on the mental health of remaining family members. However, migration may affect not only the remaining household members but also the entire sending community by changing its demographic, social and economic composition. The aim of this paper is to analyse the overall impact of migration on the mental health of sending communities, considering both the impact of having a migrant family member and of living in a community experiencing net emigration. The paper addresses potential endogeneity through an instrumental variable approach, controlling for confounding factors and examines mental health outcomes beyond depression and stress, assessing also psychosocial difficulties and self‐efficacy. It uses nationally representative data from the 2017 National Health Survey in Chile, a country characterised by high internal mobility, significant mental health issues and concentration of mental healthcare provision in large urban centres. The study finds that living in net emigration municipalities increases the probability of experiencing a major depressive episode, psychosocial difficulties and low self‐efficacy. Results are robust to controlling for endogeneity using past migration rates as an instrument for current migration rates. These findings suggest that smaller, net emigration communities require policy attention, and in particular better mental healthcare provision, to avoid increasing the prevalence of mental health problems and the treatment gap between larger and smaller communities in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hukou system (household registration system) is a long‐established and significant institutional barrier to population movement within China and, accordingly, has been the subject of a great deal of research. What has received scant attention, however, is the influence that this system has on the considerable phenomenon of Chinese international student mobility (ISM). This paper is based on an analysis of 50 semistructured interviews with Shanghai‐based returnee students. Utilising the notions of institutional barriers to migration and middle‐category migration, it illustrates the important role that the hukou system plays in motivating nonelite Chinese students to study abroad and how this institutional barrier shapes their strategic decision making across various temporal phases of the ISM process. These findings are of significance as they highlight the largely unacknowledged role of hukou in the Chinese ISM system. Conceptually, they emphasise the importance of sufficiently accounting for institutional barriers to internal and international mobility in the experiences of international students in migration studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary internal and international movements of migrants are receiving increasing attention in Europe while research has so far focused on the characteristics of individuals who remigrate or plan to re‐emigrate, the attributes of the place that secondary migrants aim to leave have been less studied compared to other personal characteristics. This knowledge gap is primarily due to the fact that detailed information on the municipality of residence is largely unavailable in nationwide sample surveys. To fill this gap, after considering the time since migrants' arrival in Italy and previous internal mobility, we analyse the relationship between the characteristics of the municipality where migrants live and short‐term migration intentions of return, onward and internal migration in a competing risk framework. We focus on ethnic concentration (community hotspots and coldspots) and classification into central and marginal areas as critical characteristics of municipalities. We used a unique pooled data set that includes seven cross‐sectional surveys conducted between 2010 and 2016 by the Regional Observatory for Integration and Multiethnicity in the Northern Italian region of Lombardy. Municipal characteristics are strongly related to migrants' intentions: migrants who intend to move internally or to a third country are more likely live in urban, suburban, intermediate and peripheral areas and in the mountains. In contrast, the intention to return is not correlated with the characteristics of the municipality. The concentration of co‐nationals is also uncorrelated with short‐term migration intentions. We discuss the limitations of using a concentration indicator to study the relationship with secondary mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has often linked socioeconomic decline and 'left behind' places with out‐migration and depopulation. Few analyses have reflected on the role of connectivity in the migratory system, and how this varies across groups and places to produce peripheralisation. Using detailed migration in England and Wales, we examine the level of spatial focusing of migration flows between local authority origins and destinations, using the Gini index. The study extends the established spatial focusing literature to consider the role of age and investigates the phenomenon in 'left behind' places. Our findings show the complexity of the role of migration in the production of left behind places, with implications for population redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of internal migration on the well-being of migrants and their children in destination areas in Vietnam using the 2015 National Internal Migration Survey. Vietnam is a transition economy with rapid industrialization, which has booted the flow of migration from rural to urban areas. To rule out time-invariant factors, which may affect the estimation results, the model regressions control for district-level fixed effects, industry-level fixed effects, and age fixed effects. The authors show that migrants work longer and are less likely to have an employment contract and health insurance than nonmigrants. Although migrants are more likely to drink alcohol, they do not seem to be heavy drinkers. Meanwhile, migrant children aged 5-18 are 6.5% more likely to drop out of school than nonmigrant children. Long-term migrants have better working conditions, such as shorter working hours, verbal employment contracts, and social and health insurance. Female migrants are less likely to find a job than male migrants, and educated migrants find it easier to get a job and earn better income than uneducated migrants. The findings suggest that governments should design specific policies for internal migrants, such as integration and social protection measures, to help them overcome the difficulties they encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The secondary drying of wood is slow and prone to cracking, which has been a technological challenge for commercialization of wood impregnation modification. In this study, poplar and Chinese fir were impregnated with 30% and 50% furfuryl alcohol aqueous solution, and then the drying characteristics of furfuryl alcohol impregnated wood were analyzed by 100°C test drying method, and the occurrence of drying defects was explored using shrinkage tests and veneer density profile (VDP) tests. The results showed that the drying defect grade of 50% furfuryl alcohol impregnated wood was higher than 30% furfuryl alcohol impregnated wood, and the grade of poplar impregnated wood was higher than that of Chinese fir impregnated wood. The average drying time of impregnated material of 30 % and 50 % concentration of Chinese fir wood was 24 h and 29 h, respectively, while that of 30 % and 50 % concentration of poplar wood was 20 h and 30 h. The dry shrinkage coefficient of the stained wood at different positions was significantly different, and the density distribution was more uneven after impregnation. The main reason for the difficulty of secondary drying of Chinese fir and poplar impregnated with furfuryl alcohol is that the cured furfuryl alcohol blocks the internal moisture migration channels, thereby reducing the drying rate; The uneven distribution of furfuryl alcohol increases the differences in dry shrinkage coefficients and makes cracking more likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the migration transition in Cisternino, a rural town in Southern Italy, after the Second World War, and analyses the social changes that influenced the observed migration shifts. Based on archival research, statistics and primary data, the article presents the town and its migration patterns before and after the Second World War. It then examines the town's main social changes over the 1950–1990 period, and shows that three processes explain the changing migration patterns: the expansion of the state, cultural transformations and the restructuring of the local economy. The article shows that, after the war, migration became an adaptation strategy in reaction to rapid societal changes, including new aspirations among local residents. Therefore, migration became of vital importance at a time of high uncertainty. The article also shows the many ways in which, at crucial moments of transition, the state affected local livelihoods and people's decision to either adapt locally or migrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the labor market effects of domestic migration in Indonesia. To address the endogeneity of migrants' settlement decisions, we use an internal migration version of the Bartik shift-share instrument based on information about historical migration patterns from the Indonesian censuses. The multi-instrument approach we use allows us to account for persistent effects of past migration that could otherwise violate the exclusion restriction. We find that internal migration is associated with an increase in migrant employment and a decrease in native employment. Less educated natives in low-education regencies are most affected. Policies looking to minimize the adverse effects of internal migration should aim at improving the human capital of the natives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the conditional logit model to explore the impact of anti-corruption publicity on the probability of choosing a specific city among internal migrants in China. By leveraging China's Corruption Investigations Dataset and China Migrants Dynamic Survey, we find that anti-corruption publicity significantly decreases the probability of migrants choosing the city. The effects are driven by the mechanism whereby anti-corruption publicity increases the individuals' perceptions of corruption and reduces their trust in local government officials. The negative effects remain after the migrants move to the city. Exposure to anti-corruption publicity is associated with decreased settlement intention and social health insurance participation. Our findings strongly indicate the necessity for the government to reconsider its communication strategies concerning anti-corruption efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract—The possibility of determining the ecological density of game animals according to winter route censuses is considered. Determining the density of game animals is a prerequisite for determining their prey quotas. The most valuable parameter characterizing population numbers of species of game animals is the ecological density. It is calculated for the area actually inhabited by a particular animal species. The population density, calculated for the area of land suitable for the species, is widely used in the practice of domestic hunting. Territories with feeding and protective properties for this species are considered suitable sites. The materials of winter route counts confirm that the territories suitable for any animal species are not always completely populated by it and that territories recognized as unsuitable are visited by these animals. Tracking the activity of game animals is recorded both in areas that are considered suitable for the species and in areas that are not typical for it. The territory of the animal during the day is the area lying inside the minimum convex contour drawn around the daily track of this animal. In this case, as the territory occupied by an animal, we can consider the territory obtained by combining all the minimum convex contours drawn around all daily traces left by this animal for a certain time. The union of the minimum convex contours drawn around all daily traces left by all animals of a given species during the period of the census work can be considered as the territory inhabited by them at this time of the year. The crossing of a track by a route is a random event. Therefore, to determine the ecological density of a species according to the winter route censuses data, it is necessary to apply probability theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization, making it one of the most urbanized continents in the world. This trend is particularly evident in the Southern African regional block. With the ongoing push for enhanced regional integration, it is anticipated that there would be a rise in the migration of individuals within the region. The escalating pace of urbanization calls for a reassessment of future cities and the implications of the rural-urban split on the establishment of sustainable human settlements. This article initially analyzes the patterns of migration within the Southern Africa Development Community. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted on the factors that contribute to the significant internal migration inside member states. Furthermore, the article examines the connection between migration and urbanization in the region once again. The article employs qualitative and quantitative methodologies to examine the consequences of migration and urbanization on both the locations from which people migrate and the areas where they settle. The primary factors contributing to migration include the pursuit of economic opportunity, political instability, access to education, and climate-induced disasters. Migration and urbanization have both gotten worse in the SADC region at the same time, as shown by empirical literature, official migration documents, and quantitative time series data from the World Development Indicators. This suggests that migration causes more people to move to cities. The rise in population has led to inadequate housing, resulting in an increase in slums that surpasses the projected capacity of cities. This article suggests promoting infrastructure development that facilitates employment creation in the nations or districts of origin in order to prevent a one-way movement of migrants. Consequently, a rise in job prospects, salaries, and health conditions will result in a reduction in migration rates and alleviate the strain on numerous cities in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution questions the common assumptions and practices concerning the hosting of newcomers in depopulated, remote and disinvested places in order to revitalize these places. While newcomers can contribute to new socioeconomic vitality in marginalised areas, they should not be taken as the only or main solution. Drawing on the debate surrounding the migration–development nexus, which has mainly been applied in global South contexts, I advocate demigrantizing our thinking and debunking the divide between newcomers and locals. Rather than focusing on the integration of migrants, emphasis should be put on how diverse members of these changing communities, regardless of their length of residence, can attract the right (e.g. sustainable and inclusive) projects and investors. I argue that the reallocation of public funding, new (translocal) solidarities and people-based investment plans are imperative if we are to solve the problem of growing poverty and inequality in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the dynamics of a collection of n > 1 populations in which each population has its own rate of growth or decay, fixed in continuous time, and migrants may flow from one population to another over a fixed network, at a rate, fixed over time, times the size of the sending population. This model is represented by an ordinary linear differential equation of dimension n with constant coefficients arrayed in an essentially nonnegative matrix. This paper identifies conditions on the parameters of the model (specifically, conditions on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors) under which the variance of the n population sizes at a given time is asymptotically (as time increases) proportional to a power of the mean of the population sizes at that given time. A power-law variance function is known in ecology as Taylor's Law and in physics as fluctuation scaling. Among other results, we show that Taylor's Law holds asymptotically, with variance asymptotically proportional to the mean squared, on an open dense subset of the class of models considered here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration occurs at earlier ages, lasts for long periods, and profoundly shapes migrants' experiences of cohabitation. We use a mixed-method approach based on the 2012 China Family Panel Studies and 127 in-depth interviews. To address potential selection bias, we estimated the treatment effects of migration based on propensity score matching. Results show that migrants, particularly rural-origin migrants with longer migration duration, are more likely to cohabit than their non-migrant counterparts. Qualitative interviews reveal the main underlying mechanisms: more liberal attitudes and less parental supervision in the receiving communities, a desire to vet potential partners in the absence of background knowledge, and economic barriers to marriage that make cohabitation an attractive buffer. Although migrants may cohabit as a sub-optimal option due to life instabilities and financial pressures, cohabitation also reflects a newly gained autonomy in their private lives, attributable to the liberal mindsets toward nonconventional family behaviors in the receiving communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hemoglobinopathies, among which thalassemic syndromes (transfusion-dependent and non-transfusion dependent thalassemias) and sickle cell disease (SCD), are the most widespread monogenic diseases worldwide. Hemoglobinopathies are endemic and spread-out all-over Italy, as result of internal and external migration flows. Nowadays, the increase therapeutic options associated to the general aging of patients with hemoglobinopathies related to the improvement in clinical management, contribute to the abnormalities in kidney function going from blood and urine test alterations to chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. Methods. Here, we carried out a revision of the literature as panel of recognized experts in hemoglobinopathies with the consultancy and the revision of two nephrologists on kidney alteration and kidney disease in patients with TDT, NTDT and SCD. This is part of the action of the Italian society for the study of thalassemia and hemoglobinopties (SITE). The purpose of this "good practice (GP)" is to provide recommendations for follow-up and therapy for the management of kidney alterations in patients with TDT, NTDT and SCD. The literature review covers the period 1.1.2016 to 31.12.2022. In consideration of the rarity of these diseases, the analysis was extended from 5 to 7 years. Moreover, in the absence of relevant scientific papers in the identified time frame, we referred to pivotal or population studies, when available. Finally, in the absence of evidence-based data from prospective and randomized trials, the authors had to refer to expert opinion (expert consensus) for many topics. Results. We generated question and answer boxes to offer a friendly consultation, using color code strategy and focused answers. Conclusions. The present GP will help in improving the clinical management, and the quality of care of patients with hemoglobinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice streams are major contributors to ice sheet mass loss and sea level rise. Effects of their dynamic behaviour are imprinted into seismic properties, such as wave speeds and anisotropy. Here, we present results from a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) experiment in a deep ice-core borehole in the onset region of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, with focus on phenomenological and methodological aspects. A series of active seismic surface sources produced clear recordings of the P and S wavefield, including internal reflections, along a 1500 m long fibre-optic cable that was placed into the borehole. The combination of nonlinear traveltime tomography with a firn model constrained by multimode surface wave data, allows us to invert for P and S wave speeds with depth-dependent uncertainties on the order of only 10 m s−1, and vertical resolution of 20–70 m. The wave speed model in conjunction with the regularly spaced DAS data enable a straightforward separation of internal upward reflections followed by a reverse-time migration that provides a detailed reflectivity image of the ice. While the differences between P and S wave speeds hint at anisotropy related to crystal orientation fabric, the reflectivity image seems to carry a pronounced climatic imprint caused by rapid variations in grain size. Further improvements in resolution do not seem to be limited by the DAS channel spacing. Instead, the maximum frequency of body waves below ∼200 Hz, low signal-to-noise ratio caused by poor coupling, and systematic errors produced by the ray approximation, appear to be the leading-order issues. Among these, only the latter has a simple existing solution in the form of full-waveform inversion. Improving signal bandwidth and quality, however, will likely require a significantly larger effort in terms of both sensing equipment and logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]