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Artykuł recenzowany / Peer-reviewed article

The objective here is to take a brief look at semantic questions surrounding several words that are frequently used in this book, and which relate directly to the two nouns in the title: “Landscapes and Societies”. This includes the obviously similar terms land, culture and civilization, but also three words concerned with the relationship between the two—determinism, adaptation and sustainability.

Focused on the macro level of economics law and ethic culture, this paper aims at finding out the fundamental obstacles for sound development of world economy and providing scientific theory for the establishment of a healthy global financial, economic, legal and social system as well as ethic cultural basis. Through macrolevel analysis on modern economic theories, this series 2 exposits the essence of the modern economic theories and industrial civilization of the world from historical perspective.

Gracias a la Revolución Industrial podemos estar ante las primeras alteraciones climáticas planetarias de origen humano. Los laboratorios científicos constantemente están produciendo una valiosa información y conocimiento sobre el calado real del deterioro ambiental. Sin embargo, las naciones del mundo son más lentas en la toma de decisiones. Por su parte, el "ecologismo" está fuertemente implicado en la conservación de la biodiversidad del planeta. Incluso, algunos ecologistas han dado un paso más allá. Tras un análisis profundo de la situación concluyen que el germen está larvado en la propia Ilustración. Idealizan así un horizonte posindustrial que nos conducirá hacia el deseado futuro preindustrial. De esta consciencia de crisis ambiental y de todos los debates suscitados nace la conciencia ecológica., The Industrial Revolution has moved the World towards the first climatic change caused by humankind. Scientific laboratories are continually producing valuable information on the environmental damage. However, International decisions are made slowly. Meanwhile, the ecology movement is strongly involved in the conservation of biodiversity. Some ecologists have even taken one step forward. They conclude, after a deep analysis, that the origin of this situation dates back to the Illustration[u1]. As a result, they idealize a post-industrial horizon which will lead us towards the desirable pre-industrial future. This awareness of the environmental crisis and the debates started to give birth to the ecological conscience., Grupo de Investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada

Psychological research had proved that individuals possess multiple social identities. However, the industrial civilization has brought a clear division of labor, and everyone in the world should form his own major role so as to set back their other roles, stunts the development of multiple social identities. Combining with the concept of the Long Tail and multi-roles, the long tail virtual person is the role of a group in the network, group-members co-preside the long tail virtual person. At different times, different individuals take charge the long tail virtual person. It provides a new mode for network education. In the teaching process, the role of teachers is a typical long tail virtual person, which is combined by a large number of experts in their right time and effort. The long tail virtual person in distance education has its own unique value and advantages, such as polymerization, longevity, brand professional. How to develop a network communication more suitable for the long tail virtual person, being more similar to human face-to-face interaction? There are new challenges for computer network technology which are raised by psychologists.

Radically new approaches to the formation of both foreign and domestic Arctic policy have been established in the USSR. Design of a real Arctic policy founded on these approaches is proceeding at a slow pace, however, and all means of dealing with Arctic issues through departmental approaches have been exhausted. Of all the Arctic problems facing the country, questions related to a radical restructuring of the social outlook of the North and developing its infrastructure are being brought to the forefront. Development of the Soviet North has resulted in a deep conflict between the economic interests of industrial civilization and the Arctic ecosystems now functioning at critical levels. More important, the interests, the identity, and the very existence of small Northern aboriginal peoples are at stake. Yet a certain optimism is inspired by several factors: awareness of the challenge facing the Soviet Union in the Arctic; active involvement of a major scientific effort; institutionalized participation of the native peoples in decision making; and an ever expanding role played by a sphere of international cooperation.

28 contributions were delivered in this section. They were divided into three groups: 1. Nine contributions were dedicated to the theme 'personality is a determinant of civil society evolution in the 21st century', 2. eight contributions referred to the theme 'phenomenological aspects of civil society transition into personality-oriented formation', 3. eleven contributions were dedicated to the theme 'problems and perspectives of personality-oriented civil society formation in Russia'. The first group of contributions was opened by my report "Essential foundations of transition to personality-oriented civil society".

The industrialization, in general terms, would have enabled worldwide the flourishing of societies based on the ideals of freedom, equality and cooperation, according to Fernando de Azevedo . He wondered if it was possible to create in Brazil a urban industrial civilization to strengthen the emergence and substantiation of those principles. In a country in which the political and cultural traditions tended to prevent those values' growth, one should not suppose that the own economical modernization would bring along a new pattern of social organization. The organization of an educational policy concerned with the public and universal school valorization would play, according to him, an essential role in this process of social evolution, to the extent that it could effectively be the cause of the Brazilian society democratic transformation

Modern social and cultural situation is determined in many respects by impossibility of further development of industrial civilization as the society of "nature conquers", the society of "unlimited possibilities of a person". The crisis of separate directions of industrialization turned intoa humanity crisis as a whole have displaced accent to another method of management. The context in which the management activity of tomorrow will be performed is the context of post-industrial society and of post-modernism as its social and cultural dominant. Today postmodernism is comprehended as the expression of "spirit of the times", as particular kind of view to the reality.

Animals were put there (created) for man’s use — all animals: rats, rattlesnakes, sharks and piranha fish.

In the 1970s the first reports of “Waldsterben” hit the headlines in Germany. This apparently new and widespread type of forest diseases was appearing in many places in Europe and was called “Forest Decline” or “Deperissement des Foret.” After Germany, the countries in Central-Eastern Europe reported about “Forest Decline” especially in mountainous regions. Some researchers, public, policy makers, NGOs and others in all Europe have started to accuse industrial civilization of ecological disaster and announced the end of european forests. At the same time passionate debate over the causes and possible disease factors and interrelations between them have started producing many confusions and controversy.

Poucos autores modernos deram tanta força de expressão à "afinidade eletiva" entre o romantismo e o feminismo quanto o fez Christa Wolf. Quando nos referimos a ela como escritora romântica, não só levamos em consideração seu interesse explícito pelas escritoras românticas do início do século XIX, como Caroline von Günderrode e Bettina von Arnim, mas também, e acima de tudo, sua própria visão de mundo romântica, e a relação desta com o marxismo e com o feminismo. Few modern authors have given such powerful expression to the "elective affinity" between romanticism and feminism as Chnsta Wolf. When we refer to her as a romantic writer, we not only take into account her explicit interest in romantic women authors from the early 19th century, such as Caroline von Gunderrode and Bettina von Arnim, but also, and above all, her own romantic worldview, and its relationship to marxism and feminism.

Chapter five deals with the issue of new initiatives for environmental protection and contains two papers. It is in this chapter that summaries are made after the lengthy discussions.

The popular notion that the natural world maintains an invariant balance without perturbation by industrial civilization is invalid. Environmental changes in the aftermath of Pleistoceneglaciationweredramaticandpervasive, and continued in varying guise throughout the Holocene interglacial, which has been coincident in duration with the rise of modern human cultures. Holocene conditions have been influenced by the progress of physical processes and biotic migrations set in motion by deglaciation, by climaticfluctuations still poorly understood, and by the behavior of aboriginal peoples who achieved widespreadmanipulationoftheirevolvingenvironments even as they learned to adapt to them. Because cumulative Holocene environmentalchangesarelargelyirreversible,future sustainability of the human condition is dependentuponfurtherandwiserdevelopment of human culture. All hopes for return to an irretrievable past are quixotic.

The publication in Hungary of Democracy, Fascism and Industrial Civilization: Selected Essays, a volume of writings by Karl Polanyi, marks an important event, a "homecoming", to use his own words.

The way we work, indeed, our entire industrial civilization, depends upon materials. We have long used noncrystalline solids in the form of glasses for their passive properties, such as their inertness, transparency, and in everyday use as containers. They are artifacts of an ancient time, not only on earth but in the heavens—on the moon glassy materials are widespread.

Despite the relatively uniform images evoked by the word “community,” in the past several centuries the community structures within which persons live have been anything but stable. The penetration of industrialization, bureaucratization and urbanization into all areas of the world has resulted in the inexorable erosion not only of traditional values, but also of all older forms of traditional andGemeinschaft community structures. From the ruins of the past, however, entirely new community formations and ideologies have emerged. It is not entirely unexpected that these newer formations and ideologies are based on both mummified images of past traditions and on entirely new values and institutions provided by industrial civilization. We argue that the destruction of communities defined by past traditions and the emergence of new formations constitute a fundamental transformation in communal and community relationships.

The greatest challenge facing human populations today is that of extraordinary rapid change. Such a change in the society is illus trated by the increasing public awareness of environmental issues, accompanied by continuously expanding scientific investigations of chemical pollution. Our industrial civilization has developed and introduced into the various environmental media many compounds affecting human health individually and as a society. The science of toxicology is the evaluation of the effects of chemical and physical agents in various biological systems. Most chemical compounds cannot be tested in man due to their possible carcinogenic, muta genic, teratogenic, or other long-term toxic potential. Therefore, carefully designed toxicologic studies in other species, especially mammalian, are conducted to provide biological dose-response data, which can be used to predict human response. Toxicologists have the responsibility of providing accurate scientific dose- response data based on experiments employing, among others, "practical" concentrations of pollutants or toxicants. When the toxic effects are considered, the action of these agents in the atmosphere, water, and other environmental vehicles should be considered. There are always interacting events that co-exist in the environment. Multiple causality as a factor of a disease is well established but frequently overlooked. The various issues in envi ronmental health need to be tied together in order to be understood by scientists who are not intimately familiar with risk assessment procedures as they relate to the implementation of environmental laws. Much effort is needed both in the area of improved risk assessment methodology as well as in the area of toxicologic testing and validation of the theoretical approaches. The U.S. EPA is making every reasonable effort to improve its risk assessment approach.

The Club of Rome was formed to publicize the contemporary human predicament—an unprecedented social pathology which, according to founder Aurelio Peccei, “is aggravated by the interrelatedness … of everything in the human system.” The Club has commissioned and accepted nine reports, the first and most famous of which is Limits to Growth (1972). This report's “Malthusian” viewpoint and popular format identified the Club with a controversial issue evidently unacceptable to many of its members, not to mention most economists and technologists. Subsequent reports, with one exception, have progressively retreated from that initial position by denying the predicament's resistance to serial solution. Instead, reports have taken refuge in conventional liberal nostrums and blindly asserted technological optimism. The debate on the future of industrial civilization brought to the fore by Limits deserves a better fate.

The need of industrial capital to generate a supply of cheap African labor led to policies which both undermined and preserved the rural support base of African farmers. The encouragement of an educated class of African workers, essential for the maturation of industrial development, was accompanied by restrictions in social and economic mobility that maintained the social dominance of whites. These conflicting strategies have produced impoverishment among both urban and rural African populations. Yet these conditions have been effaced by the construction of powerful stereotypes or myths about African urban and rural life, myths that have preserved the ideal of a healthy labor reserve, while explaining the African worker's lack of social and economic advancement in terms of their own maladjustment to industrial civilization. This paper examines the role of medical authorities in valorizing and contributing to the longevity of these myths in the face of contradictory evidence and alternative constructions of African rural and urban life.[South Africa, myths, medical ideas, legitimation]

Bertrand Russell was one of those moralists who advocate a broad concept of ethics, including both social and individual ethics. This latter ethics is composed of prescriptions relating to the various ways of attaining happiness and perfection. Since however both happiness and perfection, i.e. the creative experience of one’s own existence can be attained by the same way (through conforming to the natural development principle), the requirement of self-realization may contribute to the harmonious coexistence of all people an effect that is desirable from social point of view. Russell believed that if all people an effect that is desirable form social point of view. Russell believed that if all individuals are granted possibilities of unrestrained self-realization armed conflicts will cease. The requirement of self-realization will be fulfilled above all when the barriers that have up to now handicapped the free development of human possibilities are pulled down. The barriers to self-realization include the restrictions connected with the specific living conditions pertinent to the industrial civilization, the commonly accepted false picture of human nature, and traditional morality.

far-reaching phenomena in the history of mankind. She is by far the largest contiguous land mass under one government; within her borders are the means of sustaining a great industrial civilization. This land mass, occupying one-sixth of the earth's surface, is greater than the surface of the moon, and its forests would more than cover the United States. Its extreme dimensions from east to west are six thousand miles-almost twice the distance from Maine to California-with a stretch of 2,300 miles from north to south. European Russia alone is larger than all the rest of Europe. With the exception of the United States, there is no other country under one flag with so great a variety of climate, of soil, and of mineral wealth. Russia's coastline is longer than the circumference of the earth at the equator; she has half a million rivers, 80,000 miles of them navigable, and there are 180,000 lakes. The Yakutsk Republic, only one of the states making up the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, is as big as all nonRussian Europe. Temperatures of 90 degrees below Fahrenheit have been recorded in the U.S.S.R.; the Russian port of Igarka, in the Arctic, is built on the banks of the Yenisei River, which rises 45 feet during the spring thaw.l

Europe, the Far East is truly today an undeveloped economic frontier. There we find one and one-half billion people inhabiting lands which abound in unexploited riches and treasures of the earth. Those lands are inhabited by people who in their millions and hundreds of millions have yet to enjoy the fruits and goods of modern industry and industrial civilization. They are hungry for the products of American factories and workshops. They, in turn, have the raw materials which are needed throughout all the world today. What they lack is economic organization, social justice, and political stability. They have awakened to the realities of the twentieth century. They do not as yet have the tools or the instruments or the political conditions which will enable them to become a truly integral part of a modern and intelligently managed world economy.

CHTT, neglect, the costliest byproduct of our industrial civilization, is largely the fault of the poor. Bernard Shaw has told us in his ironic wisdom that the real trouble with the poor is their poverty. Dr. Patten, as an economist, stated the claim even more definitely in his epigram: "Sin is misery; misery is poverty; the antidote of poverty is income." These assertions are something more than halftruths. While misery is often caused by individual defects, much of it is admittedly general, and results from our faulty institutions. In an industrial society, emphasis must be placed upon causes predominantly economic. Professor Douglas, in the preceding article on "The Family Allowance System as a Protector of Children has well summarized the evidence that for a

The dialectic interpretation of history has come into disrepute mainly because Marx and Engels have given it a materialistic and economistic interpretation. It is, however, possible to apply dialectics in a much more encompassing way. The following ideas represent an attempt to apply depth-psychology, ontology and the holistic approach to the develop? ment of history and to use them as a basis for a critique of industrial civilization. Such a dialectic is not restricted to economic factors or even

In recent years the science of what is to be, futurology, has become one of the most popular branches of knowledge in the West. A fever to prognosticate, the desire to penetrate the barriers of time, to predict or at least sense the central direction of history, possesses philosophers and historians, economists and sociologists, politicians and preachers, public figures, and the heads of scientific institutions and of the largest industrial firms. In the United States, England, France, and Italy, committees to study the shape of the future organization of society appear one after the other. Journals of futurology are founded. Special conferences, seminars, colloquiums and even religious meetings are convened, which produce a veritable squall of prognoses, projects both abstract and narrowly practical, spiritualist prophecies, and predictions positive and irrational.

In conclusion, management is a differentiated role and a key one in industrial civilization. It performs the systemic role of communication-center, decision-center, and change agent. Its role is fu...

Max Lerner argues that America is a new and distinctive civilization rather than merely an offshoot of the West, but he fails to use the term "civilization" in the same way as other scholars; his own usage is not consistently adhered to, and he unjustifiably equates America with the United States. Nor does he succeed in isolating a style of civilization genuinely peculiar to the United States. The spread of industrialism portends a world-wide industrial civilization and outdates both cyclical theories of history, such as Toynbee's and Spengler's and the very concept of individual civilizations.

SULPHUR, OR BRIMSTONE-the stone that burns-is one of the vital mineral building blocks of our industrial civilization. However, for some years the industry has been plagued with severe price cutting and a deteriorating profit position. As a result, the stocks of the major sulphur producers have been out of investment favor for some time. The past year the picture has changed considerably. A price boost was announced earlier this year, and shares of major sulphur producers have risen impressively. However, it is the thesis of this paper that the basic supply and demand fundamentals of sulphur are so powerful that significantly higher prices for sulphur and earning power for the sulphur companies appear quite probable over the longer term.

Economic historians are faced with the task of reconsidering modern European history as a whole. No age is more in need of reinterpretation than the hundred years or so which began in England with the outbreak of the Civil War and in France with the accession of the infant Louis xiv. Tawney, his associates, and pupils have revealed the main features of English agrarian, industrial, commercial, and financial development in early modern times. With the copious data provided in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Clapham, his associates, and pupils have built recent English economic history into a solid edifice on massive and precise statistical foundations. But Continental and British economic history have still to be brought into appropriate relationship to each other. And even in modern English economic history, an unfilled gap of more than a century remains. The materials that have been thrown into it are inadequate from about 1640 down to 1740, the year in which the war of the Austrian Succession broke out. The task of arranging such materials as are available into a durable pattern has not been seriously faced. So our knowledge of the place of these hundred years in the rise of industrialism both in Great Britain and on the Continent is vague.

Studies in the nature of fatigue led to similar inquiry in regard to monotony and to the question of morale, more specifically industrial morale. What is needed to sustain morale is a body of industrial folkways. The modern factory is not a society. Industrial fatigue and lack of morale are due to some interference or failure to preserve the organic and social balance. What is true with regard to industry applies also to industrial civilization generally. Increasing mobility and industrial expansion have broken up the traditional order and have not permitted the establishing of a new one. The ills of modern industrial civilization are cultural, not political, and are incident to the existing industrial regime.

Last time, Mr. Yang and I discussed China's development from an agricultural standpoint — how to teach an agricultural civilization to cross over to an industrial civilization, how to teach the farmer to take his rightful place in industry and commerce, and other questions. My own recent reflections about these matters are briefly summarized below.