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Stepdown beds provide an intermediate level of care for patients with requirements somewhere between that of the general ward and the intensive care unit. Models of care include incorporation of stepdown beds into intensive care units, stand-alone units, or incorporation of beds into standard wards. Stepdown beds may be used to provide a higher level of care for patients deteriorating on a ward (“step-up”), a lower level of care for patients transitioning out of intensive care (“stepdown”) or a lateral transfer of care from a recovery room for postoperative patients. These units are one possible strategy to improve critical care cost-effectiveness and patient flow without compromising quality, but these potential benefits remain primarily theoretical as few patient-level studies provide concrete evidence. This narrative review provides a general overview of the theory of stepdown beds in the care of hospitalized patients and a summary of what is known about their impact on patient flow and outcomes and highlights areas for future research.

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to present an alternative to the supply chain model of health care delivery that currently informs most thinking about the design of care processes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on arguments from systems theories and public administration, to generate an analysis of the nature of health care processes. It sets out a model of services characterised by treatment and care needs that vary over time, that are inherently uncertain, involve frequent assessment and re‐assessment, and provide patients and service providers with choices about treatment and care. Evidence from an evaluation of intermediate care is used to illustrate the analysis.FindingsThe analysis suggests that both the supply chain and a more network‐like model of health care processes can help us to understand health care processes. The two are complementary.Research limitations/implicationsLargely conceptual in nature. The empirical evidence is taken from one study. The ideas are presented to stimulate thinking rather than to prove an argument.Practical implicationsThe conceptualisation of care processes as network‐like has implications for the way in which we think about the design and performance of health care systems.Originality/valueThere have been few publications that seek to use both systems and network approaches to understand health care processes.

Intermediate care is part of a package of initiatives introduced by the UK Government mainly to relieve pressure on acute hospital beds and reduce delayed discharge (bed blocking). Intermediate care involves caring for patients in a range of settings, such as in the home or community or in nursing and residential homes. This paper considers the scope of intermediate care and its role in relation to acute hospital services. In particular, it develops a framework that can be used to inform decisions about the most cost-effective care pathways for given clinical situations, and also for wider planning purposes. It does this by providing a model for evaluating the costs of intermediate care services provided by different agencies and techniques for calibrating the model locally. It finds that consistent application of the techniques over a period of time, coupled with sound planning and accounting, should result in savings to the health economy.

Background Intermediate care (IC) services have been widely introduced in England and have the strategic objectives of reducing hospital and long-term care use. There is uncertainty about the clinical outcomes of these services and whether their strategic aims will be realised. Setting A metropolitan city in northern England. Design A quasi-experimental study comparing a group of older people before and after the introduction of an IC service. A quota sampling method was used to match the groups. Subjects Patients presenting as emergency admissions to two elderly care departments with falls, confusion, incontinence or immobility. Intervention a city-wide service in which a joint care management team (multi-agency, multi-disciplinary) assessed patient need and purchased support and rehabilitation from sector-based IC teams. Outcomes Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living score, Barthel Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression score, mortality, readmission to hospital, and new institutional care placement at 3, 6 and 12 months post-recruitment. Results There were 800 and 848 patients, respectively, in the control and intervention groups. Clinical outcomes, hospital and long-term care use were similar between the groups. Uptake of IC was lower than anticipated at 29%. An embedded case-control study comparing the 246 patients who received IC with a matched sample from the control group demonstrated similar clinical outcomes but increased hospital bed days used over 12 months (mean +8 days; 95% CI 3.1-13.0). Conclusion This city-wide IC service was associated with similar clinical outcomes but did not achieve its strategic objectives of reducing long-term care and hospital use.

The NHS plan announced sustained increases in funding accompanied by wide ranging reform, the success of which would be measured by targets set across the board, including increases in numbers of beds, staff, hospitals and equipment. In this article we assess progress towards the target of 7,000 extra beds in hospitals and intermediate care to be achieved by 2004. Summary points are as follows. (1) Although the 2003/2004 target for availability of general and acute NHS beds in England was achieved, the increase did not offset the overall decrease in all categories of beds. Bed availability fell by 2083, from 1,86,290 in 1999/2000 to 1,84,207 in 2003/2004, following a fall of 12,558 from 1996/1997 to 1999/2000. (2) Lack of standardized definitions and data collection systems both within the NHS and for the independent sector, compounded by ambiguity over the funding of extra capacity for the NHS, call into question the accuracy of data collected about intermediate care beds. (3) Systems for collecting data about intermediate care should be made subject to the same code of practice as official NHS statistics in order to monitor future targets and plan for provision of care. (4) Changes in definitions, lack of detail about criteria used in setting targets and lack of data about private sector care, make it impossible to monitor the overall capacity available to the NHS and assess whether bed availability targets have been met.

Mayo Clinic Rochester Hospitals have experienced significant growth in the number of patients requiring the specialized nursing care offered in intermediate care areas (ICAs). To ensure quality nursing care for ICA level patients, a standardized educational program was developed. The Mayo Intermediate Care Area Nurse Internship Program was a tuition-free education program that provided additional knowledge, insights, and skills needed to develop a highly competent ICA nurse. This article will describe how the concept of an ICA nurse internship program was taken from birth of an idea to fruition.

This paper describes the first part of a two-stage research project designed to investigate the clinical and service outcomes of a comprehensive intermediate care service. It is a baseline study of patients presenting to two elderly care departments as emergencies with the clinical syndromes of falls, incontinence, confusion or poor mobility before the introduction of a city-wide intermediate care service. The outcome measures were: mortality; disability (Barthel Index, BI); social activities (Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living); service use; and carer distress (General Health Questionnaire -28). These were measured at 3, 6 and 12 months after recruitment. Eight hundred and twenty-three patients were recruited (median age = 84 years; proportion of women = 70%; proportion with cognitive impairment = 45%; median BI score = 15). There was a high mortality rate (36%), evidence for incomplete recovery, a gradual decline in independence over 12 months and a high degree of carer stress. There was little use of rehabilitation services (< 5%), about 25% required readmission to hospital by each assessment point and there was a gradual increase in institutional care admissions. These findings support a needs-based argument for a more comprehensive community service for frail older people.

Despite the proliferation of support worker roles in the UK, little is known about their actual numbers, employment conditions or levels of training. Intermediate care services appear to be an important employer of support workers, but the diversity of intermediate care services makes the task of understanding support worker roles even more complex. This paper presents data from 33 services which were involved in an NHS Modernisation Agency’s Changing Workforce Programme project, the Accelerated Development Programme for Support Workers in Intermediate Care in England. Within this project, the main employers of support workers were primary care trusts and/or social services. Participating intermediate care teams were involved in admission avoidance, assisted discharge and re-ablement, or combinations of these services, and the majority of care was provided in the patient’s own home. The 33 services employed 794 support workers and 368 professionally qualified staff. The mean ratio of professionally qualified staff to support workers was 0.95 (range = 0–4.9, SD = 1.05). Support worker roles included multidisciplinary working, meeting rehabilitation needs, providing personal care and enablement. Team leaders included nurses, social workers, physiotherapists, professional managers, home carers and support workers. The most commonly reported sources of support worker training were National Vocational Qualifications and in-house training. In 80% of the services, at least half of the support workers had a qualification. Three models of supervision emerged across the services: the allocation of a mentor; team supervision; and formal and informal line management. These findings illustrate the diversity of employment of support workers in intermediate care. The variations in training, supervision and skill mix have implications for clinical governance and support worker regulation. The employment of support worker staff jointly across health and social care raises cross-boundary issues around employment contracts and pay.

While intermediate care is an international phenomenon, it is particularly developed in the UK where it is a central element of the Government's response to the care needs for older people (The National Service Framework of Older People. London: HMSO). In the UK, intermediate care services are proliferating despite lack of evidence of effectiveness. We present the findings of an ethnographic study of an intermediate care scheme in six residential care homes that examined the perspectives of three key groups—older people, care home managers and rehabilitation staff. We discovered a consensus among managers and rehabilitation staff that the scheme was successful, yet no such agreement existed amongst older people. We also found that the scheme created the conditions for the emergence of a more optimistic vision of the potential of older people, with rehabilitation assistants seeing core elements of their work in a new light. However, much of what was characterised as ‘rehabilitation’ was more a process of adaptation to the norms, expectations and values of the institution. Our findings point in positive and negative directions: positive in that this scheme may have generated a new culture of more personalised care amongst experienced care staff, and negative in showing the limitations of a rehabilitation scheme that is not based within a person's own living environment. Our findings have implications for policy makers, researchers and managers of services.

Purpose – Aims to describe a project carried out within Hampshire Social Services investigating potential care pathways for older people after discharge from hospital and to show the potential of the simulation methodology in such situations. Design/methodology/approach – A discrete‐event simulation was used to determine the system capacities and to estimate the likely associated reimbursement costs. Findings – A prototype simulation model was developed showing the potential value of this approach. Research limitations/implications – Restrictions in data access shifted the focus from quantitative service mapping to a more descriptive approach. Practical implications – Currently, many older patients experience delayed discharge from acute beds because of capacity limitations in Social Services’ traditional post‐acute care services. At the same time, new regulations require Local Authorities to reimburse NHS Acute Trusts if hospital discharge is delayed solely due to inadequate provision of social care assessments and services. In order to overcome the so‐called “bed‐blocking” problem, a new range of services termed “Intermediate Care” has been introduced to offer alternative options for older patients. These services are examined in terms of capacity and appropriateness. Originality/value – This paper fulfils an identified need to record and evaluate the new post‐acute packages introduced by the Social Services and NHS and proposes simulation as one of the most suitable methodologies for such objectives.

This study examined outcomes during a one-year follow-up for persons who were discharged from a locked intermediate care facility in an urban area in California. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which persons with severe mental illness can be successfully transferred from an intermediate care facility to lower levels of care.A total of 101 persons consecutively discharged were studied by record review and by obtaining information from facility staff members, therapists, case managers, and other community caretakers.During the follow-up period 56 percent of the patients who were discharged from the intermediate care facility were not able to demonstrate even minimal functioning in the community. These persons spent 90 or more days in locked or highly structured institutions that provided 24-hour care (including jail) or had five or more acute hospitalizations. However, 44 percent spent less than 90 days in these institutions and had fewer than five acute hospitalizations. Thirty-three percent were not known to have spent any time in an institution or hospital.The high rate of recidivism shown in this cohort suggests that the current emphasis on transferring patients from more structured, intermediate inpatient services to lower levels of care is not effective for a majority of patients. Furthermore, the poor clinical outcomes found in this cohort did not seem to be offset by any reduction in overall governmental costs because of the high use of acute and intermediate hospitalization and the costs of the criminal justice system.

Objective : In order to determine whether post-acute intermediate care in nursing-led inpatient units (NLUs) is effective in preparing patients for discharge from hospital we conducted a systematic review of the evidence. Review methods : The Cochrane Library, Effective Practice and Organisation of Care specialist register, Medline, Cinahl, Embase, British Nursing Index and the HMIC databases were searched for all available dates up to mid-2003. The science and social science citation indices were searched for papers that cited key works. Authors of papers were asked to identify additional research. Randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, controlled before and after studies and interrupted time-series designs that compared the NLU to usual post-acute inpatient care for adults were included in the review. Studies were assessed for quality. Statistical meta-analysis on the results of controlled trials was performed. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the impact of methodological quality on conclusions. Outcomes : Outcomes considered were mortality, institutionalisation after discharge, functional status early readmission, length of inpatient stay and cost. Results : Nine random or quasi-random controlled trials involving 1669 patients were reviewed. Quality was variable. The mean age of patients in all studies was over 70 years. There was no statistically significant difference in inpatient mortality between NLU and usual inpatient care (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.56–2.16). The NLU was associated with reduced odds of discharge to institutional care (OR 0.44 95% CI 0.22–0.89), better functional status at discharge (SMD 0.37, 95% CI 0.20–0.54) and reduced odds of early readmission (OR 0.52 95% CI 0.34–0.80). Length of stay until discharge home was increased by 5.13 days (WMD) (95% CI–0.5–10.76 days). At longest follow up (3–6 months) there was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients in institutional care (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.60–1.58). The results were not generally sensitive to study quality. Conclusions : The NLU successfully functions as a form of intermediate care, so far there is no evidence of adverse outcome from the lower level of routine medical care. However, more research is required to confirm safety. Patients discharged from NLUs have higher levels of function although it is unclear if the benefit is simply a product of an increased stay. There is no evidence of benefit over the longer term.

In the UK, increasing pressure on the acute sector has meant that intermediate care has become a pertinent issue within the health-care community. This article reports on a 6-month pilot project to develop a 2-bedded intermediate unit within a registered care home. A total of 27 patients were admitted to the unit for respite and terminal care. The project was monitored through outcome data sheets and discussions with staff. Satisfaction questionnaires were also distributed to GPs and families. It was found that the unit appeared to offer a workable alternative to inpatient care for those patients cared for in the study. More rigorous evaluation is needed to better determine the views of patients and families and to discover whether the service is able to reduce admissions to the acute sector and avoid delayed transfers of care.

Background. Intermediate care has become a crucial part of the United Kingdom government's programme for improving services for older people. Older people comprise a substantial part of the user base for these services, and it is increasingly recognized that there is a need for greater user involvement in service development for intermediate care. National initiatives undertaken in intermediate care have sought to widen and deepen the remit of such services, and in this way promote greater independence and improved quality of care for older people. In particular, the government has set out clear plans for reshaping services for older people in the National Health Service Plan and the rationale for greater involvement of older people in service development. This article considers ways in which these national and local objectives may be achieved and considers some of the implications for nursing. Aim. This paper aims to explore the concept of intermediate care and to identify trends and existing evidence of user involvement in care. In this way it charts a possible way forward for the development of a more ‘user sensitive’ approach. Method. The following databases were searched: Medline, Cochrane Library, the Social Science Citation Index and CINAHL. Key words were ‘intermediate care’, ‘older people’, ‘formal care’, ‘primary care’, ‘social services’ and ‘geriatrics’, used in combination. Findings. The findings from this study indicate that there is considerable scope for increased user involvement in service development for intermediate care. Such challenges may be more effectively met through greater clarity of the concept of intermediate care, and a bridging of user involvement at the practice and policy levels. Nurses are key providers of intermediate care in the community. Conclusions. The involvement of older people in intermediate care service development must be premised on a shared comprehension of the purpose and function of intermediate care. Nurses must be involved in shifting intermediate care from being service-focused to patient-centred. Effective participation eschews the application of global constructs for older people, while supporting greater participation at all levels and robust implementation processes.

To compare the score of functional independence measure (FIM) between urban and rural residents living in long-term care facilities (LTCF) in Taiwan.A total of 437 subjects in 112 licensed LTCF in Taiwan were randomly selected by stratification strategy. Physical therapists interviewed the subjects in nursing homes (NH) and intermediate care facilities (ICF) to obtain the basic data, and the FIM score.(1) There was no significant difference in basic demographic data between urban and rural LTC subjects. (2) Most of the subjects in urban and rural LTCF were males, less than 80 years old, single/widowed, having multiple diseases, using more than one assistive devices, and having social welfare financial support. (3) Motor abilities (eating, grooming, and transfer) and cognition (comprehension, social interaction and problem solving) in rural LTCF subjects were significantly (p0.05) higher than those in urban areas as revealed by the FIM assessment. (4) The median of FIM total score of rural LTCF subjects was 90.5, which was significantly (p0.05) higher than that of urban LTCF subjects (median = 76).Some of the functional performance of subjects in rural long-term care institutions is better than those in urban areas. Our results may provide guidelines for the manpower and equipment supply estimation.

The National Service Framework for Older People envisages the development of intermediate care for older people. This study examined the possible role of intermediate care beds within mental health trusts. We interviewed senior clinicians in an inner city old age psychiatry service about the 91 current in-patients on the old age psychiatric wards. Sixty-five were classified as acute patients and the remaining 26 were continuing care patients. Structured instruments were used to collect information regarding neuropsychiatric symptoms, activities of daily living and current met and unmet needs. Where discharge was delayed an assessment was made regarding the appropriateness for an intermediate care setting according to the criteria set by the Department of Health guidelines. A total of 30 (46%) patients' discharges were delayed. Of these, 19 (29%) patients met the DOH criteria for intermediate care; 10 (53%) had dementia, five (26%) affective disorder, and four (21%) with schizophrenia. The 11 other delayed discharges were because of lack of availability of finance for placements. The study found that the prompt discharge of older patients from acute psychiatric care was a significant problem and many of those patients may benefit from the therapeutic and rehabilitative process afforded by intermediate care.

Medical decision-making involving elderly people with dementia often troubles care providers in Japan. Meanwhile, little attention has been paid to the routine medical care of nondementia illnesses in such patients. To understand the current situation surrounding the issue, we conducted a postal survey with nursing home directors across the nation. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 1,117 randomly selected nursing homes, one third of all such facilities in Japan, and 502 (44.9%) responded. Of the respondents, 291 (58.0%) said more than a half of their residents have difficulties in daily life because of dementia. Less than 20% of the facilities said that they routinely confirm residents' preferences in writing when they are admitted concerning each of the following items; terminal care, medical information disclosure, leaving a will, funerals and application for the guardian system. 206 (41.0%) facilities have difficulties in finding a hospital for the elderly with dementia when necessary. The Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant relation between facilities' characteristics and their difficulties in finding a hospital that would admit demented patients. At present, a number of nursing homes confirm their residents' preferences only some time after they are admitted. However, the way of confirming seems inappropriate under the circumstances in which more than a majority of residents have difficulties in daily life due to dementia. Though more than a half of nursing homes have difficulties in finding a hospital that would admit dementia patients, no significant relation was found between the difficulties and the facility-hospital relation. The problem seems to lie in the acceptance mechanism of hospitals.

Intermediate care services are taking on an increasingly significant role in the rehabilitation and care of older people. It is vital that nurses and other members of the healthcare team have a good understanding of intermediate care.

Intermediate care currently forms one of the UK Government's main initiatives for improving the quality of post-acute care. This paper examines patients' and carers' experiences of a nurse-led unit, which aims to provide intermediate care for people no longer acutely ill. Drawing on findings from qualitative interview data, we demonstrate that patients viewed this model of care as acceptable but that they had markedly inconsistent experiences of care and reported considerable variation in their perceptions of the Unit's purpose. Some possible reasons for this are explored. Implications for the development of good quality nurse-led intermediate care are outlined.

In the UK, intermediate care (IC) is conceived as a range of service models aimed at ‘care closer to home’ and involves the expansion and development of community health and social services. Intermediate care in Denmark is more clearly defined, where approximately 45% of all the counties in Denmark have established a community-based IC unit in which public health-care services are offered to older people who have completed their hospital treatment. The impact of this organisational initiative is yet to be explored. In particular, the knowledge of the patient perspective is sparse and contradictory. The aim of the study was to explore how older people experience being in an IC unit after hospital discharge and before returning to their home. Data were drawn from 12 semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using a phenomenological approach. The essence of being in an IC unit was envisioned as ‘moments of conditional relief’ that emerged from the following constituents: ‘accessible, embracing care’, ‘a race against time’, ‘meals—conventions with modifications’, ‘contact on uneven terms’, ‘life on others’ terms’, and ‘informal but essential help’.

Background: Respiratory intermediate care units (RICUs) are specialized areas aimed at optimizing the cost-benefit ratio of care. No data exist about the impact of opening a RICU on hospital outcomes. Objectives: We wondered if opening a RICU may improve the outcomes of patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), or community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: We analyzed the discharge abstracts of 2,372 admissions to the RICU and internal medicine units (IMUs) for ARF, AECOPD, and CAP. The IMUs at the Hospital of Trieste comprise emergency and internal wards. In order to investigate the determinants of outcomes, a matched case-control study was performed using clinical records. Results: The in-hospital mortality rate was lower in the RICU vs. IMUs (5.4 vs. 19.1%, p = 0.0001). Statistical differences did not change when comparing the RICU with the emergency and internal wards. After adjusting for potential confounders, the risk of death for patients with CAP, AECOPD, or ARF was significantly higher in the IMUs than in the RICU (OR 6.90, 3.19, and 6.7, respectively, p < 0.04). Both the frequency of transfer to the ICU (6 vs. 12%, p = 0.0001, OR 0.38) and the hospital stay (9.3 vs. 12.1 days, p = 0.0001) were reduced in patients admitted to the RICU compared to those admitted to non-RICUs. Significant differences were found in care management concerning chest physiotherapy, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, and corticosteroids. Conclusions: The opening of a RICU may be advantageous to reduce in-hospital mortality, the need for ICU admission, and the hospital stay of patients with AECOPD, CAP, and ARF. Better use of care resources contributed to better patient management in the RICU.

Background: Clinicians, older adults and caregivers frequently meet to make decisions around treatment and lifestyle during an acute hospital admission. Patient age, psychological status and health locus of control (HLC) influence patient preference for consultation involvement and information but overall, a shared-decision-making (SDM) approach is favoured. However, it is not known whether these characteristics and the presence of cognitive impairment influence SDM competency during family meetings. Objective: To describe meetings between older adults, caregivers and geriatricians in intermediate care and explore patient and meeting characteristics associated with a SDM communication style. Methods: Fifty-nine family meetings involving geriatricians, patients in an intermediate care setting following an acute hospital admission and their caregivers were rated using the OPTION system for measuring clinician SDM behaviour. The geriatric depression scale and multidimensional HLC scale were completed by patients. The mini-mental state exam (MMSE) assessed patient's level of cognitive impairment. Results: Meetings lasted 38 min (SD 13) and scored 41 (SD 17) of 100 on the OPTION scale. Nine (SD 2.2) topics were discussed during each meeting, and most were initiated by the geriatrician. Meeting length was an important determinant of OPTION score, with higher SDM competency displayed in longer meetings. Patient characteristics, including MMSE, HLC and depression did not explain SDM competency. Conclusion: Whilst SDM can be achieved during consultations frail older patients and their caregivers, an increased consultation time is a consequence of this approach. Conclusion: Whilst SDM can be achieved during consultations frail older patients and their caregivers, an increased consultation time is a consequence of this approach. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Health care systems of today did not evolve to provide optimum care to an ageing population. The philosophies that shaped the United Kingdom's (UK's) response to disease drew on the perceived health care needs in the 19th and early 20th century, and were crystalised into the formation of the UK National Health Service (NHS) in the mid-20th century. In those days, life was reletavely brutish and often quite short, illness was acute, severe and potentially life threatening.

© The Author 2014. Intermediate care services have developed internationally to expedite discharge from hospital and to provide an alternative to an emergency hospital admission. Inconsistencies in the evidence base and under-developed governance structures led to concerns about the care quality, outcomes and provision of intermediate care in the NHS. The National Audit of Intermediate Care was therefore established by an interdisciplinary group. The second national audit reported in 2013 and included crisis response teams, home-based and bed-based services in approximately a half of the NHS. The main findings were evidence of weak local strategic planning, considerable under-provision, delays in accessing the services and lack of mental health involvement in care. There was a very high level of positive patient experience reported across all types of intermediate care, though reported involvement with care decisions was less satisfactory.

Introduction The aim of the study was to assess whether adults admitted to hospitals with both Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Intermediate Care Units (IMCU) have lower in-hospital mortality than those admitted to ICUs without an IMCU. Methods An observational multinational cohort study performed on patients admitted to participating ICUs during a four-week period. IMCU was defined as any physically and administratively independent unit open 24 hours a day, seven days a week providing a level of care lower than an ICU but higher than a ward. Characteristics of hospitals, ICUs and patients admitted to study ICUs were recorded. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality until hospital discharge (censored at 90 days). Results One hundred and sixty-seven ICUs from 17 European countries enrolled 5,834 patients. Overall, 1,113 (19.1%) patients died in the ICU and 1,397 died in hospital, with a total of 1,397 (23.9%) deaths. The illness severity was higher for patients in ICUs with an IMCU (median Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II: 37) than for patients in ICUs without an IMCU (median SAPS II: 29, P

Background: An intermediate care hospital (ICH) was established in a municipality in Central Norway in 2007 to improve the coordination of services and follow-up among elderly and chronically ill patients after hospital discharge. The aim of this study was to compare health care utilization by elderly patients in a municipality with an ICH to that of elderly patients in a municipality without an ICH. Methods: This study was a retrospective comparative cohort study of all hospitalized patients aged 60 years or older in two municipalities. The data were collected from the national register of hospital use from 2005 to 2012, and from the local general hospital and two primary health care service providers from 2008 to 2012 (approx. 1,250 patients per follow-up year). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The length of hospital stay decreased from the time the ICH was introduced and remained between 10% and 22% lower than the length of hospital stay in the comparative municipality for the next five years. No differences in the number of readmissions or admissions during one year follow-up after the index stay at the local general hospital or changes in primary health care utilization were observed. In the year after hospital discharge, the municipality with an ICH offered more hour-based care to elderly patients living at home (estimated mean = 234 [95% CI 215-252] versus 175 [95% CI 154-196] hours per person and year), while the comparative municipality had a higher utilization of long-term stays in nursing homes (estimated mean = 33.3 [95% CI 29.0-37.7] versus 21.9 [95% CI 18.0-25.7] days per person and year). Conclusions: This study indicates that the introduction of an ICH rapidly reduces the length of hospital stay without exposing patients to an increased health risk. The ICH appears to operate as an extension of the general hospital, with only a minor impact on the pattern of primary health care utilization. Keywords: Intermediate care hospital, Hospital discharge, Health care utilization, Length of stay, Readmission, Primary health care, Elderly. © 2015 Dahl et al.; licensee BioMed Central. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Background: Improvement of appropriate bed use and access to intensive care (ICU) beds is essential in optimizing utilization of ICU capacity. The introduction of an intermediate care unit (IMC) integrated in the ICU care may improve this utilization.Method: In a before-after prospective intervention study in a university hospital mixed ICU, the impact of introducing a six-bed mixed IMC unit supervised and staffed by ICU physicians was investigated. Changes in ICU utilization (length of stay, frequency of mechanical ventilation use), nursing workload assessed by TISS-28 score, as well as inappropriate bed use, accessibility of the ICU (number of referrals), and clinical outcome indicators (readmission and mortality rates) were measured.Results: During 17 months, data of 1027 ICU patients were collected. ICU utilization improved significantly with an increased appropriate use of ICU beds. However, the number of referrals, readmissions to the ICU and mortality rates did not decrease after the IMC was opened.Conclusion: The IMC contributed to a more appropriate use of ICU facilities and did result in a significant increase in mean nursing workload at the ICU.

Personnel calculation in intensive care has been a subject of conflict for over 63 years. The aim of these remarks is primarily to indicate the current state of the discussions.The methods of working-scientific analyses in practice with the respective factors are shown.It seems clear that a fair personnel calculation is limited by scarce financial resources and political policy.

Background: Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Taiwan. Poststroke older adults are often admitted to long-term care facilities. The impacts of the two concurrent life events of stroke and relocation may increase the risk of depression in stroke survivors. Depression in elderly stroke survivor residents of long-term care facilities has not been studied. Purpose: This study explores the factors associated with depression in older residents with stroke living in long-term care facilities. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. Twenty-three institutions in southern Taiwan participated in this study, including seven nursing homes, 11 intermediate-care facilities, and five domiciliary-care facilities. Purposive sampling enrolled 111 participants who met the following inclusion criteria: 65 years or older, experienced a stroke that did not cause cognitive defects, and capable of verbal communication. Data were collected using a sociodemographic data questionnaire, Barthel's Index, and the Taiwan Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: Depression was experienced by 41 of the 111 participants (36.9%). Prevalence of depression was 45.7% in nursing homes, 36.2% in intermediate-care facilities, and 22.2% in domiciliary-care facilities. Participants living in nursing homes and intermediate-care facilities and illiterate participants with low Barthel's Index scores showed more depressive symptoms. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: Healthcare providers should conduct depression screening for elderly residents with stroke on admission to long-term care facilities. Regular assessment and monitoring of depressive symptoms, especially in residents with less formal education and limited physical functions, are important in nursing homes and intermediate-care facilities.

Objective: To describe a population-based, multifaceted shared-care intervention for late-life depression in residential care as a new model of geriatric practice, to outline its development and implementation, and to describe the lessons learned during the implementation process. Setting: A large continuing-care retirement community in Sydney, Australia, providing three levels of care (independent living units, assisted-living complexes, and nursing homes). Participants:) The intervention was implemented for the entire non-nursing home population (residents in independent and assisted living: N = 1,466) of the facility and their health care providers. Of the 1,036 residents who were eligible and agreed to be interviewed, 281 (27.1%) were classified as depressed according to the Geriatric Depression Scale. Intervention Description: The intervention included: (a) multidisciplinary collaboration between primary care physicians, facility health care providers, and the local psychogeriatric service; (b) trainning for primary care physicians and other facility health care providers about detecting and managing depression; and (c) depression-related health education/promotion programs for residents. Conclusions: The intervention was widely accepted by residents and their health care providers, and was sustained and enhanced by the facility after the completion of the study. It is possible to implement and sustain a multifaceted shared-care intervention for late-life depression in a residential care facility where local psychogeriatric services are scarce, staff-to-resident ratios are low, and the needs of depressed to residents are substantial.

The agreement of practicing psychiatrists with medication experts regarding how psychotropic drugs should be used to treat behavioral and psychiatric problems in patients with mental retardation was studied. The medication survey used in developing guidelines on the treatment of behavioral and psychiatric problems in mental retardation was sent to 85 psychiatrists who had been identified as caring for the mentally retarded in the Texas public mental health system. The comparison of these practitioners with the medication experts included first-line and second-line treatment choices. Survey analysis was based on using 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to determine the type of rating. If the 95% CIs for the practitioners' responses overlapped the 95% CIs for experts, the two groups were judged to be in agreement. Thirty-seven practitioners (43.5%) completed and returned the survey. Few differences between the practitioners and the medication experts were found with respect to treatments for specific mental illness diagnoses. However, the practitioners rated venlafaxine and mirtazapine higher than the medication experts. Lithium augmentation of therapy with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors for nonpsychotic depression was rated first-line by the practitioners and second-line by the medication experts. Practicing psychiatrists and medication experts generally agreed about the use of psychotropic drugs for mental illness in patients with mental retardation.

The specialism of geriatric medicine has developed considerably in the last half of the twentieth century. In Great Britain it has emerged from its sombre beginnings in Victorian poor law institutions to become one of the largest specialities in medicine encompassing a wide range of disciplines and interests. More recently, there has been a parallel development in "intermediate care" a sweeping phrase that encompasses a wide diversity of practices in a plethora of venues. Although there is considerable attraction in minimising the duration of hospital stay by older people, there is a real risk of intermediate care being used as a euphemism for indeterminate neglect. For older people to benefit from appropriate treatment and care, the lessons learnt by earlier generations of geriatricians, and supported by the international evidence base should not be disregarded. Elderly people need a full multi-disciplinary assessment (comprehensive geriatric assessment) and continued involvement of skilled and trained personnel in their continuing care (geriatric evaluation and management). The recommendations of the British Geriatrics Society on intermediate care are commended and should be adhered to by all planners and providers of intermediate care. There is considerable logic in developing ways in which the two developments can be integrated to build upon the best features of both.

Models of program development have primarily focused on the internal organizational processes needed to plan, implement, and evaluate new service programs. However, creating an external demand for new programs by policy makers, administrative bureaucracies, public health officials, and funders is critical to establishing new programs. A series of deaths of seropositive youth and an absence of local service settings with staff trained to address the needs of youth living with HIV provided the impetus for Larkin Street Youth Center. In particular, the agency had to overcome stigma associated with having both substance use and mental health disorders to establish service programs to recruit and mobilize staff within the agency and the local community and to establish a comprehensive housing program for symptomatic HIV-infected adolescents. This article examines how a residential assisted care facility for HIV-seropositive adolescents was established using organizational strategic planning processes, problem solving, and social marketing frameworks.

Objectives. This study empirically examined whether dimensions of care cluster in special care units (SCUs) compared with non-SCUs. The relationship between SCU status plus separate measures of the dimensions of care and outcomes for dementia sufferers was then investigated. Methods. Data were drawn from the Intermediate Care Facility Project. The sample ( N 5 510) included residents with dementia, aged 65 and older, in intermediate care facilities throughout the province of British Columbia, Canada. Longitudinal data included 6 outcomes: cognitive function, behavioral problems of agitation and social skills, physical functioning, and quality of life measured through affect and expressive language skills. Separate multiple linear regression equations were estimated, relating each of these outcomes to 5 dimensions of care: preadmission and admission procedures, staff training and education, nonuse of physical and chemical restraints, flexible care routines and residentrelevant activities, and the environment. Results. The results showed there is virtually no clustering of dimensions along SCU/non-SCU lines. Neither SCU status nor the individual dimensions were highly predictive of outcomes. Residents’ affect at t 1 emerged as a characteristic that was significantly correlated with other outcomes. Discussion. This Canadian research can be added to the few but growing number of rigorous studies that suggest SCUs are not homogeneous and do not necessarily provide better care than non-SCUs. Moreover, it raises questions about the benefits of “best practice” dimensions of care, regardless of SCU status.

A recent study found that intermediate care in a nursing-led in-patient unit (NLIU) led to dramatically increased hospital stay when compared to usual care in a hospital. This is despite a large body of work across a variety of settings, including the pilot for that same study, which suggests that the NLIU is effective. This paper presents a series of exploratory analyses that aim to explore the findings further. A number of changes were identified in the functioning of the NLIU between the main and pilot study including patient population, leadership and staffing levels. Two ANCOVA analyses reveal that while performance of the NLIU declined between the two studies, that of usual care improved dramatically. Extended lengths of stay appear to be associated with the NLIU's location on a satellite site rather than the model of care per se. Reduction in the staffing levels on the NLIU and a change in patient population may well explain the findings.

Background Assisted living (AL) is the fastest growing segment of residential long-term care in the US. At least half of the estimated 1 million AL residents have dementia or cognitive impairment, with many AL facilities offering specialized dementia services. Little research has been done on the demographics, outcomes, or clinical variables of this population. Methods Participants were a cohort of 144 residents admitted to the AL unit of Copper Ridge, a specialized dementia-care facility. Comparison samples included 737 patients with dementia residing in other locations (home, nursing home, and other assisted living facilities). Selected measures of cognition, behavior, medical health, and function were taken at admission to AL and at 6-month intervals. Results When compared with residents of the dementia-specialized AL facility, dementia patients at home were younger, less cognitively impaired, and less likely to exhibit wandering, delusions, or aggression. Residents of a dementia-specialized nursing home had more cognitive impairment, greater medical comorbidity, and were more dependent on caregivers. The 2-year mortality rate in the dementia-specialized AL was 23%, significantly lower than rates reported for nursing homes. Primarily due to increasing care needs, most residents in the specialized AL relocated to a nursing home after a median stay of 10.9 months. Depression, falling, and wandering were significant predictors of the transition. Conclusion Dementia-specialized AL facilities occupy a unique position in the long-term care continuum that is distinct from home-care and nursing home facilities. This research is the first step toward understanding the significant dementia population residing in assisted living. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Se realizó un estudio para conocer aspectos relacionados con la mortalidad en la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios (UCIM) durante un bienio y determinar la mortalidad oculta de este servicio. La investigación tuvo carácter descriptivo. Se revisaron los protocolos de necropsia y libros de registro de mortalidad (n-928). Se aplicó una encuesta para obtener datos de interés como edad, sexo fecha del fallecimiento, causa básica y directa de muerte, realización de necropsia, correlación clínico-patológica, diagnóstico clínico y estadía. Se procesaron por sistema computadorizado diseñado al efecto, los principales resultados se expusieron en tablas y gráficos. La mortalidad oculta de la serie fue inferior al 3 % durante el mes de octubre de 1996 se produjo el pico más grande de fallecidos en UCIM, fundamentalmente a expensas de la enfermedad cerebrovascular y la cardiopatía isquémica, la causa básica de muerte más frecuente fue la enfermedad cerebrovascular (28,5 %) que fue también la de mayor letalidad entre las primeras causas de muerte (31,4 %). La edad media de los fallecidos estuvo entre los 69 y 70 años y menos en los fallecidos por traumas e intoxicaciones. La estadía media más alta correspondió a la enfermedad cerebrovascular (6,3 d). El número de fallecidos por enfermedad cerebrovascular y cardiopatía isquémica disminuyó ostensiblemente en 1997, así como la letalidad, más evidente para la primera entidad. El índice de necropsia en la unidad es alto, por encima del 85 %, con una correlación clinicopatológica total adecuada en más del 90 % de los casos. Correspondió a la bronconeumonía ser la causa directa de muerte más frecuente.A descriptive study was conducted to know some aspects concerning mortality at the Intermediate Care Unit (ICU) during a 2-year period, and to determine the occult mortality in this service. The necropsy protocols and the mortality registries (n-928) were reviewed. A survey was done to collect data of interest, such as: age, sex, death date, basic and direct cause of death, autopsy, clinical and pathological correlation, clinical diagnosis and length of stay. These data were processed by a computer system designed to this end. The main results were shown in tables and graphs. The occult mortality of the series was less than 3 %. During October, 1996, it was observed the highest peak of deaths at the ICU, mainly from cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease. The most frequent basic cause of death was cerebrovascular disease (28.5 %), wihch also had the largest lethality among the main causes of death (31.4 %). The average age of the dead was between 69 and 70 years old. It was lower in those who died from traumas and poisonings. The highest mean length of stay corresponded to cerebrovascular disease (6.3 days). The amount of deaths as a result of cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease considerably in 1997, as well as lethality, which was more evident for the first entity. The autopsy index at Unit was high, over 85 %, with an adequate total clinicopathological correlation in more than 90 % of the cases. Bronchopneumonia was the commonest direct cause of death.

To describe structural models of intermediate care units used for critically ill patients.Three multidisciplinary units with varying structures and functions of intermediate care areas (ICAs) are described.Advantages and limitations for each of the three models are outlined. The structural models described are the conventional isolated ICA model, the parallel model, and the integrated model of ICA.Each structural model has advantages and limitations. Selection of the appropriate ICA model for an institution depends on the specific circumstances and needs of the institution. Each of the three models can facilitate improved utilization of critical care resources.

Se realizó un estudio en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos e Intermedios del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba, con el objetivo de evaluar reacciones adversas e interacciones medicamentosas detectadas en el tratamiento del edema cerebral. Se aplicó el método de vigilancia intensiva del paciente hospitalizado, adaptado a las condiciones experimentales en una muestra de 65 pacientes. Los datos obtenidos se evaluaron por medio de los algoritmos de Naranjo y de Karch-Lasagna, así como la relación beneficio-riesgo de cada tratamiento y el procesamiento estadístico apropiado. Se detectaron 114 reacciones adversas y 40 interacciones medicamentosas; eventos que luego de relacionarlos con aspectos clínicos y demográficos, se analizaron farmacológicamente. Se proponen medidas terapéuticas al personal del servicio y recomendaciones al paciente, para atenuar los riesgos que pueden ocasionarle los tratamientos aplicados.A study was carried out in the Intensive and Intermediate Care Units of "Saturnino Lora" Teaching Clinicosurgical Hospital with the purporse of assessing adverse drug reactions and drug interactions detected in treating brain edema. The method of intensive surveillance of the hospitalized patients was used in a sample of 65 cases accoirding to set experimental conditions. Date obtained was evaluated by Narnajo’s and Karch-Lasagna’s algoritthms and also, benefit-risk of each treatment and adequate statistical processing were also analysed. 114 adverse drug reactions and 40 drug interactions were detected, wihch were first related to clinical and demographic aspects and then pharmacologically analyzed. Therapeutic measures for the staff were proposed as well as recommendations for patients were made so as to reduce the risks that treatments may cause.

Health characteristics of elderly personal care home care residents The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore the health characteristics of elderly personal care home residents. Personal care homes are community-based facilities that provide living arrangements, assistance with basic needs and protective oversight. Personal care home providers were interviewed regarding the health status of 80 elderly residents. The most frequent ADL needs were bathing, personal hygiene and dressing. Thirty-seven per cent of the residents had some bladder incontinence. Eighty-two per cent of residents needed some help with medication management. Over half of the residents had some cognitive impairment. These findings support the proposition of increased prevalence of cognitive impairment in personal care home residents as compared to the first studies a decade ago. The combination of functional deficits and cognitive impairment indicates that these elderly residents may have unmet health needs. The role of the registered nurse in this environment is discussed.

OBJECTIVES This investigation was designed to determine the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of direct discharge from the coronary/intermediate care unit (CICU) in 497 consecutive patients with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND Although patients with an AMI are traditionally treated in the CICU followed by a period on the medical ward, the latter phase can likely be incorporated within the CICU. METHODS All patients were considered for direct discharge from the CICU with appropriate patient education. The 6-week postdischarge course was evaluated using a structured questionnaire by a telephone interview. RESULTS There were 497 patients (men = 353; women = 144; age 63.5 ± 0.6 years) in the study, with 29 in-hospital deaths and a further 11 deaths occurring within 6 weeks of discharge. The mode length of CICU stay was 4.0 days (mean 5.1 ± 0.2 days): 1 to 2 (12%), 3 (19%), 4 (21%), 5 (14%), 6 to 7 (19%) and ≥7 (15%) days, respectively with 87.2% discharged home directly. Of the 425 patients surveyed, 119 (28.0%) indicated that they had made unscheduled return visits (URV) to a hospital or physician’s office: 10.6% to an emergency room, 9.4% to a physician’s office and 8.0% readmitted to a hospital. Of these URV, only 14.3% occurred within 48 h of discharge. Compared to historical controls, the present management strategy resulted in a cost savings of Cdn. $4,044.01 per patient. CONCLUSIONS Direct discharge from CICU is a feasible and safe strategy for the majority of patients that results in considerable savings.

The present study investigated factors influencing the destination following discharge from geriatric intermediate care facilities (GICF) located in a suburb of a metropolis. A set of questionnaires was prepared, and a survey was conducted involving 204 subjects (46 men, 158 women, average age 84 years) of three GICFs and their families. Seventy-two percent of clients were termed bedridden and 84% as having dementia. Furthermore, 63% of them were admitted to GICFs from hospitals, and about half used the GICFs more than twice. Most families cared for the subjects before admission into the GICFs, and were feeling the burden of daily care. The families desired them to stay in the GICFs for as long as possible. Forty-five percent of the families wanted the subject to go back home after discharge. About 30% of subjects returned home, 31% were admitted to a hospital and 40% were placed in GICFs. The following factors were related to discharge and return home: the family wanted the subject to return home, subjects admitted to GICFs from home could return home, good ability to walk, families consulted subjects about the destination following discharge, the cost of staying at the GICF was covered by the subjects' pension, and confirmed administration of drugs was not necessary. These findings suggest that in order for clients at GICFs to successfully return home, the facilities should consider where the family wants the clients to go.

Among the clients in a geriatric intermediate care facility located in the suburbs of Osaka and their family caregivers (72 subjects), the characteristics of the clients and their caregivers, and the discharge destination desired by their family caregivers were investigated, and the associated factors were evaluated. 1. Characteristics of the clients. The clients were elderly females with a low degree of independence, and dementia was observed in about 60% of them. The clients had a relatively large number of children, but many of them lived alone before admission. The rate of admission from hospitals was high (54%), and that of discharge to hospitals was also high (50%). Sixty-seven percent of the clients stayed for a long duration of over 6 months. 2. Conditions of the family caregivers. Most of the family caregivers were daughters or daughters-in-law, and considered themselves to be healthy. Sixty-three percent of the caregivers had jobs. However, most of the caregivers did not have sub-caregiver. 3. Factors related to the discharge destination desired by family caregivers. Not many family caregivers (19.4%) wanted them to go back to their homes after discharge, but their preferred discharge destinations were home (19.4%), hospitals (55.5%), and nursing homes (25.1%). The caregivers of single household clients often desired a nursing home as the discharge destination, and those of the clients from a 2- or 3-generation household often desired a hospital. The factors related to the discharge destination desired by client's family caregivers were that the client not show dementia, the job of the caregiver was a part-time job, there was a sub-caregiver, and the client had the experience of home public health nursing visits. This study showed, the percentage of the clients discharged from the geriatric intermediate care facility to their homes was low, and that of the family caregivers who desired their home as the discharge destination was also low. However, the results suggested that leading the discharge destination to the client's home is possible if social resources are provided such as the use of public health nursing services.