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198. Dilemmas of Fundamentalist Non-state Actors in International Relations

Author

Patrick Finnegan, Vladimir Rauta, Charountaki, Marianna, and Irrera, Daniela

Abstract

The introductory chapter to this volume canvases a range of dilemmas, problems, and puzzles surrounding non-state actors (NSAs). It convincingly argues that they should be considered as an integral part of IR’s ontology and as a result it presents a robust, power-based typology which seeks to locate four ideal type of NSAs. This chapter addresses what the introductory typology calls fundamentalist groups defined as broadly as possible as holding diverse prioritises, goals, and aims, but identified through discursive and operational extremism and modus. In this chapter, we unpack the dilemmas presented by such NSAs. In short, our departing assumption is that few stereotypes are more frequently associated with non-state actors, of any kind, than that of the fundamentalist - matched perhaps only with the equally problematic idea that poverty alone drives conflict (for example see, Jackson et al, 2011, p. 205; Kreuger, 2008, p. 1).

Published
2022

199. Informal and Formal Practices within the EU Security Approach in Kosovo

Author

ROSSI, Rosa Maria Claudia, Irrera, Daniela, Morsut, Claudia, and Rossi, Rosa

Subjects
Western Balkans, EULEX, Formal and informal practices, CSDP, Settore SPS/04 - Scienza Politica
Abstract

The hesitant path of Western Balkans towards EU’s integration, the enduring borders and constitutional disputes and the unsettled ethnic tensions in the region trigger new security threats for Europe. The chapter explores the link between informal and formal actors and rules in EU security domain choosing as a case study, EULEX, the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operation in Kosovo. The chapter addresses the following questions: how pragmatically EULEX has transformed itself reacting to operational needs in the field? Which is the framework of mobilization of informal networks, the source of their legitimacy and the ways they affect formal and international policies in high-institutionalised environments such has the one of CSDP in Kosovo? The research methodologically moves from a process tracing analysis of formal and informal traits in EULEX’s organization, in order to unpack the informality present in formal actors and practices and to discover the influence of informal actors, unwritten rules and practices in a field traditionally considered as the exclusive domain of formal institutional analysis. The study recognize the place given to “experiential institutional learning” and to the informal process as a “system function” to maintain EU security governance. The result of the analysis is that - beyond the rhetoric within the Crisis Management Concept and the Operation Plan of the CSDP operation prepared by EU policy-makers, operators in the field act and behave following different logics, introducing informal arrangements and being inspired by informal networks. Within the process of security governance, also EU officials may be caught by improvisation and do not necessarily follow formal treaties. The findings move to consider in a more comprehensive way EU’s security capacities and may question the source of legitimacy of CSDP operations.

Published
2018

200. When Diplomacy Identifies Terrorism:Subjects, Identity and Agency in the ‘War on Terror’in Mali

Author

Pablo de Orellana, Romaniuk, Scott Nicholas, Grice, Francis, Irrera, Daniela, and Webb, Stewart

Subjects
021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Government, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Tragedy, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Identity (social science), 02 engineering and technology, 050601 international relations, 0506 political science, Spanish Civil War, Political science, Law, Political economy, Agency (sociology), Terrorism, Diplomacy, media_common
Abstract

Why had counterterrorism policy in Mali failed by 2012? This chapter addresses this question from the perspective of how US diplomacy’s assessment of issues, subjects and threats on the ground, and how this informed Sahel counterterrorism policy. Analysis of Malian-American diplomatic communication 2006–2010 demonstrates that despite considerable expertise by Bamako-based US diplomats, their considerably nuanced and detailed assessments and recommendations were ultimately ignored or deemed irrelevant. Failure to utilise available diplomatic information and analysis was due to the dominant policy prioritisation of counterterrorism by military securitisation of subjects, territory and borders. The diplomatic communications show that this prioritisation granted the Malian government considerable influence in determining US counterterrorism policy in the country. As a result, the grievances of Mali’s northern peoples were exacerbated, and extremism thrived, a tragedy considering US diplomats knew what to do.

Published
2017

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