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Recently, as vehicle computing technology has advanced, the paradigm of the vehicle has changed from a simple means of transportation to a smart vehicle for safety and convenience. In addition, the previous functions of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) such as traffic accident prevention and providing traffic volume information have been combined with cloud computing. ITS services provide user-oriented broad services in the Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) environment through efficient traffic management, traffic accident prevention, and convenience services. However, existing vehicle services focus on providing services using sensing information inside the vehicle and the system to provide the service through an interface with the external infrastructure is insufficient. In addition, because wireless networks are used in VCC environments, there is a risk of important information leakage from sensors inside the vehicle, such as driver personal identification and payment information at the time of goods purchase. We propose the VCC Service-oriented Security Framework (VCC-SSF) to address the limitations and security threats of VCC-based services. The proposed framework considers security for convenient and efficient services of VCC and includes new user-oriented payment management and active accident management services. Furthermore, it provides authentication, encryption, access control, confidentiality, integrity, and privacy protection for user personal information and information inside the vehicle.

A primitive version of a ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)3(2+)] was employed for the first time as a new conceptual "single-component redox shuttle" for dye-sensitized solar cells. This single shuttle led to a large enhancement of the open-circuit photovoltage (VOC) to ∼940 mV relative to that of conventional iodine-based shuttle and greatly increased the efficiency of the solar-to-electric energy conversion at lower illumination levels by a factor of ca. 5.6.

Oysters, especially are excellent source of several mineral including iron, zinc and selenium, which are often low in the mordern diet. They are also an excellent source of glycogen, vitamin B12 and considered the healthiest when eaten raw on the half shell in good tasted season from November to March.This study was investigated for the purpose of obtaining basic data which can be applied to processing of two kinds of canned boiled oyster (canned boiled oyster, canned boiled oyster in bamboo salt). Shucked oyster meat was cooked in steam (15min) after washing with water, filled 90g into can (301-3), added with salt solution and then precooked for 10 min. at 100℃. Canned boiled oyster was added 1.5% salt solution 60mL. Canned boiled oyster in bamboo salt was added 0.5% salt solution 30mL and 0.7% bamboo salt solution 30mL. The cans were seamed using a vacuum seamer, and then sterilized for various Fo values (Fo 8~12 min.) in a steam system retort at 116℃, 118℃. Viable bacterial count, proximate composition, pH, salinity, yield, VBN, amino-N, TBA, mineral, color value, free amino acid, hardness and sensory evaluation of two kinds of canned boiled oyster produced at various sterilization condition (Fo 8~12 min.) were measured after divide to meat and juice. The results showed that canned boiled oyster in bamboo salt sterilized at Fo 8 min. was the most desirable because this condition is the most economical and tasty.Key words : Oyster, Canned boiled oyster, Canned boiled oyster in bamboo salt, Sterilization, Fo value Corresponding author : 055-772-9141, kimjeonggyun@nate.com

To develop an effective use for poor-quality individually quick-frozen (IQF) oysters Crassostrea gigas stored for a long period, the extract conditions, quality characteristics, and optimum reaction flavoring (RF) conditions of a complex extract from these IQF oysters were investigated. The moisture, pH, and volatile basic nitrogen contents of IQF oysters stored for 18 months (18M-IQFO) were 77.9%, 6.32, and 17.9 mg/100 g, respectively. Three different kinds of extract were prepared from 18M-IQFO: a hot-water extract (HE), scrap enzymatic hydrolysate (EH), and complex extract (CE). The respective extracts contained 5.5, 8.6, and 6.6% crude protein and 281.7, 366.0, and 343.0 mg/100 g amino nitrogen, and had 811, 359, and 1,170 mL/kg extraction yields. The CE was superior to the traditional HE in terms of the extraction yield, amino-nitrogen content, and organoleptic qualities, except for the odor. To improve flavor via the Maillard reaction, the reaction system used to produce a desirable flavor comprised CE (Brix 30°), 0.4 M glucose, 0.4 M glycine, and 0.4 M cysteine solution (4:2:1:1, v/v). The reaction time and pH were the independent variables, and the sensory scores for baked potato odor, masking shellfish odor, and boiled meat odor were the dependent variables. The surface response methodology (RSM) analysis of the multiple responses optimization gave a reaction time of 120.6 minutes and pH 7.33 at 120°C. The reaction improved the flavor of CE considerably, as compared to that of the unreacted extract.

Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of acupuncture therapy when applied to patients who are undergoing anticoagulants / antiplatelet medication therapy combined with herbal medicine using a retrospective, case-control study. Methods : 428 charts of patients were reviewed in this study. Odds ratio between case of bleeding-related adverse event and control was calculated as main analysis. Exposures were anticoagulants / antiplatelet medication, Hwalhyeolgeoeo herbal medicine and combination of both drugs. Additionally, odds ratios were calculated according to the severity of bleedingrelated adverse events. Results : The results were as following: 1. Analysis of all bleeding-related adverse events showed there was no increased risk of combined therapy compared with other exposures and control group. 2. Analysis of only clinically significant adverse events showed there was no increased risk of combined therapy compared with other exposure and control group. 3. Hwalhyeolgeoeo herbal medicine group showed a tendency of increased risk of bleedingrelated adverse events in all analysis but was not statistically significant. Conclusions : The results suggest that Hwalhyeolgeoeo herbal medicine-anticoagulant / antiplatelet medication combined therapy may not increase risk of bleeding-related adverse events in acupuncture therapy. By executing various modules of analysis, it was possible to acquire useful data for possible future studies. Further research is needed to confirm such results.

The motion of address resolution protocol (ARP) is done without any problem in a general environment, but it is not considered from the security aspect; therefore, it risks being threatened by an attack from the network called ARP spoofing or ARP poisoning. The attacker can approach the transmission data between hosts by disguising itself as a different host through an ARP spoofing attack and can isolate the host as the target of an attack from the network. In this paper, we propose a routing trace-based network security system for preventing ARP spoofing attacks. Our proposed system includes detection, protection, and recovery techniques to prevent an ARP spoofing attack in the internal network. Whether an ARP spoofing attack occurs is confirmed through the periodic monitoring of the ARP table and a routing trace. The system can prevent ARP spoofing attacks without modifications to the ARP or the addition of cryptographic measures. In addition, it provides security and efficiency by overcoming the weak points of the existing researches.

Here we report on the issue of Advanced Persistent Threats (APT), which use malware for the purpose of leaking the data of large corporations and government agencies. APT attacks target systems continuously by utilizing intelligent and complex technologies. To overthrow the elaborate security network of target systems, it conducts an attack after undergoing a pre-reconnaissance phase. An APT attack causes financial loss, information leakage, etc. They can easily bypass the antivirus system of a target system. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Layer Defense System (MLDS) that can defend against APT. This system applies a reinforced defense system by collecting and analyzing log information and various information from devices, by installing the agent on the network appliance, server and end-user. It also discusses how to detect an APT attack when one cannot block the initial intrusion while continuing to conduct other activities. Thus, this system is able to minimize the possibility of initial intrusion and damages of the system by promptly responding through rapid detection of an attack when the target system is attacked.

과메기는 조선시대 부터 생선의 보존성을 향상시키기 위해 경 북 동해안 일대에서 건조시켜서 만든 대표적인 전통·향토식품 으로 알려져 있다(Oh and Kim, 1995). 과메기는 1960년 이전 에는 주로 청어를 동절기에 자연건조 하여 만들었으나 어획량 의 감소와 기온의 상승으로 최근에는 청어보다 건조가 용이한 꽁치를 이용하여 제조하고 있다(Oh and Kim, 1998; Oh et al., 1998a). 꽁치나 청어는 고등어, 방어, 정어리, 전갱이, 다랑어 등 과 함께 등푸른 생선으로 불리며, 고도불포화지방산인 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 함량이 높아 심근경색, 뇌경색, 고혈압 등 주요 성인병 예방의 생리적 기능을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다(Oh et al., 1998a). 또 한 어린이 성장촉진 및 두뇌발달에 효과적인 성분과 여성피부 에 효과가 있는 성분이 다량 들어 있다는 연구가 발표되어 있다 (Uhei et al., 1990). 과메기에 관하여 1995년 이후부터 현재까지 많은 발표 논문 이 발표되어 있다. 즉, 과메기의 제조조건에 관한 연구로는 Oh and Kim (1995)이 꽁치 자연동결건조(과메기) 중 지방함량과 지방산조성의 변화, Oh et al. (1998a)이 과메기 제조 시 건조 조건에 따른 꽁치 근육의 성분변화, Oh et al. (1998b)이 꽁치 과메기의 건조조건에 따른 amine의 변화, Oh and Kim (1998) 이 핵산류 및 유리아미노산의 변화, Oh et al. (1996)이 콜레스 테롤 함량 변화에 대하여 보고하였으며, 과메기의 저장조건에 초고추장첨가 과메기통조림의 제조 및 특성

Recently, intelligent transport systems have been applied to vehicle cloud environments. Such technology is especially useful for the systematic management of road traffic. Moreover, automobiles are increasingly equipped with a black box for accident prevention and preservation of evidence. Vehicle black boxes have become mandatory because black box images and voice data have served as forensic evidence in courts. However, the data from black boxes can be forged or modified by man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and message hijacking. In this paper, we propose a vehicle cloud computing-based black box service model that can provide integrity for black box data through digital signatures in vehicle cloud computing (VCC) environments. Our proposed model protects against MITM attacks and message hijacking using only a hash value and digital signature. Moreover, a mirroring technique (RAID 1) provides backup and recovery to protect the data from a traffic accident.

The activation of open coordination sites (OCSs) in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), i.e., the removal of solvent molecules coordinated at the OCSs, is an essential step that is required prior to the use of MOFs in potential applications such as gas chemisorption, separation, and catalysis because OCSs often serve as key sites in these applications. Recently, we developed a "chemical activation" method involving dichloromethane (DCM) treatment at room temperature, which is considered to be a promising alternative to conventional thermal activation (TA), because it does not require the application of external thermal energy, thereby preserving the structural integrity of the MOFs. However, strongly coordinating solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-diethylformamide (DEF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are difficult to remove solely with the DCM treatment. In this report, we demonstrate a multiple coordination exchange (CE) process executed initially with acetonitrile (MeCN), methanol (MeOH), or ethanol (EtOH) and subsequently with DCM to achieve the complete activation of OCSs that possess strong extracoordination. Thus, this process can serve as an effective "chemical route" to activation at room temperature that does not require applying heat. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has demonstrated the activation of OCSs using this multiple CE process, although MeOH and/or DCM has been popularly used in pretreatment steps prior to the TA process. Using MOF-74(Ni), we demonstrate that this multiple CE process can safely activate a thermally unstable MOF without inflicting structural damage. Furthermore, on the basis of in situ

Context: Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (Convolvulaceae) has been used as a traditional herbal remedy for treating liver and kidney disorders. Objective: Anti-fibrotic effects of C. chinensis extract (CCE) in cellular and experimental animal models were investigated. Materials and methods: HSC-T6 cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were analysed using MTT assay, flow cytometry and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining techniques. Thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fibrosis model was established using Sprague Dawley rats (n = 10). Control, TAA, CCE 10 (TAA with CCE 10 mg/kg), CCE 100 (TAA with CCE 100 mg/kg) and silymarin (TAA with silymarin 50 mg/kg). Fibrosis was induced by TAA (200 mg/kg, i.p.) twice per week for 13 weeks. CCE and silymarin were administered orally two times per week from the 7th to 13th week. Fibrotic related gene expression (α-SMA, Col1α1 and TGF-β1) was measured by RT-PCR. Serum biomarkers, glutathione (GSH) and hydroxyproline were estimated by spectrophotometer using commercial kits. Results: CCE (0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL) and silymarin (0.05 mg/mL) treatment significantly (p

Jasin-hwan-gagambang (BHH10), a modified prescription of Jasin-hwan, contains Astragalus membranaceus, Cinnamomum cassia, and Phellodendron amurense, and it has been traditionally used to treat osteoporosis and other inflammatory diseases. In this study, we systematically investigated the protective effects of BHH10 in ovariectomy (OVX)-induced rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham and OVX subgroups. The rats in the OVX group were treated with vehicle, BHH10, alendronate (ALN), and 17β-estradiol (E2). BHH10 treatment significantly inhibited OVX-induced increases in body weight and uterus atrophy. In addition, it significantly increased the bone mineral density (BMD) and prevented a decrease in trabecular bone volume, connectivity density, trabecular number, thickness, and separation at the total femur and femur neck. The OVX rats showed significant decreases in the serum levels of calcium and phosphorous and significant increases in the serum levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, C-telopeptide type 1 collagen, and bone morphogenetic protein-2. These changes were significantly reduced to near sham levels by administration of BHH10 to OVX rats. BHH10-treated rats had a greater bone mass, a better structural architecture of the bone, and higher levels of biochemical markers of the bone than did the ALN-treated or E2-treated rats. These results suggest that BHH10 reverses osteoporosis in OVX rats by stimulating bone formation or regulating bone resorption and is not associated with toxicity. © 2014 The Authors. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Research into recommendation systems for wellness content has focused on representative research on the convergence of wellness and information technology, as interest in wellness has recently increased. But existing research is not suitable because it uses only one or two of the five ∙제1저자 : 홍민성 ∙교신저자 : 이재동 ∙투고일 : 2014. 5. 31, 심사일 : 2014. 6. 21, 게재확정일 : 2014. 8. 8. * 단국대학교 컴퓨터학과(Dept. of Computer Science, Dankook University) ** 단국대학교 소프트웨어학과(Dept. of Software Science, Dankook University) *** 단국대학교 미디어콘텐츠연구원(Institute of Media

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of HT008 on pain relief and functional improvement in participants with mild knee osteoarthritis (OA) in comparison with that of glucosamine sulfate. Methods : This randomized double-blind trial was conducted at Kyung Hee University Medical Center in Seoul where participants with knee pain for more than 6 months and degenerative osteoarthritis were enrolled. The 100 participants were received either HT008 or glucosamine sulfate 750 mg twice daily for 8 weeks and evaluated at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks after the treatment. We primarily evaluated the differences between two groups with respect to changes in the visual analogue score (VAS) for pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score from baseline to week 8. Secondarily the difference between and within two groups with respect to changes in WOMAC stiffness and physical function score, and Lequesne Functional Severity Index (LFI) were also evaluated. Results : At week 8, treatment with HT008 resulted in a significant reduction of the VAS for pain and WOMAC pain scores compared to the glucosamine sulfate (both p

Despite the convenience, ubiquitous computing suffers from many threats and security risks. Security considerations in the ubiquitous network are required to create enriched and more secure ubiquitous environments. The address resolution protocol (ARP) is a protocol used to identify the IP address and the physical address of the associated network card. ARP is designed to work without problems in general environments. However, since it does not include security measures against malicious attacks, in its design, an attacker can impersonate another host using ARP spoofing or access important information. In this paper, we propose a new detection scheme for ARP spoofing attacks using a routing trace, which can be used to protect the internal network. Tracing routing can find the change of network movement path. The proposed scheme provides high constancy and compatibility because it does not alter the ARP protocol. In addition, it is simple and stable, as it does not use a complex algorithm or impose extra load on the computer system.

상온에서 저장이 용이하고 기호도가 우수한 토마토페이스트소스첨가 과메기통조림을 제조하기 위하여 절단한 시판과메기( $3cm{\times}2.5cm$ 크기) 90 g을 301-3호관에 넣고 $100^{\circ}C$ 의 레토르트내에서 10분간 예비 탈기하였다. 상층부의 물을 부어서 버리고 토마토페이스트 소스(토마토페이스트 42%, 식염 2%, 구아검 1%, 물 52%, 물엿 2%, 맛술 1%) 60 g을 넣은 후 이중밀봉기로 탈기, 밀봉하여 $121^{\circ}C$ 에서 Fo 값이 8-12분이 되도록 살균하여 토마토페이스트소스첨가 과메기통조림을 제조하였으며, 각 살균 조건별로 제조한 시료에 대하여 내용물의 이화학적 성질의 변화 및 관능적 변화에 대하여 살펴보았다. Fo 값이 8-12분이 되도록 살균한 토마토페이스트소스첨가 과메기통조림의 경우 모든 살균조건에서 생균수가 검출되지 않았으며, Fo 값이 증가함에 따라 일반성분 중 수분함량은 감소하였고 조단백질 및 조지방함량은 증가하였다. 살균조건의 차이에 따른 pH의 변화는 거의 없었으며, VBN, 아미노질소량 및 조직감은 Fo 값이 증가할수록 그 값이 증가하였으나 TBA 값은 오히려 감소하였다. 색조의 경우 명도는 감소하였고 적색도 및 황색도는 거의 차이가 없었으며 색차( ${\Delta}E$ )는 증가하였다. 주요 무기질 성분은 Na, P, K, Ca 및 Mg이었으며 Fo 값의 차이에 따른 함량 변화는 거의 없었다. 총아미노산 및 유리아미노산은 Fo 값이 증가할수록 약간씩 증가하였으며, 총아미노산의 주요 아미노산은 glutamic acid, proline, aspartic acid 및 lysine이었으며, 주요 유리아미노산은 histidine 및 glutamic acid이었다. 관능검사 결과 색조, 냄새, 맛 및 조직감은 Fo 값에 따른 차이가 거의 나지 않았고, 관능검사원들이 관능적 차이를 구별하기 힘들다는 의견이 지배적이었다. 따라서 살균원가가 가장 저렴하고 상업적 살균 조건에도 만족되는 Fo 값 8분인 제품을 생산하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단되었다. 【Kwamaegi is made from the flesh of Pacific saury, Cololabis Saira, which is traditional Korean seafood. It is well-recognized as a valuable health food containing EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA(docosahexaenoic acid) to be known ${\omega}$ -3 fatty acid. This study was conducted to obtain basic data which can be applied to process of canned Kwamaegi using tomato paste sauce. Commercial Kwamaegi was cut into $2{\times}3cm$ lengths, filled 90 g into can (301-3), added with 60 g water and then precooked for 10 min. at $100^{\circ}C$ . After precooking, water was drained. The precooked Kwamaegi was packed into the can, and added with 60 g of tomato paste sauce(tomato paste 42%, gum guar 1.0%, salt 2.0%, starch syrup 2.0%, cooking wine 1%, water 52%). The cans were seamed using a vacuum seamer, and then sterilized for various Fo values (Fo 8~12 min.) in a steam system retort at $121^{\circ}C$ . pH, VBN, amino-N, total amino acid, free amino acid, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, mineral, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned Kwamaegi using tomato paste sauce produced at various sterilization condition(Fo 8~12 min.) were measured. There was no remarkable difference between sterilization conditions and sensual characteristics. The results showed that the product sterilized at Fo 8 min. was the most desirable because this condition is the most economical and tasty.】

RFID thecnology has been widely adopted by industries for supply chain management. When a product item is manufactured RFID tag is attached to the product item and supply chain management among factories, distributors, retailers and customers needs to handle ownership transfer for the product item carefully. With RFID technology, the secure and efficient ownership transfer protocol is an important issue for the identification of product items and the overall system efficiency on supply chain. Many ownership transfer protocols have been proposed now. They have security problems and use complex operations such as encryption operation and hash function. Lo et al. proposed a protocol using lightweight operations such as shift, addition, XOR, and random number generation[1]. However, this protocol has a security problem in which the secret key between the tag and the new owner is disclosed to the attackers, and it is also weak against the Fraud attack[2]. In this paper, we propose a new ownership transfer protocol using lightweight operations such as shift, addition, and random number generation. This protocol is the modified version of Lo et al.‘s protocol and is secure against the security attacks.

The study objectives were to establish ojeok-san (Five Accumulation Powder: wu ji san) administration criteria and a questionnaire to evaluate the holistic effects of ojeok-san on patients with low back pain (LBP).Texts and literatures, recommended by specialists, were searched to gather ojeok-san-related symptoms. Then, the opinions of Oriental medicine doctors (OMDs) practicing in Seoul were surveyed to ask which symptoms they consider the most in clinical practice. Based on the survey, selection of potential items for the questionnaire was made. The final version was established based on the results of the survey and Delphi process of musculoskeletal diseases specialists. In order to evaluate the reliability and validity of the newly developed assessment tool (Ojeok-san Low Back Questionnaire: OLQ), patients with chronic LBP were recruited. OLQ and other tools such as visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Modified-Modified Schober test, and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey were applied to the subjects in a 2-week interval. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent and discrimination validity were assessed.A total of 90 potential items were generated by the research team. One hundred and two (102) OMDs fully replied to the survey. Based on the survey results, 34 items were initially selected as potential items. Through Delphi method of experts, 10 top items, rated more than 5 points on a scale of 10, were finally established. The 10 items were each established as a response scale of 0-10 (0 as no symptom and 10 as the most excessive form of symptom). Based on the above stages, an initial OLQ was established and used in the evaluation phase. The validity and reliability of OLQ assessment results showed high test-retest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient, and internal consistency.The newly developed Ojeok-san administration criteria and questionnaire may be a promising tool for future Oriental medicine clinical study protocols.

Objectives : The aim of this study was to observe the effect of balanced acupuncture on herniated intervertebral disc of lumbar spine patients. Methods : We investigated 23 cases of in-patients with acute & subacute herniated intervertebral disc of lumbar spine in oriental hospital, and divided patients into two groups. We treated one group(12 people) by complex oriental medical treatment with Balanced acupuncture, and the other group(11 people) by complex oriental medical treatment without Balanced acupuncture. To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment applied for two groups, we used visual analog scale(VAS) and rating scale for low back pain at admission and discharge. Results : 1. In balanced acupuncture group and control group, compared with baseline and final. VAS was significantly improved. 2. In Balanced acupuncture group and control group, compared with baseline and final. Rating scale for low back pain was significantly improved. 3. VAS and rating scale for low back pain improvement rate in balanced acupuncture group were no statistical significance compared with control group. Conclusions : Balanced acupuncture might be used for relieving symptoms related with herniated intervertebral disc of lumbar spine, but it's no statistical significance.

This study was to investigate characteristics of Seoho watershed in Suwon city. BOD5 and SS were selected due to the one of the important factors of the water qualities. Monitoring was conducted monthly for four years during the non-rainfall time. Also, we have been monitored BOD5, CODMn, SS, TN and TP with two times sampling after the rainfalls. The highest concentrations of BOD5 and SS were observed in downstream compare with upstream and midstream during the non-rainfall time. No change was observed in BOD5 and CODMn during the non-rainfall time and after the rainfalls. The monitoring result indicated that the concentration of SS was the highest in downstream after the rainfalls. We have collected the samples two times after the rainfalls. The rainfall intensity in first sampling was two times higher than second sampling. TN and TP concentrations were increased with increasing the rainfall intensity at all stream. The ESB (Ecological Score of Benthic macroinverterbrate community) index was used to evaluate the statement of stream. ESB results were identified that the upstream is protected waters and the down and midstream is reformed waters. EBS analysis results indicated that the Seoho watershed was β-mesosaprobic at all stream.

This study was to investigate the runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban area in Suwon city. The highest T-N and T-P concentration of rainfall runoff observed in agricultural area. In residential area, the highest BOD 5 and SS concentration of rainfall runoff was investigated. During rainfall events, the peak concentrations of SS and BOD 5 were observed after 1~2 hours of rainfall in urban area. Whereas, the peak concentrations occurred within 1~2 hours after rainfall and then the highest concentrations of SS and BOD 5 sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in urban area. The EMC results indicated that the highest value of T-N and T-P in agricultural area was observed. While residential area was shown the lowest EMC value as T-N and T-P. Non-point pollutant loads on the land use types in urban area were investigated in the order of residential>industrial>agricultural>highway. BOD 5 and SS loads on urban watershed were investigated in the order of Suwon>Hwangguji>Seoho>Wonchunri. Whereas, T-N and T-P loads on urban watershed were investigated in the order of Hwangguji>Suwon>Wonchunri>Seho. Key words: Non-point pollutants source, EMC, First flush effect, Land use types, Loads

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate whether warm-needling is more effective than acupuncture in relieving the pain and improving the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis(OA). Methods : 76 volunteers with knee OA participated in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received warm-needling(n=38), while the other group received acupuncture(n=38). Sixteen sessions of warm-needling or acupuncture were conducted on the pain region of each problematic knee over a period of 8 weeks. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC) scores, physical health score based on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36) and the Global Assessment(PGA) was measured. Results : Compared to the acupuncture group, the warm-needling group showed a significant decrease in pain, function, and total WOMAC scores according to the Mann-Whitney U-test. The PGA scores of the warm-needling group also showed a significant improvement compared to the acupuncture group. Conclusions : Warm-needling showed a greater pain relief effect on knee OA compared to the acupuncture group. These findings suggest that warm-needling may be a promising alternative therapy for treating knee OA.

This study was conducted to explore the antiadipogenic effect and possible mechanism of Gambisan on 3T3-L1 cells. For quality control, Gambisan was standardized by HPLC and the standard compounds ephedrine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and caffeine were screened. Cultured 3T3-L1 cells that had been induced to differentiate were treated with various concentrations of Gambisan or its major component extracts (Ephedra intermediaSchrenk,Atractylodes lanceaDC., andThea sinensisL.) for 72 hours for MTT assay to determine cell viability or 10 days for LDH assay, triglyceride assay, DNA content measurement, Oil red O staining, RT-PCR, and western blot. Gambisan significantly inhibited adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by reducing triglyceride contents and lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner without obvious cytotoxicity. Viability and DNA content in 3T3-L1 cells treated with Gambisan were significantly higher than cells treated with the major component extracts at every concentration. The anti-adipogenic effects of Gambisan appeared to be mediated by a significant downregulation of the expression of lipoprotein lipase mRNA and PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1 protein apart from the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase. Gambisan could act as a possible therapeutic agent for obesity. However, further studies includingin vivoassays and clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy, safety and mechanisms of the antiobesity effects of Gambisan.

We investigated the effect of galangin, a natural flavonoid, on osteoclastic bone destruction in collagen-induced arthritis and examined the molecular mechanisms by which galangin affects osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow derived macrophages. In mice with collagen-induced arthritis, administration of galangin significantly reduced the arthritis clinical score, edema and severity of disease without toxicity. Interestingly, galangin treatment during a later stage of collagen-induced arthritis, using mice with a higher clinical arthritis score, still significantly slowed the progression of the disease. Extensive cartilage and bone erosive changes as well as synovial inflammation, synovial hyperplasia and pannus formation were dramatically inhibited in arthritic mice treated with galangin. Furthermore, galangin-treated arthritic mice showed a significant reduction in the concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17. We found that galangin inhibited osteoclastogenic factors and osteoclast formation in bone marrow-derived macrophages and osteoblast co-cultured cells, and increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in osteoblasts. Galangin and NF-κB siRNA suppressed RANKL-induced phosphorylation of the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Also, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 inhibitor SB203580 reduced RANKL-induced expressions of phospho-c-Jun, c-fos and NFATc1 genes during osteoclast development. In addition, galangin suppressed RANKL-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB, phospho-IκBα, inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast formation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our data suggest that galangin prevented osteoclastic bone destruction and osteoclastogenesis in osteoclast precursors as well as in collagen-induced arthritis mice without toxicity via attenuation of RANKL-induced activation of JNK, p38 and NF-κB pathways.

A variety of research is in progress to detect wanted scenes from videos. A method of detecting scenes wanted by a user through scene rearrangement based on calculated visual similarity is limited in that such a method does not reflect elements along the storyline through which a user remembers a movie. A movie's story is built up by characters, and such build-up is closely related with emotions of characters in a film. A movie browsing system based on storyline is executable by applying characters and those characters' emotions. Thus, methods of extracting key characters in each scene and of clustering scenes through extraction of emotion vectors from dialogues in each scene are hereby suggested. This paper also proposes to develop a movie browsing method and a system based on emotions of characters.

Melittin (1) is a major polypeptide in honey bee venom that has been used traditionally against chronic inflammation and cancer. However, its molecular mechanism has not been determined. In this study, the antitumor effect of 1 was compared with that of NS398, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, in vivo and in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of 1 at 0.5 and 5 mg/kg suppressed significantly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-transfected highly metastatic Lewis lung cancer (VEGF-A-hm LLC) tumor growth by 25% and 57%, respectively. Also, 1 inhibited significantly the number of vessels around VEGF-A-hm LLC cells. The results were superior to those obtained in the mice treated with NS398. Compound 1 dose-dependently inhibited proliferation and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (VEGF-A-HUVECs), without affecting cell viability in native HUVECs. In addition, 1 decreased the expression of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in VEGF-A-transfected HUVECs. These effects were accompanied by a reduction of the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-jun N-terminal kinase, whereas it increased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). SB203580 abolished the downregulation of COX-2 and VEGFR-2 and the inhibition of cell proliferation by 1. The antitumor activity of 1 may be associated with antiangiogenic actions via inhibiting VEGFR-2 and inflammatory mediators involved in the MAPK signaling pathway.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The dried flowers of Lonicera japonica Thunb and dried roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides BUNGE have been used for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases in traditional Korean medicine. Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of WIN-34B, a new herbal medicine, in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) obtained from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and methods WIN-34B is isolated from the n-butanol fraction of dried flowers of L. japonica and dried roots of A. asphodeloides. The anti-inflammatory effects of WIN-34B on cell viability, the production and release of inflammatory mediators, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), aggrecanases, tissue inhibitor of matrix proteinases (TIMP) is compared with celecoxib in IL-1β-stimulated human OA FLS. Furthermore, the effect of WIN-34B on inhibitory kappa B-α (IκB-α) phosphorylation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS was also evaluated. Results WIN-34B significantly inhibited the IL-1β-induced cell viability in human OA FLS without cytotoxicity. Compared to celecoxib, WIN-34B exhibited similar or better anti-inflammatory effects through significant suppression of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and NO), MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), and enhancement of TIMPs (TIMP-1 and TIMP-3). Moreover, WIN-34B reduced the phosphorylation of IκB-α, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2 in IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS. Conclusions WIN-34B exhibited similar or better anti-inflammatory properties in IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS compared to celecoxib. The anti-inflammatory effects of WIN-34B are due to inhibition of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and NO) and regulation of MMPs, ADAMTSs and TIMPs via the inhibition of IκB-α and MAPK phosphorylation in IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS.

The atomic-layered semiconducting materials of transition metal dichalcogenides are considered effective light sources with both potential applications in thin and flexible optoelectronics and novel functionalities. In spite of the great interest in optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, the excitonic properties still need to be addressed, specifically in terms of the interlayer interactions. Here, we report the distinct behavior of the A and B excitons in the presence of interlayer interactions of layered MoS2 crystals. Micro-photoluminescence spectroscopic studies reveal that on the interlayer interactions in double layer MoS2 crystals, the emission quantum yield of the A exciton is drastically changed, whereas that of the B exciton remains nearly constant for both single and double layer MoS2 crystals. First-principles density functional theory calculations confirm that a significant charge redistribution occurs in the double layer MoS2 due to the interlayer interactions producing a local electric field at the interfacial region. Analogous to the quantum-confined Stark effect, we suggest that the distinct behavior of the A and B excitons can be explained by a simplified band-bending model.

Background People living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience a range of symptoms and often have complex comorbidities. Many pharmacological interventions for people with CKD have known risks of adverse events. Acupuncture is widely used for symptom management in patients with chronic diseases and in other palliative care settings. However, the safety and efficacy of acupuncture for people with CKD remains largely unknown. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the benefits and harms of acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, acupressure, moxibustion and other acupuncture-related interventions (alone or combined with other acupuncture-related interventions) for symptoms of CKD. In particular, we planned to compare acupuncture and related interventions with conventional medicine, active non-pharmacological interventions, and routine care for symptoms of CKD. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register up to 28 January 2016 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. We also searched Korean medical databases (including Korean Studies Information, DBPIA, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Research Information Centre for Health Database, KoreaMed, the National Assembly Library) and Chinese databases (including the China Academic Journal). Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that investigated the effects of acupuncture and related point-stimulation interventions with or without needle penetration that involved six sessions or more in adults with CKD stage 3 to 5, regardless of the language and type of publication. We excluded studies that used herbal medicine or co-interventions administered unequally among the study groups. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We calculated the mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous outcomes and risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. Primary outcomes were changes in pain and depression, and occurrence of serious of adverse events. Main results We included 24 studies that involved a total of 1787 participants. Studies reported on various types of acupuncture and related interventions including manual acupuncture and acupressure, ear acupressure, transcutaneous electrical acupuncture point stimulation, far-infrared radiation on acupuncture points and indirect moxibustion. CKD stages included pre-dialysis stage 3 or 4 and end-stage kidney disease on either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. None of the included studies assessed pain outcomes, nor formally addressed occurrence of serious adverse events, although three studies reported three participant deaths and three hospitalisations as reasons for attrition. Three studies reported minor acupuncture-related harms; the remainder did not report if those events occurred. All studies were assessed at high or unclear risk of bias in terms of allocation concealment. Seventeen studies reported outcomes measured for only two months. There was very low quality of evidence that compared with routine care, manual acupressure reduced scores of the Beck Depression Inventory score (scale from 0 to 63) (3 studies, 128 participants: MD -4.29, 95% CI -7.48 to -1.11, I2 = 0%), the revised Piper Fatigue Scale (scale from 0 to 10) (3 studies, 128 participants: MD -1.19, 95% CI -1.77 to -0.60, I2 = 0%), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (scale from 0 to 21) (4 studies, 180 participants: MD -2.46, 95% CI -4.23 to -0.69, I2 = 50%). We were unable to perform further meta-analyses because of the paucity of data and problems with clinical heterogeneity, such as different interventions, comparisons and timing of outcome measurements. Authors' conclusions There was very low quality of evidence of the short-term effects of manual acupressure as an adjuvant intervention for fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance and uraemic pruritus in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis. The paucity of evidence indicates that there is little evidence of the effects of other types of acupuncture for other outcomes, including pain, in patients with other stages of CKD. Overall high or unclear risk of bias distorts the validity of the reported benefit of acupuncture and makes the estimated effects uncertain. The incomplete reporting of acupuncture-related harm does not permit us to assess the safety of acupuncture and related interventions. Future studies should investigate the effects and safety of acupuncture for pain and other common symptoms in patients with CKD and those undergoing dialysis.

This paper suggests the way to build the integration of internal server by using link server with virtualization method. With the development of on-line games, game communities began to be formed by users, players get fun from playing games, sharing online space with friends, clans, and parties. However, the limit of physical server restrict the allows under average a hundred users to play at same time and place, and three thousand to ten thousand people to access to game community with chat, message, friends functions. By following the explanation of the method from this paper, this limit can be overcome. It will give the function to share information of all connected users in one displayed server. This paper demonstrates the key quality requirements of the server built by this way such as scalable architecture, consistency, and latency is fulfilled.

Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, has been reported to possess biologically beneficial properties, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immune-enhancing effects. However, the precise molecular mechanism of the anticancer activity of chitosan is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether water-soluble chitosan (WSC) has pro-apoptotic activity on the human leukemia cells (U937, K562, HL60 and THP-1). Our results showed that treatment with WSC for 24 h inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in leukemic cells via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. This effect was accompanied by a marked increase in caspase activation and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, WSC decreased Bcl-2 expression in all leukemic cells and reversed the ectopic expression of Bcl-2 in U937 cells. WSC also suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Taken together, these data suggest that WSC inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in leukemia cells through the suppression of Bcl-2- and the Akt-dependent signaling pathways. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide obtained from deacetylated chitin. Usage of this compound is significantly increasing because of its immunomodulating, anticancerous, antibacterial and antiviral activity. However, application of chitosan is limited because chitosan is a weak base and is insoluble in water and organic solvent. Water-soluble chitosan (WSC) is allowed to be used for more convenient administration and might provide new strategy to prevent cancer growth. These attempts give possibilities for the applications of WSC in economic markets.

Introduction Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) is a general after-effect of motor vehicle collisions or sporting accidents. Acupuncture is a common intervention for pain conditions such as musculoskeletal disease. We conducted a pilot trial to determine the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for patients with WAD. Methodology Forty participants were randomly allocated to an acupuncture group or a waiting-list group. The acupuncture group received acupuncture treatment three times per week for 2 weeks. Symptoms were evaluated before random allocation and after 2 weeks. The primary outcome measure was pain intensity. Secondary outcome measures were the SF-36, cervical range of motion (ROM), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). Results The results demonstrated that the change in visual analogue scale (VAS) in the acupuncture group was −1.85 [−2.67 to −1.02], compared to −0.40 in the waiting-list group [95% CI: −1.18 to 0.38] (p = 0.001). VAS significantly improved from 4.59 [3.67–5.48] at baseline to 2.74 [2.08–3.37] at the endpoint (p Conclusions Acupuncture treatment was associated with a significant alleviation of pain. This pilot study provided preliminary data on the efficacy and safety of acupuncture treatment for WAD. A full-scale randomized controlled trial is required to provide firm evidence of the effectiveness of this intervention.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and sodium-independent Cl?/HCO₃? anion exchanger (AE) genes are expressed in a wide variety of mammalian tissues including cholangiocytes. They play an important role in the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) as well as in transepithelial acid/base transport necessary for biliary bicarbonate secretion. The aim of this study was to examine the expression level of CFTR gene and AE genes (AE1, AE2 and AE3) in the cholangiocytes and the hepatocytes, and also measure AE2 gene expression level after bile duct ligation (BDL). As we previously described, isolated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes from the liver of normal and BDL rats were prepared and gene expression levels were measured by using RT-PCR. We found that AE1, AE2, and AE3 genes were expressed in both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, but CFTR was only in cholangiocytes. AE2 gene expression level was higher in the BDL hepatocytes than normal hepatocytes, which was significantly different between two groups. AE2 gene expression level was lower in the BDL cholangiocytes than normal cholangiocytes. However, AE2 gene expression level in both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes were not changed with a longer duration of BDL. These results suggest that CFTR and AE2 may play an important role in the pathogenetic mechanism of biliary cholestatic liver disease.

Probiotics have many effects such as antihypertensive, prevention of cancer, antioxidation, reduction of dermatitis symptoms, improvement of mineral absorption, reduction of allergic symptoms, and decrease of cholesterol, However, the main role of probiotics is that they balance intestinal microbials proportion. L. acidophilus is one of probiotics and microflora in intestine. It has an acidification activ-ity, aroma production, texture formation and probiotics properties. We studied on the roles of L. acid-ophilus in mice. In this study, body weights of mice were decreased when administration of L. acid-ophilus (1×10 10 CFU) and swimming ability has been raised than a normal group after feeding on L. acidophilus (1×10 10 CFU). After taking L. acidophilus (1×10 10 CFU), total white cells were increased than a normal group; hemoglobin and thrombocytes were increased. The level of cholesterol and tri-glyceride were decreased in blood analysis. We knew L. acidophilus is related to innate immune system. We found out the secretion of cationic peptide was increased in the Lysoplate assays as a re-sult of

Ethnopharmacological relevance The dried flowers of Lonicera japonica , also known as Japanese honeysuckle, and the dried root of Anemarrhena asphodeloides , the component herbs of WIN-34B, are traditionally used in Eastern medicine to treat various inflammatory conditions including arthritis. Objective To study the acute and chronic toxicities of WIN-34B and to compare its effects on gastric mucosa with those of diclofenac, a widely used NSAID, and celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Materials and methods To investigate acute toxicity, we orally administered a single dose of 5000 mg/kg WIN-34B to rats. To investigate chronic toxicity, we orally administered 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg WIN-34B to rats daily for 13 weeks. To assess its effects on gastric mucosa, rats received either a single dose or repeated doses of WIN-34B (400, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg), diclofenac (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg), celecoxib (100 or 1000 mg/kg), or vehicle, after which samples of gastric mucosa were assessed grossly and histologically. We also measured tissue activity of myeloperoxidase and synthesis of eicosanoids, including prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ). To further assess its effects, we administered WIN-34B to rats either intraperitoneally or orally, measured gastric injury scores using a rat model of diclofenac-induced gastric injury, and measured eicosanoid synthesis. Results WIN-34B showed no signs of acute or chronic toxicity in terms of general behavior, gross appearance of the internal organs, blood chemistry, or mortality. WIN-34B did not cause significant gastric mucosal damage after single or repeated doses. In contrast, diclofenac and celecoxib both caused gastric damage. In terms of eicosanoid synthesis, WIN-34B significantly suppressed LTB 4 synthesis while both diclofenac and celecoxib increased LTB 4 synthesis. WIN-34B slightly reduced PGE 2 production, while both diclofenac and celecoxib significantly reduced PGE 2 production. In a rat model of diclofenac-induced gastric injury, WIN-34B significantly suppressed LTB 4 synthesis and restored PGE 2 release. Conclusions These results demonstrate that WIN-34B did not cause acute or chronic toxicity in male or female rats. In addition, WIN-34B did not cause significant gastric mucosal damage, instead appearing to protect the mucosa from diclofenac-induced gastric damage through the regulation of PGE 2 and LTB 4 .

Adapting content services to the needs of the users requires content adaptation for context and sensibility. Adapting to context may necessitate distinguishing between video delivery to a PC versus a smart phone, while adapting to sensibility may necessitate between video delivery outside, in a quiet environment, or at home, or offering different movie choices on a sunny summer day, a cold winter day or a holiday season. One key area to address in providing adaptive content services is the design of the delivery system architecture of the adaptive content server. This paper describes several alternatives for this architecture, and outlines some additional concerns that must be considered when the chosen architecture is implemented.

Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosin), a specific polyadenylation inhibitor, is the main functional component in Cordyceps militaris, one of the top three renowned traditional Chinese medicines. Cordycepin has been shown to possess many pharmacological activities including immunological stimulation, and anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-tumor effects. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer mechanisms are not yet understood. In this study, the apoptotic effects of cordycepin were investigated in human leukemia cells. Treatment with cordycepin significantly inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis but not necrosis. This induction was associated with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of caspases, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein. However, apoptosis induced by cordycepin was attenuated by caspase inhibitors, indicating an important role for caspases in cordycepin responses. Administration of N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a scavenger of ROS, also significantly inhibited cordycepin-induced apoptosis and activation of caspases. These results support a mechanism whereby cordycepin induces apoptosis of human leukemia cells through a signaling cascade involving a ROS-mediated caspase pathway.

Human neuroblastoma is the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor in children. The existence and development of S-type cells is important for the prognosis and malignant properties in neuroblastoma patients. However, their origin is controversial and the relationship between S- and N-type cells in neuroblastoma has not yet been clarified. To investigate the feasibility of inter-conversion and characteristic features between S-type cells lacking malignant potential and N-type cells having metastatic potential, the genomic profiles of neuroblastoma SH-EP (S-type) and SH-SY5Y (N-type) cells were compared at high resolution. Common gain segments (>10 Mb) between SH-EP and SH-SY5Y cells were observed at 1q21.1–q44 and 17q21.32–q25.3. The results of the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed good agreement with the array-CGH data. Genome-wide inspection of SH-EP and SH-SY5Y cells successfully identified not only common chromosomal aberrations but also genomic variations, suggesting that interconversion could not take place between S- and Ntype cells. The identified differences between less aggressive S-type cells (SH-EP) and highly aggressive neuroblastic N-type cells (SH-SY5Y) might be useful for understanding tumorigenicity and discovery of potential new markers in neuroblastoma. This is the first effort to compare genomic profiles between less aggressive S-type cells (SH-EP) and highly aggressive neuroblastic N-type cells (SH-SY5Y) at high resolution.

The manufacturing process of vegetable oil based biodiesel was introduced in experimental manner. Ultrasonic energy was irradiated to induce the transesterification of the vegetable oil. The ultrasonic irradiation had two effects, those were heating and mixing of the reactants. We performed the experiment under various manufacturing parameters, viz. the ultrasonic irradiation time, sonic power, and irradiation type at constant reaction temperature, 55 °C. The ultrasonic irradiation biodiesel synthetic process reduced the reaction time by 30 min or more comparing to existing processes. The ultrasonic energy densities (Ua) were calculated from the experimental data. The highest yield and methyl ester content were observed at an ultrasonic power of more than 450 W. The reaction conditions were also adjusted to stabilize the reaction media temperature.

Bee venom has been reported to have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental studies. However, questions still remain regarding the clinical use of bee venom. This report describes the successful outcome of bee venom treatment for refractory postherpetic neuralgia.A 72-year-old Korean man had severe pain and hypersensitivity in the region where he had developed a herpes zoster rash 2 years earlier. He was treated with antivirals, painkillers, steroids, and analgesic patches, all to no effect.The patient visited the East-West Pain Clinic, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, to receive collaborative treatment. After being evaluated for bee venom compatibility, he was treated with bee venom injections. A 1:30,000 diluted solution of bee venom was injected subcutaneously along the margins of the rash once per week for 4 weeks.Pain levels were evaluated before every treatment, and by his fifth visit, his pain had decreased from 8 to 2 on a 10-point numerical rating scale. He experienced no adverse effects, and this improvement was maintained at the 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year phone follow-up evaluations.Bee venom treatment demonstrates the potential to become an effective treatment for postherpetic neuralgia. Further large-sample clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the overall safety and efficacy of this treatment.