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Context: Among the essential amino acids, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are aromatic amino acids which are synthesized by the shikimate pathway in plants and bacteria. Herbicide glyphosate can inhibit the biosynthesis of these amino acids. So, identification of the gene tolerant to glyphosate is very important. It has been shown that the common reed or Phragmites australis Cav. (Poaceae) is relatively tolerant to glyphosate. Objective: The aim of the current research is identification, cloning, sequencing, and registering of partial aro A gene of the common reed P. australis. Materials and methods: The partial aro A gene of common reed ( P. australis) was cloned in Escherichia coli and the amino acid sequence was identified/determined for the first time. Results: This is the first report for isolation, cloning, and sequencing of a part of aro A gene from the common reed. A 670 bp fragment including two introns (86 bp and 289 bp) was obtained. The open reading frame (ORF) region in part of gene was encoded for 98 amino acids. Alignment showed high similarity among this region with Zea mays (L.) (Poaceae) (94.6%), Eleusine indica L. Gaertn (Poaceae) (94.2%), and Zoysia japonica Steud. (Poaceae) (94.2%). The alignment of amino acid sequence of the investigated part of the gene showed a homology with aro A from several other plants. This conserved region forms the enzyme active site. Conclusion: The alignment results of nucleotide and amino acid residues with related sequences showed that there are some differences among them. The relative glyphosate tolerance in the common reed may be related to these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major mechanism of signal transduction is reversible protein phosphorylation mediated by protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Thus phosphorylation regulates many biological processes. Protein kinases and phosphatases in different organisms can be assembled in the 'kinome' and 'phos- phatome', respectively. The PP2C-type protein phosphatases are monomeric enzymes present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Members of phosphoprotein phosphatases family are concerned in the regulation of numerous signaling pathways. Plant PP2Cs have been revealed as regulators of signal transduction pathways and also involved in development. The PP2C functions accentuate the existence of sophisticated signaling pathways in plants, in which protein dephosphorylation plays a critical function towards determining specificities. In current research the phylogenetic study of PP2Ctype protein phosphatases in some plant species has been investigated. In silico results showed four highly conserved motif of PP2C protein include: ANAGDCRAVL, RSGXWSDIG, DGYLNGQL and FYGVFDGHGGKXAA polypeptide sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MnSOD or manganese superoxide dismutase operates as a protective factor. The MnSOD Val-9Ala on mitochondrial target sequence (MTS) has been known as a polymorphism of this gene. The aim of the present expriment was to evaluate the relationship between gastric cancer and MnSOD Val-9Ala gene polymorphism. For this porpuse gastric cancer patients and controls that have been collected from North of Iran, were analyzed. The PCR-RFLP was carried out after DNA extraction. Results showed that the frequencies of MnSOD Ala/Ala, Ala/Val and Val/Val genotypes in healthy individuals were 25.0, 66.0 and 9%, respectively. In patients the frequency of MnSOD Val allele was higher (52%) compared to that in controls (42%). The results of this study demonstrated a positive correlation between MnSOD Val-9Ala gene polymorphism with gastric cancer and confirmed the results of Moradi et al. 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Aloe vera Linn. (Liliaceae) is a medicinal plant and has a number of curative properties. Vegetative propagation has not enough potential for supplying market demand. However, via in vitro propagation makes possible the mass production of Aloe plants. Objective: The current study was conducted to investigate growth regulators' effects on proliferation of A. vera. Materials and methods: In this study, for comparison of plant growth regulators' effects on proliferation, the shoot tips and auxiliary buds of A. vera were cultured in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to garden soil, compost, and sand in the proportion of 1:1:1, respectively, after hardening. Results: The maximum number of shoots was obtained on the medium supplemented with 1 mg/L IAA + 4 mg/L BAP and 0.2 mg/L IAA + 0.8 BAP mg/L. Rooting was also achieved in the same media composition proliferation of shoot. The acclimatized plants showed 100% of survival. The regenerated plants looked healthy, and they were morphologically similar to that of stock plants. Conclusion: These results suggest that in vitro culture may be used as a technique for rapid propagation of A. vera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study on different in vitro morphogenesis pathways (shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis) in four cumin accessions, three experiments (direct and indirect regeneration and indirect somatic embryogenesis) were conducted. Factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was carried out. Direct shoot regeneration of cumin accessions on shoot explant was tested in different concentrations of TDZ (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 μM) on B5 medium. Indirect shoot regeneration was conducted in B5 medium supplemented with different combinations of BAP (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 1 mg/l) in combination with NAA (0.2 and 0.4 mg/l) from shoot explant derived calli. In indirect somatic embryogenesis experiment, the induced calli were transferred to MS medium free of any plant growth regulators. Statistical analysis showed that the highest (57.5%) and lowest (6.67%) direct shoot regeneration were found in 10 μM and 1 μM of TDZ respectively. Results showed that 0.1mg/l NAA plus 0.4mg/l BAP and 0.1mg/l NAA plus 1mg/l BAP combinations determined as the highest level for indirect shoot regeneration (with 25.83 % and 25 % respectively). Furthermore, Shahdad and Afghanistan accessions had the highest (14.38 and 13.75 % respectively) and Koohbanan and Badrood the lowest (10.42 and 10.21 % respectively) indirect shoot regeneration. There was a relationship between 2,4-D concentration (that was applied for callus induction stage) and somatic embryo numbers in the somatic embryogenesis experiment. Also, we observed the more number of somatic embryos with increasing of 2,4-D concentration that were used for callus induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Character association and path analysis were performed for black seed cultivars using a split-plots design based on RCBD with three replications. Three cultivars ('Varzaneh', 'Semirom' and 'Mobarakeh') were studied under three levels of irrigation (normal irrigation, irrigation with drought stress before and after flowering). Under normal and abnormal irrigations the relation of seed yield and three characters biological yield, number of capsule per plant and thousand seed weight were high, positive significantly (p⩽0.01); the relation between yield and number of sub branch was positive significantly (p⩽0.05). In terms of abnormal irrigation there was a positive significant correlation between essence percent and yield (p⩽0.05). Under normal irrigation the most direct effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield (0.778) followed the number of capsules per plant (0.245). The most indirect effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield through thousand seed weight (0.576) followed stem diameter through biological yield (0.468). Under water deficiency conditions the most direct effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield (0.811) followed the number of capsules per plant (0.231). The most indirect effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield through thousand seed weight (0.562). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assessment of drought tolerance in genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). For this purpose twenty genotypes were evaluated in research field of Razi University using randomized completely block design with three replications in both rain-fed (stress) and irrigated (normal) conditions. Eight drought resistance indices including Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Stress Susceptibility index (SSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Yield Index (YI), Yield Stability Index (YSI) and Harmonic Mean (HAM) were calculated for each genotype based on grain yield under stress and normal conditions. Result of combined analysis of variance revealed significant differences between genotypes for grain yield. Drought stress reduced grain yield of investigated genotypes, significantly. Result of correlation analysis between grain yield in both conditions and calculated drought resistance indices showed that STI, GMP and HAM were the best indices for identifying high yielding genotypes in both conditions (drought tolerant genotypes). Based on STI, GMP and HAM and biplot analysis, genotypes No. 9, 12, and 14 comparatively identified as drought tolerant and genotypes No. 10 and 13 identified as susceptible genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed germination is one of the main stages of growth which is a basic requirement for determining optimum plant density in field. This character is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors including ability of genotypes to tolerate water stress imposed by environmental factors. The aim of this research was first, to, investigate the reaction of twenty bread wheat genotypes to determine the parameters and suitable water stress at seed germination and, second, to determine the parameters and appropriate water potential for screening the tolerant genotypes. Drought levels imposed a significant reduction on all measurement characters. The analysis of variance showed that genotype × stress interaction notified significant differences (P<0.1) for all the studied traits. Therefore, the studied traits indicated the necessary diversity in the stress effects. Subcategorizing genotypes into levels 0, -0.04 and -0.8 MPa showed that only genotype No. 12 presented no significant difference by rootlet length and dry rootlet weight traits. Therefore, the germination percent and the vigor index are suitable for selection of the drought tolerant genotypes. By correlation analysis promptness Index (PI), germination percent to 5 day (GP5), germination stress index (GPF) traits and vigor Index (VI) indicated significant positive correlation with germination stress index (GSI). The stress tolerance index (STI) as field criteria indicated significant and positive correlation with GSI. This shows that genotypes' selection based on high GSI value in laboratory conditions is suitable in field conditions based on stress tolerance index which is also much more recommendable. Based on the first two components, genotypes No. 5, 10, 12 and 13 in the vicinity of drought tolerance indices were identified as tolerant high yielding genotypes in both conditions. Three-dimensional plot based on STI and GSI showed that genotypes No. 5, 10, 12 and 13 with high yield in both conditions and relatively equivalent drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine effects of planting density on grain yield (GY), yield components and total dry matter (TDM) of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), three new released cultivars, namely: M-70-4, Niknejad and Mahdavi were subjected to four sowing density, 350, 400, 450 and 500 seed/m2 during 2007-08, 2008-09 in Kermanshah province, western Iran. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used. Combined analysis of data showed no significant difference among cultivars and seed densities, but 400 seed.m-2 and Mahdavi cv. produced the highest GY. Mahdavi cv. produced the highest TDM, HI and 1000 kernel weight (TKW) also and ranked in A class. Interaction effects of seed density and cultivar was significant. Based on regression analysis, increasing of seed density resulted in increasing of BY and spikes.m-2 and decreasing of HI and seed/spike. There was no reduction in TKW due to increasing of seed density. It seems that under Kermanshah province, a 400 seed.m-2 is recommendable to wheat growers and Mahdavi cv. will perform better than other genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to study effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on quantitative relationships between yield and yield components and essential oil in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under three different climate testing sites (cold, tropical and moderate climate locations) in western of Iran. Plant density (80, 120, 160 plant m-2) and Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 25, 50, 100 kg ha-1) were main and subsidiary factors respectively. Maximum yield (1275 kg ha-1) and essence (2.78%) were obtained at 100 kg nitrogen ha-1 and 160 plant m-2 in moderate location. Analysis of variance for testing contrasts of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer showed significant linear relationship between nitrogen fertilizer and yield components. A quadratic relation was found to be significant between nitrogen fertilizer and yield, yield components as well as between nitrogen fertilizer and essence percent. Significantly positive correlations were also observed between yield and number of seed per plant, number of umbel per plant, number of seed per umbel, thousand seed weight and biologic yield at tropical location. To gain maximum seed and essence of cumin, moderate location is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are the most important sources of medicine. In present era the large number of drugs in use derived from plants. The mint species have a great importance, both medicinal and commercial. The Mentha pulegium as an important medicinal plant and belongs to Lamiaceae family has numerous applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. Tissue culture is an age-old practice for in vitro regeneration of plants, especially the medicinally valuable plant or plants that are difficult to propagate in natural environment. The aim of current study was to find the best medium composition for callus induction in M. pulegium. For this purpose, two explants (leaf and hypocotyl) of M. pulegium were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BA (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L), NAA (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0) and 2,4-D (2.0 and 4.0 mg/L) in a factorial experiment. The results showed that there were not significant differences (p<0.01) among explants types for callus induction percentage and growth rate. The hormone levels of BAfree and 1 mg/L NAA (86.00%), 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA (86.00%), 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA (92.00%) and 1 mg/l BA and 2 mg/l NAA (88.00%) had the highest effects on callus induction percentage. In addition the hormone levels of BA-free and 1 mg/L NAA identified as the most efficient concentrations (0.25 mm/d) for callus growth rate. Also statistical analysis demonstrated that among interaction affects the hypocotyl explant in BA-free and 1 mg/L NAA was the more efficient effect (0.29 mm/d) for callus induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIron and zinc are essential for plant and human health. Biofortification is crucial for improving crop performance. We studied how biofortification of iron and zinc to flaxseed affected its yield, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant capacity in soil water and nutrient deficiency conditions. We tested nutritional impacts of iron and zinc (0, 4, and 8 g l−1) during the onset of stem elongation (VS) and flowering (RS) within two distinct environments (well-watered (WW) and after-anthesis water deficit (WD), and their interactions, on yield and fatty acid composition of flaxseed in 2018 and 2019 in Kermanshah, Iran. Based on the results in WW, seed, oil, protein, and mucilage yield were 1756, 646, 285, and 131 kg ha−1, and WD reduced seed and oil yield by 24, 33, and significantly increased saturated fatty acids, total phenol, and zinc in the seeds. In WW and WD, iron and zinc fortification significantly increased seed, oil, and protein yield, total phenol, unsaturated fatty acids and iron and zinc in the seeds. Path analysis showed that the number of seed capsule−1 and capsule plant−1 in the WW and WD, respectively, had the most direct and positive impact on seed, oil, mucilage, and protein yield. These findings suggest that oil yield was more sensitive to WD compared to seed, mucilage, and protein yield, and application of iron and zinc can boost the oil quantity and quality, iron, zinc content, and antioxidant capacity by minimizing the harmful impacts of WD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study was set up to determine the response of 12 Iranian winter diploid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars to anther culture on solid FHG induction medium supplemented with 90 mg/l sucrose, 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/l kinetin. For cold pretreatment each selected spike was kept in a refrigerator at 4°C for 14 days. The experimental design consisted of a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Embryogenesis and green plant regeneration occurred in all genotypes. The number of embryoids and total plant regeneration as well as the numbers of green and albino plants regenerated per 100 anthers, was recorded. The results showed that genotype affected significantly on embryo induction, total plant regeneration, green and albino regeneration. Genotype No. 9 gives the best results for embryo production, green and total plant regeneration (74.792%, 7.293% and 17.29%, respectively). Linear correlation analysis showed a positive and significant (p<0.01) relationship between embryo induction and green plant regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SDS-PAGE was used to evaluate and characterize the patterns of seed storage proteins in ten bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Electrophorogram for each variety were scored for presence/absence in each sample, which were transformed into a binary data matrix. Jaccard's similarity coefficient, generated to determine the genetic similarity among genotypes, revealed that most of the genotypes were genetically distant from each other. The cluster analysis with UPGMA method separated the genotypes into 2 clusters. Based on Jaccard's similarity matrix, we represented a protein marker and it is clear that genotype 14GB & Hama-4, 14GB & un11 and Hama-4 & un11 have the highest similarity and lowest genetic distance. Genotypes Boomaz and Saji have the least similarity and maximum distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pattern of expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins transcripts was studied in four winter wheat cultivars (Sepahan, Shirody, Chamran and Marvdasht) differing in resistance to powdery mildew. In current study the genetic variation for powdery mildew tolerance was investigated and proteins related to this disease analysed via leaf protein electrophoresis. The expression of these transcripts was studied under natural conditions during autumn, winter, and early spring of 2008-2009 at field site. The leaf protein samples of genotypes were analyzed simultaneously with powdery mildew disease occurrence. For this purpose leaves protein were purified by extraction buffer. SDS-PAGE method was applied for extraction and resolving of these genotypes. The results of SDSPAGE showed 25 bands on gel and they had high polymorphism almost in all genotypes. In relatively tolerant genotype (Shirody), bands 9 and 19 kDa (P9 and P19) differed from susceptible genotype (Marvdasht). The P9 and P19 bands in tolerant genotype have weak and sharp resolution. In the sensitive genotype this banding pattern has a reverse orientation. Study of these bands is in progress. Thus, appearance of P19 and P9 protein bands represent the tolerant and sensitive genotypes to powdery mildew disease respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard yield stability used to measure changes is the potential yield and actual yield of a genotype in different environments. The aim of this research was to evaluate the genotype and environment interaction (GE) and detecting the sustainable genotypes in rapeseed. Also, this study aimed to determine genotypes with stable grain yield using parameters of equivalence (Wi), regression coefficient (bi), deviations mean square (S2di) and coefficient of variation (CV), (first model), and AMMI model analysis (second model). For this pupose, a field experiments was carried out with 14 winter rapeseed genotypes for two consecutive years in two different irrigation and rainfed. The expriment was performmed in a randomized complete block design with three replications per the environment. Combined analysis of variance showed that difference between the genotype-environment interaction was significant. positive correlation and significant parameters of Wi and S2di showed that both of these parameters can be used independently. According to the AMMI model, the genotypes Geronimo and ARC2 had the highest stability with a high average yield. These genotypes can be used in future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oilseed crop oils contain a variety of unsaturated fatty acids that are synthesized and regulated by fatty acid desaturases (FADs). In this study, 14 FAD3 (ω3 desaturase) protein sequences from oilseeds are analyzed and presented through the application of several computational tools. The results indicated a close relationship between Brassica napus and Camelina sativa, as well as between Salvia hispanica and Perilla frutescens FAD3s, due to a high similarity in codon preferences in codon usage clusters and the phylogenetic tree. The cis-acting element results reveal that the seed-specific promoter region of BnFAD3 contains the critical conserved boxes such as HSE and ABRE, which are involved in responsiveness to heat stress and abscisic acid. The presence of the aforementioned conserved boxes may increase cold acclimation as well as tolerance to drought and high salinity. Omega(ω)3 desaturases contain a Skn-1 motif which is a cis-acting regulatory element required involved in endosperm development. In oilseed FAD3s, leucine is the most repeated amino acid in FAD3 proteins. The study conveyed that B. napus, Camelina sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Vernicia fordii, Gossypium hirsutum, S. hispanica, Cannabis sativa, and P. frutescens have retention signal KXKXX/XKXX at their c-terminus sites, which is one of the most important characteristics of FADs. Additionally, it was found that BnFAD3 is a transmembrane protein that can convert ω6 to ω3 fatty acids and may simultaneously act as a potassium ion channel in the ER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The online version of the original article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-023-10357-1 B Correction to: Biochemical Genetics b https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-023-10357-1 In this article, the affiliations of the authors "Ali Akbarabadi and Ahmad Ismaili" have been mentioned incorrectly. [Extracted from the article]

Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, essential oil, protein, and mucilage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of three different concentrations of Fe and Zn (control, 4, and 8 g lit−1) at two different developmental stages (vegetative stage (VS) and reproductive stage (RS)) on the quantity and quality of dragon's head seed yield and fatty acid composition in two crop seasons (2018 and 2019) under two environments (normal irrigation as control (NI) and post-anthesis water deficit (WD). In NI, average yields of seed, oil, and protein were 1155, 340, and 183 kg ha−1, respectively, and in the WD, they were 879, 283, and 148 kg ha−1, respectively. By applying Zn and Fe, the mean values of seed, oil, and protein yields in the NI were 1425, 478, and 264 kg ha−1, while in the WD, they were 1011, 354, and 200 kg ha−1, respectively. Furthermore, the application of WD resulted in a significant increase in zinc concentration, protein percentage, and saturated fatty acid percentage in seeds. Unlike WD, iron and zinc treatments decreased the percentage of saturated fatty acids and increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. The number of capsules per plant had the most positive indirect effect on grain yield. The results showed that foliar spraying of Fe and Zn could effectively mitigate the adverse effects of WD on the quality and quantity of seed and oil yield dragon's head. [Display omitted] • Foliar application of Zn and Fe mitigated the adverse effect of water deficit. • Oil quality significantly decreased under water deficit environment. • Mucilage yield was more sensitive to water deficit than protein and oil yields. • Oil quality significantly increased under foliar application of Zn and Fe. • The number of capsule per plant had the most positive direct effect on grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gall oak (Quercus infectoria) is a native tree of Iran, whose gall extract is used to treat many diseases. The presence of abundant secondary metabolites with various bioactivities in this plant has made it medically important. Despite its medicinal value, due to the lack of genomic information, the biosynthetic pathways of these compounds in this species are still unknown. The current research was aimed at observing, characterizing, and investigating the biosynthetic pathways of these compounds in Q.infectoria. De novo transcriptome assembly was conducted using the RNA sequencing technique. A total of 89,335 unigenes were generated, of which 6928 unigenes showed differential expression in leaves compared to root tissue. Gene ontology examination of DEGs revealed GO-term enrichment was related to cellular processes and enzyme activity. KEGG enrichment analysis for DEGs showed that most unigenes were related to metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Moreover, 39 families of transcription factors were identified, of which the C2H2, bZIP, bHLH, and ERF TFs had the highest frequency. In the absence of a reference genome, the overall study of transcriptome will provide a reference for future functional and comparative studies. Moreover, the data obtained from sequencing and de novo assembly can be a valuable scientific resource for Q.infectoria. • Large scale transcriptome sequencing was first performed in Quercus infectoria. • Identification and annotation of the coding genes in the de novo assembly. • Transcription factors and genes related to secondary metabolites were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The routine procedure of using nanosheets in drug delivery systems. Among the various nanostructures, two-dimensional (2D) colloids are undoubted of the most important nanomaterials because of their unique physicochemical properties. Graphene oxide, MoS 2 nanosheet, and black phosphorus are the most common 2D nanostructures applying for developing the nano-drug delivery systems in recent years. Diverse physical and chemical methods are used for synthesizing each of which and raising researches are done for developing the new one in the term of quality, quantity and ease of production. Surface modifications are also applied on nanostructures to improve biocompatibility, increase stability and reduce the cytotoxicity along with carrier targeting for specific organ or cell. This overcomes using the various natural and synthetic compounds attached by the covalent and non- covalent bonding regarding to different systems. Developing a more successful new nano carrier is strongly depend on having perfect knowledge on the earlier studies and identify the gaps exist in. In this review, after a brief historical introduction on the each 2D nanostructure, a detailed discussion is provided on their synthesis methods and surface modifications. Subsequently, the recent application of the nanosheets is investigated in the design of nano-drug delivery systems along with remarks in their cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has emphasized the development of efficient drug delivery systems to facilitate the delivery of biological compounds such as polyphenols via skin absorption. Phytozomes have been employed as carriers of plant compounds in this context Hydrogen bonding between plant polyphenols and the phospholipid phosphate group enables efficient encapsulation of potent compounds for enhanced drug delivery systems. Additionally, the strong affinity of phytosomes for the skin's phospholipids enhances skin absorption. In this study, phytosomes were initially formulated using the thin-layer hydration method After optimizing the synthetic parameters, phytosomes were loaded with Resveratrol and Quercetin for enhanced delivery and skin absorption potential to assess the characteristics of the synthesized phytosomes, tests were conducted to determine particle distribution and size, zeta potential, and examine the microstructure morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, a siloxane gel base was formulated in this study, and the stability of the physicochemical and biological properties of the final prepared nanoformulation was investigated. The results of this study indicated that the formulated phytosomes exhibit optimal characteristics for facilitating high skin penetration of resveratrol and quercetin. A high skin absorption was observed after 60 days of synthesis. Additionally, the base of the siloxane gel can play a significant role in preventing the formation of scars by reducing the passage of water vapor.

Recently, nanocarriers have been utilized for encapsulating and sustained release of agrochemicals specifically auxins. Due to their potential applications such as increased bioavailability and improved crop yield and nutritional quality. Herein, the efficacy of alginate/chitosan nanocapsules as a nanocarrier for the hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) loading and its effect on rooting tobacco plants has been carried out in the present study. The average particle size of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules was measured by Dynamic light scattering analysis at 321 nm. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles with an average size of 97 nm. The average particle size of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules was measured by Dynamic light scattering analysis at 321 nm. The characteristic peaks of IBA on alginate/chitosan nanocapsules were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Also, high efficiency (35%) of IBA hormone loading was observed. The findings indicated that the concentration of 3 mgL-1 of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules has the highest efficiency in increasing the rooting in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants compared to other treatments. According to our results, we can introduce alginate/chitosan nanocapsules as an efficient nanocarrier in IBA hormone transfer applications and their use in agriculture.

Oil seeds now make up the world's second-largest food source after cereals. In recent years, the medicinal- oil plant Camelina sativa has attracted much attention for its high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and low levels of saturated fatty acids as well as its resistance to abiotic stresses. Improvement of oil quality is considered an important trait in this plant. Erucic acid is one of the fatty acids affecting the quality of camelina oil. Altering the fatty acid composition in camelina oil through genetic manipulation requires the identification, isolation, and cloning of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. The Fatty Acid Elongase 1 (FAE1) gene encodes the enzyme β-ketoacyl CoA synthase (KCS), a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of erucic acid. In this study, the isolation and cloning of the FAE1 gene from Camelina sativa were conducted to construct an antisense structure. The molecular homology modeling of DFAE1 proteins using the SWISS-MODEL server on ExPASy led to the generation of the 3D structures of FAE1 and DFAE1 proteins. The GMQE values of 0.44 for FAE1 and 0.08 for DFAE1 suggest high accuracy in the structural estimation of these genes. The fragments were isolated from the DNA source of the genomic Soheil cultivar with an erucic acid content of about 3% (in matured seeds) using PCR. After cloning the FAE1 gene into the Bluescript II SK+ vector and sequencing, the resulting fragments were utilized to construct the antisense structure in the pBI121 plant expression vector. The approved antisense structure was introduced into the Camelina plant using the Agrobacterium-mediated method, with optimization of tissue culture and gene transfer conditions. This approach holds potential to advance our knowledge of fat biosynthesis, leading to potential improvements in oil quality in Camelina sativa.

This study assessed the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of Camelina oil, a well-known oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids that enhance cellular immunity and human health, in Wistar rats. Wistar rats, 5 per sex per group, were randomly assigned to three groups for acute (14 days) toxicity studies and five groups for sub-chronic (90 days) toxicity studies. In the acute study, Camelina sativa oil was administered orally at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight (BW). The positive control group received a single dose of 5 000 mg/kg BW Canola oil by gavage. In the sub-chronic study, Groups III-V received 250, 500, and 1 000 mg/kg BW of Camelina oil, while Groups I and II received ultra-pure water and Canola oil at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW, respectively. Throughout the experiment, clinical signs, mortality, and body weight were monitored. At the end of the sub-chronic study, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological investigations were conducted. Administration of Camelina oil and Canola had no significant effect on daily weight gain (P > 0.05) of the test rats. Serum calcium levels decreased while phosphorous levels increased in male rats treated with Camelina oil. Other hematological and biochemical parameters showed no significant differences or dose-response effects between control and seed oil groups in both sexes (P < 0.05). Moreover, in animal necropsy, there were no apparent lesions in the liver, heart, and kidney organs in any of the doses administered. In conclusion, the results suggest that oral administration of Camelina oil is unlikely to be toxic. Therefore, the possibility for the development of future human nutrition should be considered., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise., (Copyright © 2024, Varmira et al.)

The present study aimed to identify and characterize new sources of salt tolerance among 94 rice varieties from varied geographic origins. The genotypes were divided into five groups based on their morphological characteristics at both vegetative and reproductive stages using salinity scores from the Standard Evaluation System (SES). The experiment was designed as per CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with 2 sets of salinity treatments for 8 dS/meter and 12 dS/meter, respectively compared with one non-salinized control set. Using a Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter, assessments of the apparent chlorophyll content (greenness) of the genotypes were done to comprehend the mechanism underlying their salt tolerance.  To evaluate molecular genetic diversity, a panel of 1 K RiCA SNP markers was employed. Utilizing TASSEL 5.0 software, 598 filtered SNPs were used for molecular analysis. Whole-genome association studies (GWAS) were also used to investigate panicle number per plant (pn, tiller number per plant (till), SPAD value (spad), sterility (percent) (str), plant height (ph) and panicle length (pl. It is noteworthy that these characteristics oversee conveying the visible signs of salt damage in rice. Based on genotype data, diversity analysis divided the germplasm groups into four distinct clusters (I, II, III and IV). For the traits studied, thirteen significant marker-trait associations were discovered. According to the phenotypic screening, seven germplasm genotypes namely Koijuri, Asha, Kajal, Kaliboro, Hanumanjata, Akundi and Dular, are highly tolerant to salinity stress. The greenness of these genotypes was found to be more stable over time, indicating that these genotypes are more resistant to stress. Regarding their tolerance levels, the GWAS analysis produced comparable results, supporting that salinity-tolerant genotypes having minor alleles in significant SNP positions showed more greenness during the stress period. The Manhattan plot demonstrated that at the designated significant SNP position, the highly tolerant genotypes shared common alleles. These genotypes could therefore be seen as important genomic resources for accelerating the development and release of rice varieties that are tolerant to salinity.

Plant extracts have been shown to be effective in treating a variety of ailments; however their hydrophilic nature and unique chemical structure have caused significant hurdles due to their low bioavailability. Phytosomes technology is used to improve the absorption of phytoconstituents that are difficult to absorb. Among the leading deaths in the society is malignancy. The aforementioned consumes remained a big issue for modern chemotherapy since it has yet to be treated in an efficient manner. The goal of this study is to outline the most recent research on the potential use of phytosome complexes for cancer therapy, as well as the formulation processes and mechanism of transportation through phytosomes.Nanotechnology has paved the way for cancer therapy by altering key features of medications and their carriers. Novel drug delivery systems are used to transfer antitumor drugs to the particular site via different nanostructures. Among several unique drug delivery systems, phytosomes are a creative way to transfer phytoactive compounds to the site of action, and several phytosomes formulations are now being used in clinical settings. Phytoconstituents' anti-cancer activities are increased by phytosomal formulations.

Vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber that keep a significant role in the functioning of the human body to refrain human health benefits. The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of IAA on the seedless pod, chlorophyll, vitamin and mineral content of okra as human health benefits. The innovative seed soaking method of application using 0, 25, 50, 100 & 200 mg/l of IAA concentrations was used in okra before germination and cultured in vitro and in vivo. The lower concentrations (25 and 50 mg/l) of IAA significantly increased the pod setting compared to the higher concentration (100 and 200 mg/l). The higher concentration (100 and 200 mg/l) had lower fruit settings than the lower concentration (25 &50) had higher fruit settings. The higher pod size was obtained in the concentration of 100 & 200 mg/l of IAA (34.18 cm²) as compared to the control and other concentrations. In addition, the highest soluble solid content was obtained by 100 and 200 mg/l of IAA concentration as compared to the other concentrations. The maximum vitamin C was found in the concentration of 100 mg/l of IAA as compared to the control and other concentrations. Moreover, higher mineral contents like K, Ca, Mg, Na and Fe were found in 100 & 200 mg/l of IAA. The higher concentrations (100 and 200 mg/l) of IAA greatly increased the seedless okra percentage as compared to the lower concentration. It seemed that 100 and 200 mg/l concentration IAA was a better concentration for mineral content and seedless okra production as compared to the other concentrations.

The genetic characterization of the Iranian honey bee was investigated by analyzing 10 polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci in 300 honey bee samples representative of twenty Iranian provinces. This study evaluated the heterozygosity (Ho and He), the Shannon index, the number of observed alleles, and F-statistics among tested populations as genetic parameters. Our finding demonstrated that the Iranian honey bee populations were described by low genetic diversity in terms of the number of observed alleles, Shannon index, and Heterozygosity values. Most populations had significant deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium cause of heterozygote shortage. Low F ST and F IS values proposed the absence or very low genetic diversity within and among A. m. meda populations in the present study. The cluster analysis has categorized the honey bee samples gathered from various regions of Iran into two main groups, including honey bees in the North-West (i.e., North, Northwest, and West) provinces and honey bees in the East-South (i.e., Eastern North, Central part, and Southern) provinces of Iran. Our results also revealed lower genetic differentiation and heterozygosity among tested honey bee populations. The results from this study are consistent with previous investigations in Iran, alarming the loss of genetic diversity in the Iranian honey bee populations, which leads to more homozygosity. This study presented new data and reports on genetic structure in investigated native Iranian honey bee populations, and it will benefit future studies on selection, native biodiversity preservation and other conservation breeding projects., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Wounds and the healing process are one of the main concerns of medical science today. A wound is any loss of integrity, or rupture of the layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) or subcutaneous tissue caused by physical factors (surgical incision, trauma, pressure, and gunshot wounds) or chemical factors (acid burns). It is observed that soft tissue, muscle, or bone is involved in occurrences of wounds. Lesions and fractures of the skin surface necessitate medical attention, wherein dressings expedite the healing process by establishing a physical barrier between the wound and the external environment, thereby preventing further injury or infection. Hydrogel dressings create a moist environment that facilitates common healing steps, such as granulation hyperplasia, epidermal repair, and removal of excess dead tissue. The limited adhesion of the hydrogel and the hydrated wound bed allows for easy removal of the dressing without secondary damage, thereby significantly reducing the discomfort and risk of infection during dressing changes. These modern, wet dressings foster a moist healing environment by absorbing excess inflammatory secretions and allowing proper passage of steam and air, which expedites the healing process. In this analysis, the utilization of hydrogels as wound dressings is briefly presented.

The study was conducted to evaluate the root, shoot and leaf callus cell regeneration and its biochemical properties like antioxidant, carbohydrate, pigment and mineral content from broccoli root, shoot and leaf cutting in vitro. An in vitro factorial experiment was carried out based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 replicates in tissue culture applying different IBA (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 mg/l) and BAP (1 mg/l) concentrations using broccoli root tip and leaf cutting. The results showed that a higher callus weight was found in the cultured leaf cutting than in root tip cutting in the concentration of 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0 mg/l IBA + 1.0 mg/l BAP combination. The highest callus weight was found in the cultured leaf cutting than root tips cutting at the concentration of 1.5mg/l IBA+1.0 mg/l BAP. Furthermore, the highest inverted sugar and glucose, chlorophyll and nutrient content (K+, NO3- & Ca++), total phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant were found in the concentration of 1.5mg/l IBA+1.0 mg/l BAP combination in both broccoli leaf and root cutting. The results seemed that it was best to use the combination of the IBA and BAP in the concentration of 1.0-2.0 mg/l and 1mg/l to regenerate root, leaf and callus cell proliferation of broccoli from the root tip and leaf cutting.

Target-site resistance (TSR) and non-target-site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides in arable weeds are increasing rapidly all over the world and threatening universal food safety. Resistance to herbicides that inhibit ACCase activity has been identified in wild oat. In this study, expression of ACC1, ACC2, CYP71R4 and CYP81B1 genes under herbicide stress conditions were studied in two TSR (resistant in the residue Ile1781-Leu and Ile2041-Asn of ACCase) biotypes, two NTSR biotypes and one susceptible biotype of A. ludoviciana for the first time. Treated and untreated biotypes with ACCase-inhibitor clodinafop propargyl herbicide were sampled from the stem and leaf tissues at 24 h after treatment. Our results showed an increase in gene expression levels in different tissues of both types of resistance biotypes that occurred under herbicide treatment compared with non-herbicide treatment. In all samples, the expression levels of leaf tissue in all studied genes were higher than in stem tissue. The results of ACC gene expression showed that the expression level of ACC1 was significantly higher than that of ACC2. Also, expression levels of TSR biotypes were higher than NTSR biotypes for the ACC1 gene. For both CYP71R4 and CYP81B1 genes, the expression ratio increased significantly in TSR and NTSR biotypes in different tissues after herbicide treatment. In contrast, the expression levels of CYP genes in NTSR biotypes were higher than in TSR biotypes. Our results support the hypothesis that the reaction of plants to herbicide is carried out through a different regulation of genes, which can be the result of the interaction of resistance type in the target or non-target-site., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Oil seeds now make up the world's second-largest food source after cereals. In recent years, the medicinal- oil plant Camelina sativa has attracted much attention for its high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and low levels of saturated fatty acids as well as its resistance to abiotic stresses. Improvement of oil quality is considered an important trait in this plant. Erucic acid is one of the fatty acids affecting the quality of camelina oil. Altering the fatty acid composition in camelina oil through genetic manipulation requires the identification, isolation, and cloning of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. The Fatty Acid Elangase 1 (FAE1) gene encoded the enzyme β-ketoacyl COA synthase (KCS), which is a key factor in the biosynthesis of erucic acid. In this study, isolation and cloning of the FAE1 from the Camelina sativa were performed to prepare an antisense structure.  The fragments were isolated from the DNA source of the genomic Soheil cultivar with an erucic acid content of about 3% (in matured seeds) using PCR. After cloning FAE1 into the Bluescriprt II SK+ vector and sequencing, these fragments were used for the preparation of antisense structure in the pBI121 plant expression vector. The approved structure was transferred to the camelina plant via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Also, the conditions of tissue culture and gene transfer were optimized. Moreover, the erucic acid content of the immature seeds of T0 transgenic plants was analyzed with gas chromatography (GC). Results showed significant changes in erucic acid levels of two control plants (0.88%), while two lines of the RFAE1 transgenic plants showed a decrease of approximately 0% in erucic acid level. It can be concluded that the antisense structure can be effective in reducing erucic acid.

Background: In medicinal plants, selection, reproduction and preservation of important genotypes are very necessary. Nowadays, using tissue culture and regeneration techniques of medicinal plants under in vitro conditions has been able to proliferate medicinal plants widely, which is much higher than traditional methods of vegetative propagation. Maca (Lepidium meyenii), is an industrial plant whose root is the usable part. Maca has valuable medicinal effects such as sexual enhancement and reproductive power, infertility treatment, improved sperm count and quality, anti-stress, osteoporosis prevention and more., Methods and Results: This study was conducted to induce callus and regeneration of Maca. First, MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of Kinetin, Naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [0.5, 1 and 2 µM respectively] and control were compared for callus induction from root and leaves. After 38 days of incubation, the first callus appeared, after 50 days of callus induction and after 79 days regeneration occurred. The callus induction experiment was performed for the study of the effect of three explants (leaf, stem and root) and seven hormone levels. The regeneration experiment was carried out by studying the effect of three explants (leaf, stem and root) on eight levels of the hormone. The results of data analysis on callus induction showed that the effects of explants, hormones and their interactions on callus induction percentage were highly significant but not significant on callus growth rate. The results of regression analysis showed that explants, hormones and their interactions had no significant effect on regeneration percentage., Conclusion: Based on our results, the best medium for inducing callus was Hormone 2,4-D [2 µM] and Kinetin [0.5 µM], in which the highest percentage of callus induction was in leaf explants (62%). And the lowest were in stem (30%) and root (27%) explants. According to the comparison of the mean, the best environment for regeneration of the environment was 4 µM 6-Benzylaminopurine 2.5 + Thidiazuron, in which the highest percentage of regeneration was in leaf explant (87%) and stem (69%) and the lowest in root explant (12). %)., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Nowadays, medicinal plants are used to overcome the side effects of prescription drugs in modern medicine. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) derived from the root of the licorice plant is one of the plant compounds whose effectiveness has been confirmed in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD). Liposome thin film hydration method was used to synthesize chitosan-coated liposomes containing GA. In the present study, chitosan-coated liposome was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectrum confirmed the coating of liposomes by chitosan polymer.  Liposome coating leads to an increase in the size and values of zeta potential. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay of chitosan-coated liposomes containing GA confirmed that it has no cytotoxicity toward fibroblasts cell line, therefore confirming their cytocompatibility. Overall, drug loading, release and cytotoxicity were evaluated and it was found that chitosan decreased the release rate of GA. It seems; chitosan-coated liposomes may be a suitable system for delivering liposomal GA in the treatment of IBD.

Natural coumarins are valuable agents that induce anticancer effects and/or enhance sensitivity to therapeutic modalities. Galbanic acid (GBA), auraptene (AUR) and umbelliprenin (UMB) are coumarins derived from Ferula species with various pharmaceutical activities. The aim of the current research was to compare toxic effects of GBA, AUR, and UMB on human lymphoma cells in normoxia and hypoxia. In this regard, GBA and AUR were extracted from the roots of F. szowitsiana and UMB was derived from the roots of F. persica, all by thin-layer chromatography. MT-2 cells were treated with each agent for 3 consequent periods, while exposed to different O2 contents (21% and 2%). By the end of each treatment, the viability of MT-2 cells was determined by resazurin dye-based colorimetric assay. Obtained results revealed that low doses of GBA (10 and 20 µM) induced significant (p < 0.0001) toxic effects in hypoxia. However, similar toxicity was observed when cells were treated with 40 µM AUR in normoxia and hypoxia. Notably, UMB was the only coumarin that exerted cytotoxic effects in all time points (48, 72 and 96 h) in normoxia and hypoxia, although its concentration was highest (80 µM). In conclusion, this is the first report indicating GBA was the most toxic coumarin against ATL cells in hypoxia, AUR induced similar effects in normoxia and hypoxia, and low toxicity of UMB was stable during the time and different O2 contents. Future studies on other ATL cell lines are recommended to better evaluate the toxic effects of GBA, AUR and UMB in vitro.

Plants are constantly exposed to various biological and non-biological stresses that endanger their lives. Drought stress is one of the abiotic stresses that have a great impact on the yield and life of plants and is one of the main causes of reduced crop yields. Reducing the effects of environmental stresses such as drought using methods such as irrigation, fertilizer application and appropriate planting methods is limited. Therefore, genetic modification of plants is an important effort to minimize the effect of environmental stresses. in this research, Twenty disinfected camelina seeds were cultured on the MS medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and pH 5.8 under a laminar hood. After 14 days, the cotyledon explants (about 1 cm) were separated from the seedlings and placed on the callus induction medium. The MS callus induction medium containing 0.5 mg / l kinetin, 2 mg / l -2,4 D, 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and pH 5.8. Samples were subcultured every two weeks to the same medium and calli were formed after 4 weeks. Then the calli were transferred to the medium containing a concentration of 30% PEG. To study gene expression, first callus samples were treated with liquid nitrogen and to study the effect of drought stress on gene expression, this sample was sent to Zagros Bioidea Company located in the Razi University Incubator. Gene expression was performed through microarray technology. The results showed that seven different genes whose expression increased by almost six times the control value can be mentioned, including Cold-acclimation protein (CAP160), NAC10, Abscisic acid (ABA), ABF4, CRK3, lysM domain receptor-like kinases (LYKs) and Basic/helix-loop-helix(bHLH130-like). Drought tolerance is not a genetically simple trait, but a quantitative and complex trait with various aspects that require the use of molecular methods to investigate the relevant mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the expression of different genes of callus tissues of the Camelina plant under stress and non-stress conditions by microarray method.

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important kernel legume in the world. To optimize the plant tissue culture some experiments such as direct regeneration, proliferation, rooting shoots and somatic embryogenesis were done., Methods and Results: In experiments were used direct regeneration and proliferation, various levels of plant growth regulators NAA (0 and 1.0 mg/l), BAP (0, 1, 3 and 5 mg/l) and three explants' types (epicotyl, cotyledon and embryonic axis). The results of both experiments showed that embryonic axis explant was better than other explants. The highest percentage was obtained in MS media containing 1 mg/l BAP and also 3 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l NAA with an average of 72%. The highest average number of branches (4.66) was found in the proliferation of embryonic axis in MS medium containing 3 mg/l BAP. The highest rooting shoot (90%) was found in 1/2MS in B5 medium vitamins with 0.2 mg/l of IBA and 0.5 mg/l NAA. Somatic embryogenesis experiments were compared on the concentration gradient of 2,4-D in fine embryonic axis explants. The results displayed that the concentration gradient of 10 mg/l 2,4-D to 5 mg/l of 2,4-D and then to zero concentration showed the highest number of embryos., Conclusion: The best environment for regeneration embryos was MS medium with 2.5 mg/l of 2,4-D concentration gradient to zero. In this study, the PCR reaction showed the presence of the β-glucuronidase (gus) marker gene in regenerated cotyledons for 20 min in all three strains studied., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Herbal medications or formulations are regularly recommended by clinicians as a potential therapeutic method for a variety of human ailments, including cancer. Although Prosopis juliflora extracts have shown promise in anticancer activity, the effects on prostate cancer and the accompanying molecular mechanisms of action are still unexplored. This research aims at the antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing properties of Prosopis juliflora methanolic leaves extract in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. The antioxidant ability of the extract was assessed using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and two additional reducing power tests. Antitumor activity was determined using MTT cell viability tests and LDH cytotoxicity assays. The probable mechanism of apoptotic cell death was further investigated utilizing a caspase-3 activation assay and qRT-PCR mRNA expression investigations of apoptotic-related genes. The results revealed that the methanol extract of Prosopis juliflora leaves contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and phenols, all of which have substantial antioxidant activity. In vitro anticancer tests demonstrated that extract therapy resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability of LNCaP prostate cancer cells, but normal HaCaT cells showed no cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, plant extract therapy increased caspase-3 activation and mRNA expression of apoptotic-related genes, suggesting that this could be a mechanism for cancer cell growth suppression. The significance of Prosopis juliflora as a source of new antioxidant compounds against prostate cancer was emphasized in the current study. However, more study is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of Prosopis juliflora leaves extract in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Burn wound is one of the major medical and Hydrogels are one of the best wound dressings for burns. Herein, chitosan/Aloe vera hydrogel was prepared and cross-linked by genipin. The nano-liposomes of soy lecithin as a phospholipid containing calendula were added to the hydrogel. The surface morphology and functional groups were evaluated by SEM and FTIR methods, respectively. The average hydrodynamic diameter was calculated by the dynamic light scattering. Also, the nanoliposomes hydrogel containing calendula has a suitable swelling and vapor permeability. The encapsulation rate of calendula was 83 % which indicates a high load of calendula. In vivo release study of hydrogel containing calendula was achieved by the French diffusion cell. Finally, the cytotoxicity (MTT) test, the proliferation and viability of fibroblast cells (L929) were investigated and the results show no cytotoxicity of the hydrogel. for in vitro study, the passage of calendula-containing liposomes through the skin was investigated. Rat abdominal skin was used as a natural membrane. France diffusion cell was used as a two-compartment model to measure the amount of passage. The skin absorption of the calendula begins with a gentle slope and in 24 h approximately 90% of skin absorption has taken place.

Cold-acclimated and non-acclimated contrasting Camelina ( Camelina sativa L.) biotypes were investigated for changes in stress-associated biomarkers, including antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, protein, and proline content. In addition, a well-known freezing tolerance pathway participant known as C-repeat/DRE-binding factors (CBFs), an inducer of CBF expression (ICE1), and a cold-regulated ( COR6.6 ) genes of the ICE-CBF-COR pathway were studied at the transcriptional level on the doubled-haploid (DH) lines. Freezing stress had significant effects on all studied parameters. The cold-acclimated DH34 (a freezing-tolerant line) showed an overall better performance under freezing stress than non-acclimated plants. The non-cold-acclimated DH08 (a frost-sensitive line) showed the highest electrolyte leakage after freezing stress. The highest activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) was also detected in non-acclimated plants, whereas the cold-acclimated plants showed lower enzyme activities upon stress treatment. Cold acclimation had a significantly positive effect on the total protein and proline content of stressed plants. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed significant differences in the expression and cold-inducibility of CsCBF1-3 , CsICE1 , and CsCOR6.6 genes among the samples of different treatments. The highest expression of all CBF genes was recorded in the non-acclimated frost-tolerant biotype after freezing stress. Interestingly a significantly higher expression of COR6.6 was detected in cold-acclimated samples of both frost-sensitive and -tolerant biotypes after freezing stress. The presented results provide more insights into freezing tolerance mechanisms in the Camelina plant from both a biochemical point of view and the expression of the associated genes.

A group of protozoan parasites known as Leishmania species can cause a variety of chronic illnesses, ranging from self-healing lesions to fatal outcomes. Drug-resistant pathogens have become common due to the lack of safe and effective medications, which has sparked the development of new therapeutic interventions, particularly plant-based natural extracts. As a way to avoid chemotherapy's side effects, natural herbal remedies have drawn more attention. In addition to having anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cosmetic properties, the secondary metabolites of plants, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, have a number of positive effects on our health. Natural metabolites such as naphthoquinone, alkaloids, benzophenones, etc. that have antileishmanial and antiprotozoal activity have been the subject of extensive research. In this review paper, it can be concluded that these natural extracts can be developed into excellent therapeutic agents against Leishmaniasis.

Paspalidium flavidum (watercrown grass), a medicinal plant, is traditionally used in liver ailments and stomach problems. The hepatoprotective and gastroprotective activities of the aqueous methanol extract of Paspalidium flavidum (AMEPF) were studied in experimental animal models. Paracetamol and aspirin were used to induce hepatotoxicity and gastric ulcer in rats, respectively. Biochemical hepatic parameters, gastric pH, total acidity, ulcer index, percentage protection, nitric oxide and TNF-α were measured in AMEPF-treated groups. Moreover, GC-MS analysis of AMEPF was performed. Pretreatment with AMEPF improved the blood lipid profile and restored liver function tests in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. While in aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, oral administration of AMEPF significantly reduced (P<0.05) the gastric lesions, total acidity and ulcer scoring index, TNF-α with upregulation of nitric oxide when compared with the Diseased group. AMEPF exhibited anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Histopathological studies were in good agreement with the biochemical findings. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of anti-oxidant phyto-constituents, including oleic acid and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) in AMEPF. This study suggested that aqueous methanol extract from the leaves of P. flavidum has beneficial hepatoprotective and gastroprotective activities related to its anti-oxidant phytochemicals.

Vegetable oils, whose hydrocarbon structure is very similar to that of petroleum products, are ideal renewable and sustainable alternatives to petroleum lubricants. Bio-lubricants are commonly synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of vegetable oils. In this study, microwave irradiation was applied to intensify the mass-transfer-limited transesterification reaction to produce trimethylolpropane triester (bio-lubricant) from camelina oil as a promising local energy crop. A rotatable RSM-BBD method was applied to find the optimal levels of experimental factors, namely reaction time (67.8 min), the catalyst concentration (1.4 wt%) and the molar ratio (3.5). In these optimal levels, the reaction yield of 94.3% was obtained with desirability of 0.975. The quadratic statistical model with a determination coefficient of 97.97%, a standard deviation of 0.91 and a variation coefficient of 1% was suggested as the most appropriate model by Design-Expert software. Finally, the physicochemical properties of the purified product were in accordance with the requirements of the ISO-VG22 base oil standard., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Field weed infestations can cause serious problems and require regular and planned programs to control them. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that inactivates the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme and causes plant death. It has been reported that the mutation of proline 101 to serine in EPSPS is one of the effective mutations to reduce the affinity of glyphosate to EPSPS enzyme. In this study, we investigated the effect of the bacterial P101S mutant aromatic acid (aroA) gene on glyphosate resistance in transgenic rapeseeds. For this purpose, the mutant gene was synthesized and cloned into the pUC18 and pBI121 vectors. The gene was transferred to rapeseed by the Agrobacterium-mediated method. In this experiment, three generations of transgenic plants (T0, T1, and T2) were studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions. After the treatment of 75 putative transgenic plants with 10 mM glyphosate in T0 generation, resistant plants were identified and their seeds were harvested. In the T1 generation, out of 200 cultivated plants, 141 showed resistance. After the plants were treated with herbicides and resistance was determined, the seeds were harvested when they mature. In the T2 generation, most plants (162 plants of 200) were resistant to glyphosate. Therefore, the inheritance of resistance followed Mendel's first law, which is a sign of the monogenic character of resistance. Purification and increasing the percentage of resistant plants will be carried out in the next generations. It is concluded that P101S mutation guarantees glyphosate resistance of rapeseed and is recommended to study it in other plants., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes a decrease in renal function which leads to failure in balancing electrolyte, fluid and acid-base homoeostasis. AKI is a damaging and life-threatening disorder, but it can be managed if identified earlier. This study aimed to investigate the possible nephroprotective effect of Helianthus annuus seeds extract against gentamicin (GM) induced nephrotoxicity in male mice. The control group (0.5 ml normal saline i.p.,), Gentamycin (GM) group (GM 100 mg/kg i.p), silymarin + GM group (silymarin 50 mg/kg and GM 100 mg/kg i.p.,), H. annuus extract (HAE) and GM, group (HAE 250 mg/kg and GM 100 mg/kg i.p), HAE2 + GM group (HAE2; 500 mg/kg and GM 100 mg/kg i.p) and H. annuus oil (HAO) + GM (HAO 2.5 ml/kg and GM 100 mg/kg i.p). Serum creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly (P< 0.001) elevated in the GM group compared to the control group. The elevated level of serum creatinine, urea and BUN were decreased significantly (P<0.001) in groups treated with HAE and HAO extracts compared to the GM group. The kidney histopathological study from the GM group showed tubular necrosis, vacuolation and fibrosis. However, the animal that received HAE and HAO showed no tubular necrosis and vacuolation. Only mild inflammation was observed compared to the GM group. In conclusion, the extract caused marked radical scavenger and protected the kidney from oxidative damage of GM. H. annuus seeds contain strong antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, tocopherols and minerals, which could be responsible for the current show.