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Urbanization has both benefits and costs. This chapter summarizes research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity and economic growth in both rural and urban sectors, taking the case of India. It studies the relationship between urbanization and growth. Based on extensive data analyses of urbanization, it finds no impact of urban–rural inequalities on urbanization, but significant impact on the population of the largest city in the state. When accounting for the two-way relationship between urbanization and the rural–urban income ratio, it finds that urbanization increases urban–rural inequalities initially, but at higher levels reduces them. Urbanization benefits rural development since the chapter finds that it has a positive impact on increasing the rural–urban income ratio, and the evidence regarding remittances. Policy implications regarding telecommuting and investments in urban infrastructure are summarized. Lessons from India and the People’s Republic of China for each other’s urbanization are discussed.

This paper uses a systems approach to examine the implementation of a design thinking (DT) initiative in a Singaporean secondary school setting. In particular, the paper uses the systems representational tools attributed to Senge (1990) to better understand the factors and relationships that underpin successful change initiatives in terms of the change process and related outcomes. The systems approach sheds light not only on those managerial and behavioural factors that facilitate initial acceptance and adoption of the design thinking change initiative, but also those factors that might inhibit or undermine ongoing change and success. As such, the paper provides interpretive insight about what constitutes effective systemic change in the implementation of design thinking, and on the nature of individual managerial intervention necessary to sustain ongoing and effective use of the design thinking and other initiatives.

This paper presents research that examines the perceptions of school principals of the “Teach Less, Learn More” (TLLM) initiative in Singapore schools. A qualitative research was conducted with 13 school principals to explore their understanding of TLLM and their perception of the challenges that they faced in the implementation of TLLM. The findings show that the research participants agreed that TLLM was a good policy that would prepare students with knowledge and skills for the future. However, there were also many challenges, the most pertinent of which being the readiness of the students and teachers for a new teaching and learning paradigm.

The rise of interest in the learning organization (LO) concept attests to the value of learning by individuals and organizations for continuous improvement and adaptability to the ever-changing environment. Although the LO concept originated from business contexts, it was subsequently extended to educational organizations, particularly to schools. This paper presents research on the way LO is practised by a school in Singapore that subscribes to the LO philosophy. Using Ortenblad’s four integrated LO aspects (organizational learning, learning at work, learning climate and learning structure) as a framework of analysis, the research shows that the school practises the four aspects in a way that is unique to its school context, but that wider cultural factors have to be taken into account when interpreting LO in an Asian school context.

There is growing demand for management consulting as organizations look to external expertise to enhance their competitiveness. Not only do management consultants have wide experience that transcends that of individual client companies, but as outsiders they also bring perspectives that challenge routinized management practice. This research focuses on that challenge by looking at how they perceive their attempts to change entrenched mental models. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews with 18 management consultants was conducted in Singapore. The findings identify ways by which management consultants establish authority and seek to transform mental models. Two overarching approaches include building relationships with clients and explicit use of management concepts. The research also highlights some of the challenges perceived by management consultants in the process of changing clients' mental models.

Resorption of the root can be either internal or external and may manifest in the form of perforations on the middle third of the root surface. These resorptions may have undesirable sequelae such a gingival inflammation, periodontal destruction and bone resorption. Numerous materials have been tested to treat such lesions in the past. The present case makes use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and a periodontal flap for the management of external root resorption. With the success of treatment and desirable outcomes at follow-up appointments, MTA proved to be an effective and viable material of choice.

One of the key factors that contribute to effective management of schools is the professional development of principals. The role of the principal has become more complex with the dynamic and constant reforms in the educational environment. The present study focuses on the professional development of principals in New Zealand and Singapore. The identified categories for comparison include similarities in knowledge on leadership, models and skills that are important for aspiring principals. Differences include the selection process, programme design, modes of learning, futuristic projects and visits to other institutions. The study contributes to our understanding of key dynamics in the professional development of aspiring principals by identifying categories for comparison and discussing their relevance for analysing similarities and differences between these. The study also points to relevant interactions between professional development and the local environment.

The study of heavy metal distribution in coastal water and surface sediments is an important component in understanding the distribution levels as well as assessing the cause of anthropogenic influences on the marine ecosystem. During the last Twenty Five years, the coastal environment of southeast India had experienced intense developments in industry, urbanization and aquaculture. Several metals are known to be discharged frequently through industrial and domestic effluents along the southeast coast of India. The present study was carried out to determine the Heavy Metal Distribution in the coastal Waters and sediments of Mandapam, Thoothukudi, Arumuganeri and Kanyakumari Coasts. The sampling of coastal water and sediments was carried out from October 2013 to September 2014. The enrichment in the concentration of heavy metals in the samples that are close to the coastal areas indicated that higher concentration was due to the anthropogenic activities in the coastal area. Hence, this present study used to investigate the Heavy metal levels of contamination in this area, and also useful for further impact evaluation.

Schools are continuously looking for new ways of enhancing student learning to equip students with skills that would enable them to cope with twenty-first century demands. One promising approach focuses on design thinking. This study examines teacher's perceptions, experiences and challenges faced in adopting design thinking. There is a lack of empirical research on the adoption and implementation of the design thinking process in educational context from the teachers’ point of view. This paper fills this gap and also provides insight on a recent initiative adopted in Singapore schools. Qualitative case study research was carried out in a school using teacher narratives. Data includes in-depth face-to-face interviews and participant observation. The findings show that teachers perceive that design thinking holds the potential for enhancing skills such as creativity, problem solving, communication and team work as well as empower students to develop empathy for others within and beyond the community. The r...

Elderly individuals with constant assault are winding up increasingly various in our nation. In Mexico, an interminable assault that is among the best ten reasons for mortality. Individuals who endure Chronic Kidney Disease CKD must be on a consistent audit to keep up illness control and observing. In hemodialysis, a manufactured kidney hemodialyzer is utilized to expel waste and additional chemicals and fluid from your blood. To get your blood into the fake kidney, the specialist needs to influence an entrance to entrance into your veins. This is finished by a minor task to your arm or leg. Some of the time, an entrance is made by joining a conduit to a vein under your skin to make a greater vein called a fistula. In any case, if your veins are not worthy of a fistula, the specialist may utilize a delicate plastic tube to join a supply route and a vein under your skin. This is known as a unite. Sometimes, an entrance is made by methods for a thin plastic tube, called a catheter, which is embedded into a huge vein in your neck. This sort of access might be transitory, yet is infrequently utilized for long haul treatment. Saranya. C. S | Dr. Kala. S "Wearable Artificial Kidney: A Dialysis Machine to Clean Blood" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Active Galaxy , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14325.pdf Paper URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14325/wearable-artificial-kidney-a-dialysis-machine-to-clean-blood/saranya-c-s

As another innovation created based on picture and video handling, moving item following and perceiving is one of the essential research subjects in application fields, for example, PC vision, mechanical autonomy and video data preparing. It has discovered broad applications in video data preparing.It has discovered broad applications in video pressure, target acknowledgment, keen observing, video recovery human PC cooperation and bio prescription, and so forth .The system of moving article following is to choose whether there exist objects moving in video and to position the objective fundamentally and remember it .the exactness rate of protest moving in video and to position the objective essentially. Composed calculations are effectively arranged, incorporated and actualized on Field Programmable Gate Array FPGA . Ponkarthick. V | Dr. Kala. S "FPGA Implementation of Real Time Video Edge Detection by Using Different Filter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Active Galaxy , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14324.pdf Paper URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14324/fpga-implementation-of-real-time-video-edge-detection-by-using-different-filter/ponkarthick-v

Introduction: Calendula officinalis is a member of the family Asteraceae containing flavonoids, and essential oils etc. It is known to be effective against certain gram negative and gram positive clinical pathogens. Incorporating natural plant extracts into periodontal antiinfective therapy is a wise alternative in light of rampant antibiotic resistance amongst periodontal pathogens. Aim: To assess the antimicrobial efficacy of C.officinalis against five oral microbes, as compared to gold standard chlorhexidine digluconate. Materials and Methods: The inhibitory action of the two test agents, chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% and C.officinalis raw extract was assessed using tests to determine minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and inhibition zones using agar diffusion method. Time kill curve method was used to assess the time in which drug was inhibitive against five oral microbes namely, A.actinomycetemcomitans, P.gingivalis, P.intermedia, F.nucelatum and S.mutans. Results: P.gingivalis and P.intermedia were sensitive to C.officinalis, while F.nucleatum and A.actinomycetemcomitans exhibited reduced sensitivity. C.officinalis was highly effective against S.mutans (3.12 µg/mL), its inhibitory concentration close to that of chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% (6.25 µg/mL). C.officinalis took longer than chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% to exhibit lethality against all the organisms that it inhibited. Chlorhexidine exhibited immediate lethality (zero minute) against S.mutans while it inhibited the other microbes at 5 minutes. A.actinomycetemcomitans and P.intermedia were inhibited by C.officinalis at 30 minutes, S.mutans at 10 minutes. F.nucleatum was inhibited by C.officinalis at 2 hours and no inhibition of P.gingivalis by C.officinalis was observed. Conclusion: C.officinalis showed antimicrobial efficacy against most organisms tested, yet its efficacy was not on par with chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2%. However, its performance could still be used as evidence to spur on further human clinical trials, in patients undergoing phase I or IV therapies.

Background: Medline search using key words halitosis, tongue coating, polymerase chain reaction, microbial profile did not reveal any study. Hence, the purpose of the present investigation was to assess the malodor using the organoleptic method and tanita device; to quantify odoriferous microorganisms using Polymerase Chain Reaction technique in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: The study included 30 chronic periodontitis patients. Halitosis was detected using organoleptic assessment & tanita breath alert. Microbial analysis of Pg, Tf & Fn was done using PCR. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded. Result: The maximum score of 3 for tongue coating was found in 60% of selected subjects. The tanita breath alert measured VSC level of score 2 in 60% of selected subjects while organoleptic score of 4 was found in 50% of subjects. The maximum mean value of 31.1±36.5 was found to be of F. nucleatum (Fn) followed by P. gingivalis (Pg) (13±13.3) & T. forsythia (Tf) (7.16±8.68) in tongue samples of selected patients. A weak positive correlation was found between VSC levels (tanita score & organoleptic score) and clinical parameters. Conclusion: The halitosis assessment by measuring VSC levels using organoleptic method and tanita breath alert are clinically feasible. Maximum tongue coating was found in 60% of patients. Fn was found comparatively more than the Pg & Tf. A weak positive correlation was found between VSC levels and clinical parameters such as PI, GI & GBI. Thus,the dentist/ periodontist should emphasise on tongue cleaning measures that would reduce the odoriferous microbial load.

Aims: It has been estimated that >30% of male infertility cases are of idiopathic etiology. Recent studies revealed a positive connection between periodontal pockets and sperm submotility, which proposes that periodontitis may have a role in male infertility and inadequate semen quality. The aim of the present investigation was to inspect the relationship between male fertility parameters and the periodontal status of male patients attending in vitro treatment (IVF) clinic. Materials and Methods: The study participants comprised 85 men going to the facility for sperm investigation before semen insemination. The nature of sperm was surveyed by the WHO 2010 criteria. On the same day, male patients were examined for periodontal parameters. Results: The patients were determined to have either gingivitis (24.7%) or periodontitis (75.3%). Normospermia was credited to 23.5% and oligozoospermia to 43.5%. Sperm submotility was seen in 76.4% of patients. A higher number of sites with clinical attachment loss showed a positive correlation with sperm submotility and sperm count. Conclusions: The findings of the present study showed a conceivable relationship between male infertility, decreased semen quality, and periodontal diseases in men visiting IVF centers. Periodontitis may subsequently play a role in male infertility.