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Metadevices based on dielectric nanostructured surfaces with both electric and magnetic Mie-type resonances have resulted in the best efficiency to date for functional flat optics with only one disadvantage: a narrow operational bandwidth. Here we experimentally demonstrate broadband transparent all-dielectric metasurfaces for highly efficient polarization manipulation. We utilize the generalized Huygens principle, with a superposition of the scattering contributions from several electric and magnetic multipolar modes of the constituent meta-atoms, to achieve destructive interference in reflection over a large spectral bandwidth. By employing this novel concept, we demonstrate reflectionless (~90% transmission) half-wave plates, quarter-wave plates, and vector beam q-plates that can operate across multiple telecom bands with ~99% polarization conversion efficiency.

We discuss nanophotonic structures composed of high-index dielectric nanoparticles and present several basic approaches for numerical study of their collective optical response. We also provide comparison on the collective optical properties of dielectric and plasmonic structures, and review experimental demonstrations of Fano resonances in all-dielectric nanoparticle oligomers., Comment: Chapter 10, to appear in: "Recent Trends in Computational Photonics" edited by: A. Agrawal, T. Benson, R.M. De La Rue, and G. Wurtz vol. 204, Springer International Publishing, 2017

It is proposed and demonstrated that Q-factor of optical resonators can be significantly enhanced by introducing an extra anisotropic cladding. We study the optical resonances of all-dielectric core-shell nanoresonators and reveal that radially anisotropic claddings can be employed to squeeze more energy into the core area, leading to stronger light confinement and thus significant Q-factor enhancement. We further show that the required homogenous claddings of unusual anisotropy parameters can be realized through all-dielectric multi-layered isotropic structures, which offers realistic extra flexibilities of resonance manipulations for optical resonators., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures and Comments Welcomed

Photonic waveguide arrays provide an excellent platform for simulating conventional topological systems, and they can also be employed for the study of novel topological phases in photonics systems. However, a direct measurement of bulk topological invariants remains a great challenge. Here we study topological features of generalized commensurate Aubry-Andr\'{e}-Harper (AAH) photonic waveguide arrays and construct a topological phase diagram by calculating all bulk Chern numbers, and then explore the bulk-edge correspondence by analyzing the topological edge states and their winding numbers. In contrast to incommensurate AAH models, diagonal and off-diagonal commensurate AAH models are not topologically equivalent. In particular, there appear nontrivial topological phases with large Chern numbers and topological phase transitions. By implementing Thouless pumping of light in photonic waveguide arrays, we propose a simple scheme to measure the bulk Chern numbers., Comment: accepted for publication in Laser & Photonics Reviews

We present a consistent theoretical approach for calculating effective nonlinear susceptibilities of metamaterials taking into account both frequency and spatial dispersion. Employing the discrete dipole model, we demonstrate that effects of spatial dispersion become especially pronounced in the vicinity of effective permittivity resonance where nonlinear susceptibilities reach their maxima. In that case spatial dispersion may enable simultaneous generation of two harmonic signals with the same frequency and polarization but different wave vectors. We also prove that the derived expressions for nonlinear susceptibilities transform into the known form when spatial dispersion effects are negligible. In addition to revealing new physical phenomena, our results provide useful theoretical tools for analysing resonant nonlinear metamaterials.

Subwavelength-thin metasurfaces have shown great promises for the control of optical wavefronts, thus opening new pathways for the development of efficient flat optics. In particular, Huygens' metasurfaces based on all-dielectric resonant meta-atoms have already shown a huge potential for practical applications with their polarization insensitivity and high transmittance efficiency. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a polarization insensitive holographic Huygens' metasurface based on dielectric resonant meta-atoms capable of complex wavefront control at telecom wavelengths. Our metasurface produces a hologram image in the far-field with 82% transmittance efficiency and 40% imaging efficiency. Such efficient complex wavefront control shows that Huygens' metasurfaces based on resonant dielectric meta-atoms are a big step towards practical applications of metasurfaces in wavefront design related technologies, including computer-generated holograms, ultra-thin optics, security and data storage devices., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures

The discovery of two-dimensional topological photonic systems has transformed our views on electromagnetic propagation and scattering of classical waves, and a quest for similar states in three dimensions, known to exist in condensed matter systems, has been put forward. Here we demonstrate that symmetry protected three-dimensional topological states can be engineered in an all-dielectric platform with the electromagnetic duality between electric and magnetic fields ensured by the structure design. Magneto-electric coupling playing the role of a synthetic gauge field leads to a topological transition to an insulating regime with a complete three-dimensional photonic bandgap. An emergence of surface states with conical Dirac dispersion and spin-locking is unimpeded. Robust propagation of surface states along two-dimensional domain walls defined by the reversal of magneto-electric coupling is confirmed numerically by first principle studies. It is shown that the proposed system represents a table-top platform for emulating relativistic physics of massive Dirac fermions and the surface states revealed can be interpreted as Jackiw-Rebbi states confined to the interface between two domains with opposite particle masses., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures

We analyze third-harmonic generation from high-index dielectric nanoparticles and discuss the basic features and multipolar nature of the parametrically generated electromagnetic fields near the Mie-type optical resonances. By combining both analytical and numerical methods, we study the nonlinear scattering from simple nanoparticle geometries such as spheres and disks in the vicinity of the magnetic dipole resonance. We reveal the approaches for manipulating and directing the resonantly enhanced nonlinear emission with subwavelength all-dielectric structures that can be of a particular interest for novel designs of nonlinear optical antennas and engineering the magnetic optical nonlinear response at nanoscale., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures

Enhancement of optical response with high-index dielectric nanoparticles is attributed to the excitation of their Mie-type magnetic and electric resonances. Here we study Raman scattering from crystalline silicon nanoparticles and reveal that magnetic dipole modes have much stronger effect on the scattering than electric modes of the same order. We demonstrate experimentally a 140-fold enhancement of Raman signal from individual silicon spherical nanoparticles at the magnetic dipole resonance. Our results confirm the importance of the optically-induced magnetic response of subwavelength dielectric nanoparticles for enhancing light-matter interactions.

Strongly anisotropic media where the principal components of electric permittivity or magnetic permeability tensors have opposite signs are termed as hyperbolic media. Such media support propagating electromagnetic waves with extremely large wavevectors exhibiting unique optical properties. However in all artificial and natural optical materials studied to date, the hyperbolic dispersion originates solely from the electric response. This restricts material functionality to one polarization of light and inhibits free-space impedance matching. Such restrictions can be overcome in media having components of opposite signs for both electric and magnetic tensors. Here we present the experimental demonstration of the magnetic hyperbolic dispersion in three-dimensional metamaterials. We measure metamaterial isofrequecy contours and reveal the topological phase transition between the elliptic and hyperbolic dispersion. In the hyperbolic regime, we demonstrate the strong enhancement of thermal emission, which becomes directional, coherent and polarized. Our findings show the possibilities for realizing efficient impedance-matched hyperbolic media for unpolarized light.

One of the challenges of the modern photonics is to develop all-optical devices enabling increased speed and energy efficiency for transmitting and processing information on an optical chip. It is believed that the recently suggested Parity-Time (PT) symmetric photonic systems with alternating regions of gain and loss can bring novel functionalities. In such systems, losses are as important as gain and, depending on the structural parameters, gain compensates losses. Generally, PT systems demonstrate nontrivial non-conservative wave interactions and phase transitions, which can be employed for signal filtering and switching, opening new prospects for active control of light. In this review, we discuss a broad range of problems involving nonlinear PT-symmetric photonic systems with an intensity-dependent refractive index. Nonlinearity in such PT symmetric systems provides a basis for many effects such as the formation of localized modes, nonlinearly-induced PT-symmetry breaking, and all-optical switching. Nonlinear PT-symmetric systems can serve as powerful building blocks for the development of novel photonic devices targeting an active light control., Comment: 33 pages, 33 figures

The study of high-index dielectric nanoparticles currently attracts a lot of attention. They do not suffer from absorption but promise to provide control on the properties of light comparable to plasmonic nanoparticles. To further advance the field, it is important to identify versatile dielectric nanoparticles with unconventional properties. Here, we show that breaking the symmetry of an all-dielectric nanoparticle leads to a geometrically tunable magneto-electric coupling, i.e. an omega-type bianisotropy. The suggested nanoparticle exhibits different backscatterings and, as an interesting consequence, different optical scattering forces for opposite illumination directions. An array of such nanoparticles provides different reflection phases when illuminated from opposite directions. With a proper geometrical tuning, this bianisotropic nanoparticle is capable of providing a $2\pi$ phase change in the reflection spectrum while possessing a rather large and constant amplitude. This allows creating reflectarrays with near-perfect transmission out of the resonance band due to the absence of an usually employed metallic screen., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures

We introduce the concept of nonlinear graphene metasurfaces employing the controllable interaction between a graphene layer and a planar metamaterial. Such hybrid metasurfaces support two types of subradiant resonant modes, asymmetric modes of structured metamaterial elements ("metamolecules") and graphene plasmons exhibiting strong mutual coupling and avoided dispersion crossing. High tunability of graphene plasmons facilitates strong interaction between the subradiant modes, modifying the spectral position and lifetime of the associated Fano resonances. We demonstrate that strong resonant interaction, combined with the subwavelength localization of plasmons, leads to the enhanced nonlinear response and high efficiency of the second-harmonic generation., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

We demonstrate that graphene placed on top of structured substrates offers a novel approach for trapping and guiding surface plasmons. A monolayer graphene with a spatially varying curvature exhibits an effective trapping potential for graphene plasmons near curved areas such as bumps, humps and wells. We derive the governing equation for describing such localized channel plasmons guided by curved graphene and validate our theory by the first-principle numerical simulations. The proposed confinement mechanism enables plasmon guiding by the regions of maximal curvature, and it offers a versatile platform for manipulating light in planar landscapes. In addition, isolated deformations of graphene such as bumps are shown to support localized surface modes and resonances suggesting a new way to engineer plasmonic metasurfaces., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

We study numerically, analytically and experimentally the resonant transmission of light in a waveguide formed by a periodic array of high-index dielectric nanoparticles with a side-coupled resonator. We demonstrate that a resonator with high enough Q-factor provides the conditions for the Fano-type interference allowing to control the resonant transmission of light. We suggest a practical realization of this resonant effect based on the quadrupole resonance of a dielectric particle and demonstrate it experimentally for ceramic spheres at microwaves.

Photonic crystals and metamaterials represent two seemingly different classes of artificial electromagnetic media but often they are composed of similar structural elements arranged in periodic lattices. The important question is how to distinguish these two types of periodic photonic structures when their parameters, such as dielectric permittivity and lattice spacing, vary continuously. Here, we discuss transitions between photonic crystals and all-dielectric metamaterials and introduce the concept of a phase diagram and an order parameter for such structured materials, based on the physics of Mie and Bragg resonances. We show that a periodic photonic structure transforms into a metamaterial when the Mie gap opens up below the lowest Bragg bandgap where the homogenization approach can be justified and the effective permeability becomes negative. Our theoretical approach is confirmed by detailed microwave experiments for a metacrystal composed of a square lattice of glass tubes filled with heated water. This analysis yields deep insight into the properties of periodic photonic structures, and it also provides a useful tool for designing different classes of electromagnetic materials in a broad range of parameters., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures

Existence of robust edge modes at interfaces of topologically dissimilar systems is one of the most fascinating manifestations of a novel nontrivial state of matter, topological insulators. Such electronic states were originally predicted and discovered in condensed matter physics, but they find their counterparts in other fields of physics, including the physics of classical waves and electromagnetics. Here, we present the first experimental realization of a topological insulator for electromagnetic waves based on engineered bianisotropic metamaterials. By employing the near-field scanning technique, we demonstrate experimentally the topologically robust propagation of electromagnetic waves around sharp corners without back reflection.

The Purcell effect is defined as the modification of spontaneous decay in the presence of a resonator, and in plasmonics it is usually associated with the large local-field enhancement in "hot spots" due to surface plasmon polaritons. Here we propose a novel strategy for enhancing the Purcell effect through engineering the radiation directivity without a strict requirement of the local field enhancement. Employing this approach, we demonstrate how to enhance the Purcell effect by two orders of magnitude in all-dielectric nanostructures recently suggested as building blocks of low-loss nanophotonics and metamaterials. We support our concept by proof-of-principle microwave experiments with arrays of high-index dielectric resonators.

We study optical properties of arrays of ultrathin nanowires by means of the Brillouin scattering of light on magnons. We employ the Stokes/anti-Stokes scattering asymmetry to probe the circular polarization of a local electric field induced inside nanowires by linearly polarized light waves. We observe the anomalous polarization conversion of the opposite sign than that in a bulk medium or thick nanowires with a great enhancement of the degree of circular polarization attributed to an unconventional refraction in the nanowire medium., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

We review a new, rapidly developing field of all-dielectric nanophotonics which allows to control both magnetic and electric response of structured matter by engineering the Mie resonances in high-index dielectric nanoparticles. We discuss optical properties of such dielectric nanoparticles, methods of their fabrication, and also recent advances in all-dielectric metadevices including couple-resonator dielectric waveguides, nanoantennas, and metasurfaces.

The Purcell effect - the modification of the spontaneous emission rate in presence of resonant cavities or other resonant objects - is a fundamental effect of quantum electrodynamics. However, a change of the emission rate caused by environment different from free space has a classical counterpart. Not only quantum emitters, but any small antenna tuned to the resonance is an oscillator with radiative losses, and the influence of the environment on its radiation can be understood and measured in terms of the antenna radiation resistance. We present a general approach which is applicable to measurements of the Purcell factor for radio antennas and to calculations of these factors for quantum emitters. Our methodology is suitable for calculation and measurement of both electric and magnetic Purcell factors, it is versatile and applies to various frequency ranges. The approach is illustrated by a general equivalent scheme and allows the Purcell factor to be expressed through the continious radiation of a small antenna in presence of the environment.

Concealing objects by making them invisible to an external electromagnetic probe is coined by the term cloaking. Cloaking devices, having numerous potential applications, are still face challenges in realization, especially in the visible spectral range. In particular, inherent losses and extreme parameters of metamaterials required for the cloak implementation are the limiting factors. Here, we numerically demonstrate nearly perfect suppression of scattering from arbitrary shaped objects in spatially dispersive metamaterial acting as an alignment-free concealing cover. We consider a realization of a metamaterial as a metal-dielectric multilayer and demonstrate suppression of scattering from an arbitrary object in forward and backward directions with perfectly preserved wavefronts and less than 10% absolute intensity change, despite spatial dispersion effects present in the composite metamaterial. Beyond the usual scattering suppression applications, the proposed configuration may serve as a simple realisation of scattering-free detectors and sensors.

The rapidly developing field of plasmonics can be roughly categorized into two branches: surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating in plasmonic waveguides and localized surface plasmons (LSPs) supported by scattering plasmonic particles. Investigations along these two directions usually employ quite different approaches and techniques, resulting in more or less a dogma that the two branches progress almost independently of each other, with few interactions. Here in this work we interpret LSPs from a Bohr model based geometric perspective relying on SPPs, thus establishing a connection between these two sub-fields. Besides the clear explanations of conventional scattering features of plasmonic nanoparticles, based on this geometric model we further demonstrate other anomalous scattering features (higher order modes supported at lower frequencies, and blueshift of the resonance with increasing particle sizes) and multiple electric resonances of the same order supported at different frequencies, which have been revealed to originate from backward SPP modes and multiple dispersion bands supported in the corresponding plasmonic waveguides, respectively. Inspired by this geometric model, it is also shown that, through solely geometric tuning, the absorption of each LSP resonance can be maximized to reach the single channel absorption limit, provided that the scattering and absorption rates are tuned to be equal. The Bohr model based geometric picture offers new insights into the understanding of the localized resonances, and may shed new light to many related applications based on particle scattering, such as biosensing, nanoantennas, photovoltaic devices and related medical treatment., Comment: To appear in Scientific Reports. Related information could also be found at: http://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/10308

We present a general theory of circular dichroism in planar chiral nanostructures with rotational symmetry. It is demonstrated, analytically, that the handedness of the incident field's polarization can control whether a nanostructure induces either absorption or scattering losses, even when the total optical loss (extinction) is polarization-independent. We show that this effect is a consequence of modal interference so that strong circular dichroism in absorption and scattering can be engineered by combining Fano resonances with planar chiral nanoparticle clusters., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

Nonradiating current configurations attract attention of physicists for many years as possible models of stable atoms in the field theories. One intriguing example of such a nonradiating source is known as anapole (which means without poles in Greek), and it was originally proposed by Yakov Zeldovich in nuclear physics. Recently, an anapole was suggested as a model of elementary particles describing dark matter in the Universe. Classically, an anapole mode can be viewed as a composition of electric and toroidal dipole moments, resulting in destructive interference of the radiation fields due to similarity of their far-field scattering patterns. Here we demonstrate experimentally that dielectric nanoparticles can exhibit a radiationless anapole mode in visible. We achieve the spectral overlap of the toroidal and electric dipole modes through a geometry tuning, and observe a highly pronounced dip in the far-field scattering accompanied by the specific near-field distribution associated with the anapole mode. The anapole physics provides a unique playground for the study of electromagnetic properties of nontrivial excitations of complex fields, reciprocity violation, and Aharonov-Bohm like phenomena at optical frequencies.

We propose a new type of highly efficient Yagi-Uda nanoantenna and introduced a novel concept of superdirective nanoantennas based on silicon nanoparticles. In addition to the electric response, this silicon nanoantennas exhibit very strong magnetic resonances at the nanoscale. Both types of nanoantennas are studied analytically, numerically and experimentally. For superdirective nanoantennas we also predict the effect of the beam steering at the nanoscale characterized by a subwavelength sensitivity of the beam radiation direction to the source position.

We propose a novel approach to facilitate a readout processes of isolated negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers based on the concept of all-dielectric nanoantennas. We reveal that all-dielectric nanoantenna can significantly enhance both the emission rate and emission extraction efficiency of a photoluminescence signal from a single NV center in a diamond nanoparticle placed on a dielectric substrate. We prove that the proposed approach provides high directivity, large Purcell factor, and efficient beam steering, thus allowing an efficient far-field initialization and readout of several NV centers separated by subwavelength distances.

We study nonlinear properties of multilayer metamaterials created by graphene sheets separated by dielectric layers. We demonstrate that such structures can support localized nonlinear modes described by the discrete nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation and that its solutions are associated with stable discrete plasmon solitons. We also analyze the nonlinear surface modes in truncated graphene metamaterials being a nonlinear analog of surface Tamm states., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

We study the Compton scattering of light by free electrons inside a hyperbolic medium. We demonstrate that the unconventional dispersion and local density of states of the electromagnetic modes in such media can lead to a giant Compton shift and dramatic enhancement of the scattering cross section. We develop an universal approach for the study of coupled multi-photon processes in nanostructured media and derive the spectral intensity function of the scattered radiation for realistic metamaterial structures. We predict the Compton shift of the order of a few meVs for the infrared spectrum that is at least one order of magnitude larger than the Compton shift in any other system.

We study nonlinear modes in one-dimensional arrays of doped graphene nanodisks with Kerr-type nonlinear response in the presence of an external electric field. We present the theoretical model describing the evolution of the disks' polarizations, taking into account intrinsic graphene losses and dipole-dipole coupling between the graphene nanodisks. We reveal that this nonlinear system can support discrete dissipative scalar solitons of both longitudinal and transverse polarizations, as well as vector solitons composed of two mutually coupled polarization components. We demonstrate the formation of stable resting and moving localized modes under controlling guidance of the external driving field., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

Subwavelength structures demonstrate many unusual optical properties which can be employed for engineering functional metadevices, as well as scattering of light and invisibility cloaking. Here we demonstrate that the suppression of light scattering for any direction of observation can be achieved for an uniform dielectric object with high refractive index, in a sharp contrast to the cloaking with multilayered plasmonic structures suggested previously. Our finding is based on the novel physics of cascades of Fano resonances observed in the Mie scattering from a homogeneous dielectric rod. We observe this effect experimentally at microwaves by employing high temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity of a glass cylinder with heated water. Our results open a new avenue in analyzing the optical response of hight-index dielectric nanoparticles and the physics of cloaking., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

We suggest a novel approach for generating second-harmonic radiation in subwavelength graphene waveguides. We demonstrate that quadratic phase matching between the plasmonic guided modes of different symmetries can be achieved in a planar double-layer geometry when conductivity of one of the layers becomes spatially modulated. We predict theoretically that, owing to graphene nonlocal conductivity, the second-order nonlinear processes can be actualized for interacting plasmonic modes with an effective grating coupler to allow external pumping of the structure and output of the radiation at the double frequency., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures

Optical metasurfaces have developed as a breakthrough concept for advanced wave-front engineering enabled by subwavelength resonant nanostructures. However, reflection and/or absorption losses as well as low polarisation-conversion efficiencies pose a fundamental obstacle for achieving high transmission efficiencies that are required for practical applications. Here we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, highly efficient all-dielectric metasurfaces for near-infrared frequencies using arrays of silicon nanodisks as meta-atoms. We employ the main features of Huygens' sources, namely spectrally overlapping electric and magnetic dipole resonances of equal strength, to demonstrate Huygens' metasurfaces with a full transmission-phase coverage of 360 degrees and near-unity transmission, and we confirm experimentally full phase coverage combined with high efficiency in transmission. Based on these key properties, we show that all-dielectric Huygens' metasurfaces could become a new paradigm for flat optical devices, including beam-steering, beam-shaping, and focusing, as well as holography and dispersion control., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures

We introduce the novel concept of a bound state in the continuum (BIC) for a binary lattice satisfying the ${\mathcal{P T}}$ symmetry condition. We show how to build such state and the local potential necessary to sustain it. We find that an appropriate choice of the envelope function can bring the system from a ${\mathcal{P T}}$-symmetric phase into a Hamiltonian one. For more general envelope functions, the BIC can still be created but the bounded state will force the system to undergo the ${\mathcal{P T}}$ symmetry breaking transition., Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures

We study existence, stability, and dynamics of linear and nonlinear stationary modes propagating in radially symmetric multi-core waveguides with balanced gain and loss. We demonstrate that, in general, the system can be reduced to an effective ${\cal PT}$-symmetric dimer with asymmetric coupling. In the linear case, we find that there exist two modes with real propagation constants before an onset of the ${\cal PT}$-symmetry breaking while other modes have always the propagation constants with nonzero imaginary parts. This leads to a stable (unstable) propagation of the modes when gain is localized in the core (ring) of the waveguiding structure. In the case of nonlinear response, we show that an interplay between nonlinearity, gain, and loss induces a high degree of instability, with only small windows in the parameter space where quasi-stable propagation is observed. We propose a novel stabilization mechanism based on a periodic modulation of both gain and loss along the propagation direction that allows bounded light propagation in the multi-core waveguiding structures., Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures

We present a comprehensive analytical theory of localized nonlinear excitations - dark solitons, supported by an incoherently pumped, spatially homogeneous exciton-polariton condensate. We show that, in contrast to dark solitons in conservative systems, these nonlinear excitations "relax" by blending with the background at a finite time, which critically depends on the parameters of the condensate. Our analytical results for trajectory and lifetime are in excellent agreement with direct numerical simulations of the open-dissipative mean-field model. In addition, we show that transverse instability of quasi-one-dimensional dark stripes in a two-dimensional open-dissipative condensate demonstrates features that are entirely absent in conservative systems, as creation of vortex-antivortex pairs competes with the soliton relaxation process., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures

We study dispersion properties of TM-polarized electromagnetic waves guided by a multilayer graphene metamaterial. We demonstrate that both dispersion and localization of the guided modes can be efficiently controlled by changing the number of layers in the structure. Remarkably, we find that in the long wavelength limit, the dispersion of the fundamental mode of the N-layer graphene structure coincides with the dispersion of a plasmon mode supported by a single graphene layer, but with N times larger conductivity. We also compare our exact dispersion relations with the results provided by the effective media model.