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Objectives To evaluate the ability of different imaging modalities to accurately detect bone invasion in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Patients and Methods Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, who were scheduled for mandibulectomy or maxillectomy, underwent clinical evaluation using five preoperative imaging diagnosis methods—contrast-enhanced MRI, CT, 99mTc scintigraphy (Tc scan), FDG-PET CT (PET/CT), and panoramic radiography. The sensitivity and specificity of each modality in detecting bone invasion were calculated by comparing the findings on the images with postoperative histopathological findings. In a subgroup of patients, we further assessed the ability of MRI and CT to detect the accurate extent of bone invasion, including the height, width, and depth in patients with pathological mandibular invasion. Results Overall, 50 patients were enrolled in this study, and nine patients with pathological mandibular invasion were included in our subgroup analysis. MRI was found to be the most useful method in detecting bone invasion, showing the highest sensitivity (88.9%) and negative predictive values (92.3%). CT (87.5% specificity and 77.8% sensitivity) was more specific than MRI, though less sensitive. Combined PET/CT was more sensitive (83.3%) and less specific (71.9%) than CT. Tc scan had high sensitivity (88.9%); however, the specificity was relatively low (71.9%). Conclusion MRI was the most useful method in detecting bone invasion. A negative MRI result definitively excludes bone marrow invasion. In patients with positive MRI findings, a negative CT may be useful in ruling out bone marrow invasion.

The 11th Symposium on Polar Science/Interdisciplinary sessions: [IN] New insights of ship-based interdisciplinary study in Soutnern Ocean, Thu. 3 Dec.

The 11th Symposium on Polar Science/Interdisciplinary sessions: [IN] New insights of ship-based interdisciplinary study in Soutnern Ocean, Poster presentations, Mon. 16 Nov. - Fri. 18 Dec.

Background: No effective treatment for chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) has been established. Clinicians generally tend to neglect CIPN, but CIPN greatly impairs a patient9s quality of life. In addition, if treatment is interrupted or the drug is reduced due to CIPN, the antitumor effect is reduced. Therefore, prevention of CIPN is important. CIPN is particularly problematic in chemotherapy that includes taxane anticancer drugs for patients with advanced lung cancer. Methods: During chemotherapy including taxane in advanced lung cancer, we adopted the following compression therapy. The patient wore two surgical gloves, one size smaller than expected, on both hands and elastic stockings, one size smaller than expected, on both feet. Chemotherapy was given as usual. We assessed the incidence of grade 2 or higher CIPN (NCI-CTCAE) and the tolerability of compression therapy. Results: The median size of surgical gloves used was 5.5 for women and 6.0 for men. In our cases, no severe CIPN occurred. In some cases, chemotherapy was completed with G0. No patients were discontinued due to adverse effects of compression therapy itself. Discussion: Compression therapy with surgical gloves and elastic stockings was considered useful for preventing severe CIPN. This compression therapy is inexpensive, available at any facility, and well tolerated. This method is considered cost-effective and prospective studies will be needed in future.

Cyclin D1 is the most essential progressive regulator of the cell cycle, and its transcription is enhanced by CREPT (cell cycle-related and expression-elevated protein in tumour). These molecules regulate cell growth, and their aberrant expression can cause malignant transformation. In this study, the expression of these molecules was explored to investigate the molecular alterations in oral precancerous lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Cyclin D1 and CREPT expression was examined immunohistochemically in tissue specimens from 55 patients with oral epithelial precursor lesions (OEPLs) and 84 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Associations between the results and clinicopathological variables were examined. Cyclin D1 and CREPT expression levels were higher in OSCC than in OEPLs. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in cyclin D1 expression among the different grades of OEPLs and OSCC lesions. In OSCC, there were statistically significant differences in CREPT expression according to sex, T stage, and degree of differentiation. In addition, the expression of both molecules was significantly correlated with postoperative metastasis and modes of invasion. The expression of cyclin D1 and CREPT was found to depend upon the state of development and progression of the oral epithelial lesions, and clinicopathological behaviours might be affected by these molecules in OSCC.

Introduction The relationship between impacted mandibular third molars with angle and condylar fractures is subject of many publications, yet their conclusions differ widely, hence the authors wanted to investigate this topic in their patients. Methods The authors designed a retrospective study including 241 patients who presented with angle and/or mandibular condyle fractures over a 13-year period at the authors' institution. The study variable was the presence/absence of third molars. The authors used the Pell and Gregory system to classify their position, whereas the angulation was classified using Archer classification. The outcome variables were the presence of angle and condylar fractures. Other study variables included fracture etiology. Results Assaults were the most frequent cause of angle fractures (62.7%), whereas falls were mostly responsible for condylar fractures (79.6%). Angle fractures were mostly isolated (66.3%), whereas condylar fractures were mostly associated with other fractures (62.6%). The majority of the angle fractures occurred in patients with third molars (63.6%), on the contrary the majority of the condylar fractures occurred in patients without mandibular third molars (78.3%). Angle fractures were mostly associated with fully erupted or superficially impacted third molars (90,9%). Finally in the presence of mesioangulated third molars, condylar fractures did not happen in 83.8% of patients. Conclusions According to the authors' findings, fully erupted or superficially impacted mandibular third molars are a risk factor for angle fractures but at the same time a protective factor for the condyle. On the contrary, the absence of mandibular third molars "strengthens" the angle and represents a risk factor for condylar fractures.

This study investigates an isopycnal temperature/salinity T/S, or spiciness, anomaly in the upper south Indian Ocean for the period from 2004 to 2015 using observations and reanalyses. Spiciness anomalies at about 15°S on 24–26σθ are focused on, whose standard deviation is about 0.1 psu in salinity and 0.25°C in temperature, and they have a contribution to isobaric temperature variability comparable to thermocline heave. A plausible generation region of these anomalies is the southeastern Indian Ocean, where the 25σθ surface outcrops in southern winter, and the anticyclonic subtropical gyre advects subducted water equatorward. Unlike the Pacific and Atlantic, spiciness anomalies in the upper south Indian Ocean are not T/S changes in mode water, and meridional variations in SST and sea surface salinity in their generation region are not density compensating. It is possible that this peculiarity is owing to freshwater originating from the Indonesian Seas. The production of spiciness anomalies is estimated from surface heat and freshwater fluxes and the surface T/S relationship in the outcrop region, based on several assumptions including the dominance of surface fluxes in the surface T/S budget and effective mixed layer depth proposed by Deser et al. The result agrees well with isopycnal salinity anomalies at the outcrop line, which indicates that spiciness anomalies are generated by local surface fluxes. It is suggested that the Ningaloo Niño and El Niño–Southern Oscillation lead to interannual variability in surface heat flux in the southeastern Indian Ocean and contribute to the generation of spiciness anomalies.

To understand the charge distribution in thunderclouds associated with solid hydrometeors, the relationship between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning polarity and the space-time distribution of solid hydrometeors for isolated summer thunderclouds in Japan is examined using X-band polarimetric radar. Hydrometeor classification was conducted to examine the space-time distribution of dry snow, ice crystal, dry graupel (DG), and wet graupel in thunderclouds. Two thunderstorm cases were selected for analysis: 26 July 2010, which generated few positive CG flashes, and 25 August 2010, which generated positive CG flashes in the reflectivity cores. In both cases, negative CG flashes were observed in all reflectivity cores when a large volume of DG was identified above the height of −10°C level. This is consistent with previous studies showing that graupel particles have a negative charge below temperatures of −10°C. Reflectivity cores with positive CG flashes had a large volume of DG up to high altitudes (around or above the −45°C level). Further, reflectivity cores that sustained large DG volumes at high altitudes had a relatively large number of positive CG flashes. The top height of the DG volume reached lower altitudes for reflectivity cores without positive CG flashes compared with those with positive CG flashes. These results suggest that the persistence of graupel particles in reflectivity cores at high altitudes, implying the existence of strong updraft, is a necessary condition for positive CG flashes in summer thunderclouds. This effect would likely be caused by the positively charged graupel particles under high rime accretion rates.

Actinomycosis, a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection induced by Actinomyces species, colonizes the mouth, colon, and vagina. Although Actinomyces spp. are well-known oral commensals, actinomycosis is a rare oral infection. It is difficult to detect Actinomyces in biopsies, using histopathologic methods, or through examination of bacterial cultures; therefore, providing an accurate diagnosis is problematic. Recently, oral brush scraping cytology has been performed for the diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions, but it is difficult to determine the efficacy of this method based on the published reports, and whether it is a suitable tool for detecting Actinomyces infections in the general public. Here, we report a rare case of actinomycosis of the buccal mucosa in an 8-year-old boy that was successfully diagnosed by scraping cytology. He exhibited pain and swelling in the left buccal, and was admitted to our hospital for emergency care. Clinical examination revealed pyrexia, tachycardia, trismus, ingestion disorder, lethargy, and ulcer as well as having an indurated mass in the left buccal mucosa accompanied by strong pain. Following a clinical diagnosis of acute phlegmon of the left buccal mucosa, antibiotic and fluid therapy was performed. Because of detection of Actinomyces colonies at the ulcer surface using scraping cytology, we continued to administer long-term antibiotic therapy with penicillin for 2 months. The patient’s general condition was improved, and this was confirmed by laboratory results, and the trismus and painful nodular mass were successfully cured. The patient has shown no subsequent evidence of recurrence for 7 months of following treatment.

21 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) provides a globally coordinated network and oversight of 55 sustained decadal repeat hydrographic reference lines. GO-SHIP is part of the global ocean/climate observing systems (GOOS/GCOS) for study of physical oceanography, the ocean carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycles, and marine biogeochemistry. GO-SHIP enables assessment of the ocean sequestration of heat and carbon, changing ocean circulation and ventilation patterns, and their effects on ocean health and Earth’s climate. Rapid quality control and open data release along with incorporation of the GO-SHIP effort in the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) in situ Observing Programs Support Center (JCOMMOPS) have increased the profile of, and participation in, the program and led to increased data use for a range of efforts. In addition to scientific discovery, GO-SHIP provides climate quality observations for ongoing calibration of measurements from existing and new autonomous platforms. This includes biogeochemical observations for the nascent array of biogeochemical (BGC)-Argo floats; temperature and salinity for Deep Argo; and salinity for the core Argo array. GO-SHIP provides the relevant suite of global, full depth, high quality observations and co-located deployment opportunities that, for the foreseeable future, remain crucial to maintenance and evolution of Argo’s unique contribution to climate science. The evolution of GO-SHIP from a program primarily focused on physical climate to increased emphasis on ocean health and sustainability has put an emphasis on the addition of essential ocean variables for biology and ecosystems in the program measurement suite. In conjunction with novel automated measurement systems, ocean color, particulate matter, and phytoplankton enumeration are being explored as GO-SHIP variables. The addition of biological and ecosystem measurements will enable GO-SHIP to determine trends and variability in these key indicators of ocean health. The active and adaptive community has sustained the network, quality and relevance of the global repeat hydrography effort through societally important scientific results, increased exposure, and interoperability with new efforts and opportunities within the community. Here we provide key recommendations for the continuation and growth of GO-SHIP in the next decade., BS was supported by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and CSIRO through the National Environmental Science Program and CSIROs Decadal Climate Forecasting Project. RW and GJ were supported by the NOAA office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, including the Ocean Observations and Monitoring Division (OOMD), funding reference #100007298. PMEL Contribution Number 4864. LT was supported by the United States NSF Ocean Sciences OCE_1437015. TT and CC were supported by the EU Horizon 2020 grant agreement 633211, AtlantOS. ElM was supported by the United Kingdom NERC National Capability ORCHESTRA (NE/N018095/1) and CLASS (NE/R015953/1) projects. EO’R, EMcG, and CC were supported under the Marine Research Programme of the Irish Government.

We estimate anthropogenic carbon (Canth) accumulation rates in the Pacific Ocean between 1991 and 2017 from 14 hydrographic sections that have been occupied two to four times over the past few decades, with most sections having been recently measured as part of the Global Ocean Ship‐based Hydrographic Investigations Program. The rate of change of Canth is estimated using a new method that combines the extended multiple linear regression method with improvements to address the challenges of analyzing multiple occupations of sections spaced irregularly in time. The Canth accumulation rate over the top 1,500 m of the Pacific increased from 8.8 (±1.1, 1σ) Pg of carbon per decade between 1995 and 2005 to 11.7 (±1.1) PgC per decade between 2005 and 2015. For the entire Pacific, about half of this decadal increase in the accumulation rate is attributable to the increase in atmospheric CO2, while in the South Pacific subtropical gyre this fraction is closer to one fifth. This suggests a substantial enhancement of the accumulation of Canth in the South Pacific by circulation variability and implies that a meaningful portion of the reinvigoration of the global CO2 sink that occurred between ~2000 and ~2010 could be driven by enhanced ocean Canth uptake and advection into this gyre. Our assessment suggests that the accuracy of Canth accumulation rate reconstructions along survey lines is limited by the accuracy of the full suite of hydrographic data and that a continuation of repeated surveys is a critical component of future carbon cycle monitoring., Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 33 (5), ISSN:0886-6236, ISSN:1944-9224

We analyzed micro-Raman spectra of carbonaceous materials (CM) in natural and experimentally deformed fault rocks from Longmenshan fault zone that caused the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, to characterize degree of disordering of CM in a fault zone. Raman spectral parameters for 12 samples from a fault zone in Shenxigou, Sichuan, China, all show low-grade structures with no graphite. Low crystallinity and δ13C values (−24‰ to −25‰) suggest that CM in fault zone originated from host rocks (Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation). Full width at half maximum values of main spectral bands (D1 and D2), and relative intensities of two subbands (D3 and D4) of CM were variable with sample locations. However, Raman parameters of measured fault rocks fall on established trends of graphitization in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. An empirical geothermometer gives temperatures of 160–230 °C for fault rocks in Shenxigou, and these temperatures were lower for highly sheared gouge than those for less deformed fault breccia at inner parts of the fault zone. The lower temperature and less crystallinity of CM in gouge might have been caused by the mechanical destruction of CM by severe shearing deformation, or may be due to mixing of host rocks on the footwall. CM in gouge deformed in high-velocity experiments exhibits slight changes towards graphitization characterized by reduction of D3 and D4 intensities. Thus low crystallinity of CM in natural gouge cannot be explained by our experimental results. Graphite formation during seismic fault motion is extremely local or did not occur in the study area, and the CM crystallinity from shallow to deep fault zones may be predicted as a first approximation from the graphitization trend in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. If that case, graphite may lower the friction of shear zones at temperatures above ~ 300 °C, deeper than the lower part of seismogenic zone.