Search

The complex structure of the energy and mass flows in steelmaking has resulted in many attempts to describe the process dynamics by models. Swedish steelmaker SSAB Tunnplåt is one of Europe´s leading manufacturers of high-strength strip steels. The company has orebased steel production in Luleå and strip steel manufacture in Borlänge. SSAB has a long practical experience on how to use optimisation models for planning and decision-making related to energy and material utilisation.Sustainable development is development aimed at improving the quality of life for everyone, and is a factor of increasing importance in the industry. The International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) have suggested a number of sustainability indicators to measure economic, environmental and social performance for steelmaking. This paper exemplifies how the sustainability indicators; i) material efficiency, ii) energy intensity, and iii) greenhouse gas emissions, can be used as objectives for systematic analysis and optimisation of the industrial system. It is then possible to study possible conflicts or correlations between the different sustainability indicators. A MILP-based process integration model including cokemaking, blast furnace ironmaking, basic oxygen steelmaking, and continuous casting for the production of steel slabs has been adopted for this task. Godkänd; 2008; Bibliografisk uppgift: CD-ROM; 20081120 (chrrym)

Residual steel work gases are often utilised internally at the steel plant as a fuel and as well as for heat- and power production in heat recovery steam boilers located near the steel mill. This study aims to investigate the technical and economic consequences to use the coke oven gas (COG) to produce methanol (MeOH) to be used as automotive fuel. In a case study of a steel mill located in the northern Sweden, SSAB Tunnplåt AB in the town of Luleå, four different production processes have been studied. Two of them only use COG as a fuel, while the other two systems also use biomass based synthesis gas to blend with the COG. The results show that nearly 300 GWh of MeOH could be produced annually from COG only to a production cost in the range of €0.13 to €0.26 per litre MeOH. If also 420 GWh per year of biomass for synthesis gas production is supplied and the gas blended with the COG totally 570 GWh of MeOH can be produced annually to a similar production cost range. The main conclusion is that MeOH can be produced to a competitive cost independent of production system. Turning a steel mill into a refinery may also result in other benefits, such as better energy storage possibilities and increased incentives to utilise residual heat currently not motivated to make use of. Godkänd; 2008; 20081204 (joakim)

I detta arbete undersöks identitetsskapande i en lärarledd skolkontext. Syftet är attundersöka och gestalta hur två pedagoger på en skola för grundskolans senare år sägersig arbeta med och förhålla sig till elevernas identitetsskapande under de aktiviteter som de leder. Undersökningen har gjorts genom kvalitativa intervjuer som berört pedagogernas uppfattning av hur de arbetar med och förhåller sig till identitetsskapande. Därefter harvi tolkat och gestaltat innehållet i intervjuerna i panoramabilder som animerats till film. Estetik, genus, elever i årskurs sju och styrdokument är tydligt återkommande temani intervjuerna. Undersökningen visar att våra informanter tycker sig arbeta medidentitetsskapande och att arbetssätten som inrymmer identitetsskapande har mestadelsestetisk form och ett innehåll som erbjuder rollprövande och/eller ställningstagande.

This paper illustrates the working conditions at the copper factory in Åtvidaberg during 1800-1890 from different views. The highest salary was given to the building contractor. Thereafter came in order the rust turners, the garmaker, the melter, the ore booker, the factory supervisor and the garmaker hand. Also the rest of the working conditions for different employees might differ from each other in this order. The mine workers generally earned a little less than the other workers at the factory, and especially the workers in the Bersbo mine. The salary was mainly taken out in cash, rye, herring, salt and schnaps. Other benefits that the workers enjoyed included accomodation, firewood, potatoe land, free medical care and medicaments, temporary disability pension, great profits for women and children, a permament working profit etcetera. The factory workers and especially the miners in Åtvidaberg had poor working conditions, they were low-paid and had much to do during long working days which lasted around 12-15.5 hours in a non-confidental working environment. Women and children had worse working conditions than men.

Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Den sydliga kärrsnäppan har minskat kraftigt i antal; särskilt i länderna runt Östersjön (inklusive Sverige). I denna rapport utvärderas om förhöjda halter av klorerade kolväten påverkar häckningsframgången hos denna hotade vadare. Okläckta ägg samlades in vid Båtafjorden, Halland, och koncentrationen bestämdes av PCB och sju olika pesticider: HCB, a-HCH, ?-HCH, DDE, HEOD, TDE och DDT. TDE och DDT detekterades inte i något av äggen, och halterna av övriga ämnen var relativt låga. Första kullar innehöll i genomsnitt högre halter av PCB och HCB än andra kullar (omläggningar), vilket indikerar att miljögifterna som en hona anrikat före äggläggningen ett visst år framför allt deponeras i hennes första kull för det året. Det fanns dock inga signifikanta samband mellan häckningsframgången (flera olika mått) och halterna av klorerade kolväten. Andra faktorer, särskilt biotopförluster, bopredation och genetiska effekter, framstår därför som mer betydelsefulla för populationsutvecklingen hos sydlig kärrsnäppa. Regionala inventeringsrapporter import från MDP 2015-05

The complex structure of the energy and mass flows in steelmaking has resulted in many attempts to describe the process dynamics by models. Swedish steelmaker SSAB Tunnplåt has long practical experience on how to use optimisation models for planning and decision-making related to energy and material utilisation. Sustainable development is development aimed at improving the quality of life for everyone, and is a factor of increasing importance in the industry. This paper exemplifies how optimisation models can be used for systematic analysis, design and balancing of steelmaking systems, and how it can be used for optimisation of sustainability indicators such as energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and material utilisation with a limited effort and time. The methodology can also be extended to include cost optimisation Godkänd; 2007; Bibliografisk uppgift: 1 CD-ROM; 20071205 (cargri)

An industrial energy system is subject to different regulations and restrictions. Good integration between units within the production chain as well as integration with the community can lead to both environmental and energy savings. Process integration is a system oriented methodology to analyze whole production systems to find optimal system changes. A mathematical programming technique is being developed for the Swedish iron ore producing facility of LKAB in Malmberget. The mathematical model will be based on a mass and energy balance for the facility specified for the different unit operations. The development of a good mathematical model requires a systematic mapping of the energy and material flows within an iron ore producing facility. In this paper a conceptual model for the process integration tool is described. Ett industriellt energisystem är föremål för en rad olika regleringar och restriktioner. God integration mellen olika enheter i produktionssystemet samt integration med samhället kan leda till förbättringar sett till både miljöpåverkan och energianvändning. Processintegration är en systemorienterad metodik för att analysera hela produktionssystem för att finna optimala systemlösningar. En matematisk programmeringsteknik är under utveckling för användning inom det svenska järnmalmsbolaget LKAB i Malmberget. Den matematiska modellen kommer baseras på en mass- och energibalans för de specifika enheterna inom den aktuella anläggningen. Utvecklingen av en bra matematisk modell kräver en systematisk kartläggning av de olika mass- och energiflödena som finns inom den aktuella anläggningen. I denna artikel ges en inledande beskrivning av den processintegrationsmodell som är under uppbyggnad. Godkänd; 2007; Bibliografisk uppgift: CD-ROM; 20071207 (samnor)

Today, China is the fastest growing economy in the world (Fang, 2005). Foreign companies are competing for the opportunity to take part of this development and reach the Chinese market, and Sweden is no exception. A crucial part in doing business with Chinese companies is the negotiation process. There exist many differences in culture between Sweden and China. To consider these differences may be the key for a successful negotiation. In this dissertation we study Chinese business negotiation only from the perspective of Swedish negotiators. Guidelines on how to make a successful deal have been compiled based on the literature and tested in a case study. In the case study Swedish negotiators has compared the guidelines from the literature with their actual experiences to see how well they match. Based on the result a modified list of guidelines will be presented that hopefully will be applicable for Swedish companies when negotiating with Chinese companies. The result from the case study showed that the experiences from the respondents were consistent to some extent, but it also showed different issues worth mentioning. Because of the information received from the respondents a modified list of guidelines were made with the aim to be more applicable to Swedish exporting companies.

The global navigation satellite system GPS (Global Positioning System) offers a position accuracy of about 10-15 meters today. However, this is not enough for some applications such as navigating ships through narrow channels. Furthermore, GPS does not provide any integrity of the system (a maximum error bound of the position). Integrity is critical for safety-of- life applications, such as in the aviation industry. EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System) is a satellite based augmentation system in development, that together with GPS provides integrity and improved accuracy of the user position. EGNOS works by closely monitor the GPS satellites at monitoring stations scattered around Europe. Corrections and integrity bounds of the GPS signals are computed and encoded into messages. These messages are transferred to the users via geostationary satellites on the same frequency as GPS. This thesis describes a receiver implementation for decoding the EGNOS signal-in-space into messages and applying those messages to GPS measurements. Those steps are done in real-time. The EGNOS receiver is built as an extension to an existing GPS receiver. The EGNOS receiver decodes the signal-in-space into messages using a Viterbi decoder. These messages are then processed to compute local corrections and integrity information which are applied to the position solution. The position accuracy is found to be improved by the use of EGNOS. Validerat; 20101217 (root)

The use of predefined standards of communication should be a great aid to the designer of modern digital systems. However, the sheer amount of standards available today may have the opposite effect. This thesis aims to give an overview of the current situation for digital serial communication methods for integrated circuits. Two methods of communication, I2C and SPI, are dealt with in more depth. Practical usage are demonstrated when circuits using these are connected to a FPGA device. Validerat; 20101217 (root)

There is a growing awareness of serious problems associated with the use of energy. These problems include local and global environmental degradation associated with energy use and depletion of resources. The awareness of the problems associated with energy use increased as a consequence of the two oil crises in the 70s which led to rising costs for energy. Today, it is environmental issues that are becoming increasingly important, and it is primarily concern for a higher concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the effect this has on climate that are highly prioritised. Analysing the potential for improving the specific energy use and environmental performance in a steel mill can be difficult due to the interactions between the many sub-systems. Changes in one unit may lead to a chain of changes throughout the system and the overall effect may not necessarily be improved performance. This thesis addresses the issue of evaluating and analysing an industrial material and energy system with regard to energy use, and economic and environmental performance, through a systematic approach. The main emphasis is on the development of analysis methods and tools for an integrated steel mill. Several applied studies of the integrated steel mill of SSAB Tunnplåt AB have been carried out. The results show that large savings in energy, cost, and emissions to the environment can be achieved using the analysis methods developed. From the analysis of energy use, a potential reduction of up to ~17% could be identified within the existing system, e.g. through more planning and control, less volatile matter in the coking coal mix, and by increasing the scrap rate in the BOF. From a cost perspective, the method showed that significant savings could be achieved through using a wide system boundary when performing the analysis. In the existing steel making system, the CO2 emission proved to be among the lowest compared to similar systems. Improvements could be taken even further using the optimising methodology proposed. A method for analysing the trade-offs between different objectives is also proposed. The process integration model is a good tool providing new insights into the material and energy system. It can serve as a benchmark for different steel making operations and constitute the basis for continued work on improving material and energy efficiency. Implementing such a tool in the industry is a good complement to the existing analysis tools in order to assess the effect of energy saving measures and can be used together with an energy management system. Godkänd; 2004; 20061005 (ysko)

Godkänd; 2004; Bibliografisk uppgift: 1 CD-ROM; 20090115 (chrrym)

The process industries stand for a substantial part of the energy used in Sweden. Industrial systems, such as an integrated steel plant, involve large interchange of energy between various processes and process streams. A major task for the steel industry is to minimize environmental impact, the consumption of energy and raw materials. A natural step is to improve the efficiency of the individual processes. However, since the processes within the steel plant system are connected to each other, energy savings in one individual unit does not necessarily lead to an energy saving for the total system. According to the Swedish National Energy Administration and Statistics, the steel industry used approximately 17.1 % of all industry related energy use the year 2001. Thus will small efficiency changes will result in large absolute energy savings. In order to make a successful energy saving one must understand the interactions between different processes. Methods are needed to optimize the consumption of energy and raw materials for the total system. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and implement such methods. The main method used in the analysis is based on mathematical optimisation. A steel mill in north of Sweden is used as case study, when actual processes and steel plant system are analysed. It is shown that the method used is appropriate for analysing the material and energy system in a steel plant. Godkänd; 2003; 20070217 (ysko)

Godkänd; 2002; 20070201 (ysko)