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Conocer el uso de las plantas es crucial para entender la economía y la dieta de las comunidades del pasado. Para avanzar en el conocimiento sobre la agricultura y el uso de recursos vegetales en sitios arqueológicos, este artículo propone el análisis de almidones como una metodología que permite ampliar los datos arqueobotánicos procedentes de sitios arqueológicos. Se presentan los resultados del análisis de almidones realizados con muestras obtenidas de 6 artefactos de molienda y 14 recipientes cerámicos procedentes del yacimiento de Numancia (Garray, Soria) durante el final de la Edad del Hierro y la romanización. A través de esta metodología, se ha logrado identificar almidones de Triticeae (Triticum spp. y Hordeum vulgare), avena (Avena spp.), bellota (Quercus ilex) y leguminosas (Fabaceae). Estos datos corroboran el consumo de cereales y recursos de los bosques adyacentes a Numancia, en una estrategia mixta de cultivo y recolección estacional. Además de la identificación taxonómica, la presencia de granos gelatinizados constata el uso del fuego en el procesamiento y preparación de alimentos. Por último, la identificación de los mismos taxones en todos los períodos indica una continuidad agroecológica entre las ocupaciones celtibéricas y la etapa de romanización en Numancia. Ascertaining the use of plants is crucial to understanding the past communities’ economy and diet. Taking agriculture and plant resources knowledge forward, this article proposes a starch analysis as a methodology to expand archaeobotanical data from archaeological sites. This paper presents the results of a starch analysis on samples obtained from 6 grinding artefacts and 14 ceramic vessels from Numantia (Garray, Soria) dating from the Late Iron Age and Early Roman period. Through this methodology, it has been possible to identify starches from Triticeae (Triticum spp. and Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena spp.), acorns (Quercus ilex), and legumes (Fabaceae). These data corroborate the consumption of cereals and resources from the forests adjacent to Numantia in a mixed strategy for seasonal gathering and farming. In addition to taxonomic identification, the presence of gelatinised grains confirms the use of fire in food processing and preparation. Finally, identifying the same taxa in all periods indicates an agroecological continuity between the Celtiberian and the Roman settlements at Numantia. Junta de Castilla y León SUBV-22/022-SO

The aim of this paper is to analyse some strategies of power, social control and legitimation during the Iberian Late Iron Age (6th–1st centuries BC). It addresses how the Iberian elites exploited the domain of the ‘outside’ to legitimise and to retain their status. A diachronic approach is presented seeking to analyse the role of the outside realm throughout all the examined period and the variety of its expressions within the Iberian societies. In particular, the paper focuses on the south-east of Spain, an area with a rich archaeological record which, however, have never been approached from this view.

In this report we investigate the origin and nature of morphological diversity in domestic dogs utilizing a database of over 1,000 recent and ancient canid skulls and skeletons. Integrated skull–skeleton analysis reveals eight functional groups, giving a clear picture of the extent and kind of morphological diversity produced by dog breeders in Europe, North Africa, and western Asia beginning in the Neolithic and intensifying about 2,100 years ago during the late Iron Age and Roman Era. We report nearly complete associated remains of a large sighthound from Vindolanda, a Roman-era fort–village site in northern England. With this we compare skulls of other sighthounds, and contrast them with remains of guard dogs from Vindolanda and other archaeological sites. The shape of jaw rami, relative size of teeth and state of dental wear, and the size and proportions of postcranial elements are the best differentiators of large dog morphotypes, while most skull parameters are less useful. The central section of the basicranium in ancient sighthounds (parameter Px which measures juvenilization) is little different from wolves, whereas in some modern breeds it is noticeably longer. By contrast, many ancient guard dogs have Px shorter than in wolves and show moderate juvenilization. Gracile sighthounds appear in the archaeological record in the Neolithic, while the earliest robust guard dogs appear later, in Iron Age sites. Building on results of previous work (Bennett & Timm, 2018) we continue to find intriguing similarities between west Asian dog

Objective We report a probable case of multiple skeletal dysplasia observed in a Late Iron Age young adult male. Materials The individual studied belongs to a Late Iron Age necropolis from Switzerland. The skeletal elements are well preserved Methods Macroscopic and radiographic assessment. Results The individual shows evidence of both craniofacial and mandibular deformation. Developmental defects are also visible with effects on the general shape and articular surfaces of both humeri, as well as the left femur and tibia. Conclusion We propose that the lesions observed are manifestations of skeletal dysplasia, such as pseudo-achondroplasia or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Significance This is the first recorded case of multiple skeletal dysplasia in an Iron Age necropolis in Switzerland, questioning the integration of physically compromised individuals in La Tene society. Limitations Examination of other skeletal dysplasias from archaeological contexts provides support for this diagnosis. Suggestions for future research The integration of individuals with disabilities in La Tene societies is still poorly understood and further research is needed to better characterize these communities.

En soumettant les hommes, Rome a également adapté les paysages à son nouvel ordre. Portant sur ce phénomène, le projet de thèse a pour objectif la restitution des paysages ruraux du nord de l'Empire, à travers l'analyse des trames parcellaires et viaires créées par les Romains. Si le parcellaire imposé dans le Bassin méditerranéen est sous la forme d'un carroyage rigoureux, selon la définition, dénommé centuriation ou cadastration, on ne sait s'il est appliqué de façon aussi systématique aux marges de l'Empire. Il est possible que ce soit le cas, par exemple autour de Cassel (Nord), mais il est probable qu'ailleurs, dans les régions d'Angleterre, notamment, les parcellaires romains adaptent, rectifient, étendent une organisation gauloise du paysage. La connaissance sur le parcellaire antique s'établit de manière régressive, c'est-à-dire grâce à la rémanence que les marques antiques ont imprimé dans le paysage jusqu'aux époques moderne et contemporaine. Ces marqueurs du paysage (fossés, chemins) sont également révélés par l'archéologie préventive et demeurent sous-exploités. Grâce à un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG), et au filtrage numérique appliqué aux cartes topographiques, aux images satellitaires et aux plans cadastraux du XIXe siècle, il est possible de restituer les paysages agricoles anciens. Ainsi, l'occupation et l'exploitation du sol, l'emprise de Rome sur nos régions seront des phénomènes historiques pleinement appréhendés. By subduing populations, Roma adapted as well landscapes. Based on this phenomenon, this project is focused on the restitution of the rural landscapes in the northern empire, by the analysis of the plot divisions and of the roads created by the Romans. In the Mediterranean basin, the plot systems shaped as a rigorous grid, by definition, called centuriation or cadaster, however we don't know whether it is systematically applied at the edge of the empire. It is possible that this grid plan exists around Cassel (Nord), but it is probable that elsewhere, like in the regions of England, roman field systems adapt, rectify, spread, a gaulish organization in the landscape. The knowledge on the antique plot systems are established on regressive manner, id est thanks to the persistence that the antiques marks have printed in the landscape until the modern and contemporary time. Also, commercial Archaeology revealed abundant under-used remains (ditches, roads) of ancient plots. Thanks to a Geographical Information System (GIS), and thanks to the optical filter applied to topographical maps, satellite imageries and land registers of the 19th Century, it is possible to restitute the ancient agricultural landscapes. Thus, the occupation and the exploitation of the soil, the emprise of Roma on our Regions will be historical phenomena entirely apprehended.

By subduing populations, Roma adapted as well landscapes. Based on this phenomenon, this project is focused on the restitution of the rural landscapes in the northern empire, by the analysis of the plot divisions and of the roads created by the Romans. In the Mediterranean basin, the plot systems shaped as a rigorous grid, by definition, called centuriation or cadaster, however we don't know whether it is systematically applied at the edge of the empire. It is possible that this grid plan exists around Cassel (Nord), but it is probable that elsewhere, like in the regions of England, roman field systems adapt, rectify, spread, a gaulish organization in the landscape. The knowledge on the antique plot systems are established on regressive manner, id est thanks to the persistence that the antiques marks have printed in the landscape until the modern and contemporary time. Also, commercial Archaeology revealed abundant under-used remains (ditches, roads) of ancient plots. Thanks to a Geographical Information System (GIS), and thanks to the optical filter applied to topographical maps, satellite imageries and land registers of the 19th Century, it is possible to restitute the ancient agricultural landscapes. Thus, the occupation and the exploitation of the soil, the emprise of Roma on our Regions will be historical phenomena entirely apprehended.; En soumettant les hommes, Rome a également adapté les paysages à son nouvel ordre. Portant sur ce phénomène, le projet de thèse a pour objectif la restitution des paysages ruraux du nord de l'Empire, à travers l'analyse des trames parcellaires et viaires créées par les Romains. Si le parcellaire imposé dans le Bassin méditerranéen est sous la forme d'un carroyage rigoureux, selon la définition, dénommé centuriation ou cadastration, on ne sait s'il est appliqué de façon aussi systématique aux marges de l'Empire. Il est possible que ce soit le cas, par exemple autour de Cassel (Nord), mais il est probable qu'ailleurs, dans les régions d'Angleterre, notamment, les parcellaires romains adaptent, rectifient, étendent une organisation gauloise du paysage. La connaissance sur le parcellaire antique s'établit de manière régressive, c'est-à-dire grâce à la rémanence que les marques antiques ont imprimé dans le paysage jusqu'aux époques moderne et contemporaine. Ces marqueurs du paysage (fossés, chemins) sont également révélés par l'archéologie préventive et demeurent sous-exploités. Grâce à un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG), et au filtrage numérique appliqué aux cartes topographiques, aux images satellitaires et aux plans cadastraux du XIXe siècle, il est possible de restituer les paysages agricoles anciens. Ainsi, l'occupation et l'exploitation du sol, l'emprise de Rome sur nos régions seront des phénomènes historiques pleinement appréhendés.

[ES] El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados del estudio formal y tecnológico de un grupo de arracadas de oro del ámbito septentrional de los castros galaicos. Estas piezas, correspondientes tipológicamente al morfotipo IA de Pérez Outeiriño, consisten en un cuerpo penanular o arriñonado profusamente decorado con filigrana, gránulos y chapas estampadas y un sistema de suspensión a base de cadenas loop-in-loop. El hallazgo más destacado es el del castro de Recouso (Oroso, A Coruña) (16 ejemplares). Las arracadas se caracterizan por su variabilidad tecnológica, pues los orfebres recurrían a técnicas distintas para obtener un mismo efecto ornamental, y muestran el uso de técnicas apenas documentadas hasta la fecha en la orfebrería de los castros galaicos. Se discuten las implicaciones cronológicas y sociales de este análisis tecnológico., [EN] This article introduces the results of the formal and technological study of a group of gold earrings from the northern area of the so-called Castro Culture. These objects, belonging to Pérez Outeiriño’s type IA, consist of penannular or kidney-shaped boxes made of gold sheets and concealed by profuse filigree, granules, and stamped plate decoration, and include a suspension system with loop-in-loop chains. The most significant find comes from the Recouso hillfort (Oroso, A Coruña) (16 examples). The earrings are characterised by their technological variability, as the goldsmiths applied several techniques to obtain the same ornamental effect, and show the use of barely recorded techniques in the castro-culture goldwork. The chronological and social implications of our technological study are also discussed., Este artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación Innovación tecnológica, circulación de metal y artefactos metálicos de prestigio en la Europa atlántica (s. XIII-I ANE) (IN607D 2016/004), financiado por la Xunta de Galicia.

One of the main forms of expression of the power of the Dacian Kingdom, with its capital at Sarmizegetusa Regia, was represented by the monumental constructions built in ashlar stone, the result of a mixture between local traditions and Greek and Roman influences. The fortified acropolis at Piatra Roșie is one of the main components of this center of power and one of the most important archaeological sites from the Late Iron Age in Romania. In 1999 it was inscribed on the World Heritage List as part of the serial site “Dacian Fortresses in the Orăștie Mountains”. This paper presents the most recent data regarding the stones used in the construction of the Piatra Roșie fortress, the most important building material from the point of view of volume and durability. The historiographical and archaeological data, the field investigations and measurements, together with the mineralogical analysis of stone varieties have been corroborated with specific interpretations for construction engineering and 3D modeling applied in the evaluation of the dimension stone volume. The present approach constitutes an absolute novelty for the site of Piatra Roșie, and, also, a model that can be applied to the specific conditions of the other Dacian Fortresses.

Las necrópolis de la meseta constituyen uno de los conjuntos materiales fundamentales para entender la organización social de las comunidades del I milenio a. n. e. La tradición investigadora, que se remonta al siglo XVIII, frecuentemente ha atribuido algunos materiales de ajuar a un género o grupo de edad concreto sin el respaldo de análisis antropológicos. Desde la década de 1980, se han cuestionado dichas asociaciones y los estereotipos actualistas en que se basan. Este artículo se propone una aproximación inicial al tema de las relaciones entre los objetos funerarios y las características biológicas de los difuntos a partir de la bibliografía. Se centra en las necrópolis de Carratiermes, El Pradillo, Herrería III, La Yunta y Las Ruedas que cuentan con la información más completa. La muestra comprende 245 individuos para la Primera Edad del Hierro (siglos VI y IV a. n. e.) y otros 245 para la Segunda Edad del Hierro (finales del IV al II a. n. e.). Se analiza la distribución de la población por sexo y edad, atendiendo a la evolución de las curvas de mortalidad. También se lee la información en clave de género comparando las interpretaciones con los datos osteológicos. Además, se ofrecen algunas claves sobre la evolución de los materiales, la ausencia de marcadores de identidad y los principales ejes identitarios.

This paper deals with humanoid figures on gold foils from the Late Iron Age in Scandinavia. Interpreted as figures wearing masks, an effort is made to show the complexity, importance and significance of masking practices. The single Bornholm figures from the 6th century are interpreted as shamans performing rituals. Further, it is proposed that a restriction of masked appearances and performances to certain people (shamans) and places in the long run created stricter and more rigid gender roles in everyday life. The later gold-foil couples are seen as signs of divine communication, cosmological movement and seasonality, making up a mythology that legitimised political domination —the sacred lineage of rulers pivoting around an apical, ancestral cross-sex pair.

Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Geç Demir Çağında önemli bir süreci yaşayan Pers/Akhaemenid kültür evresine ilişkin oldukça az sayıda çalışma yürütülmüş ve arkeolojik olarak az sayıda bulgu ele geçmiştir. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Pers/Akhaemenid Dönem öncesinde bölgenin her anlamda kültürel olarak en etkileyici krallığı Urartu olmuştur. Ancak, Doğu Anadolu’da yapılan kazı çalışmaları ışığında Urartu Krallığı’nın çöküşü ile neredeyse tüm bölge genelinde bir hiatus (boşluk) durumu söz konusudur. Bu durum, seramik verileri ve karbon analizleri ışığında MÖ 5. yüzyıl sonu ile MÖ 4. yüzyıl başlarında değişerek eski yerleşim alanlarına yeniden bir dönüş olduğunu göstermektedir. Tüm bu olgular, yüksek olasılıkla Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Pers/Akhaemenid Döneminin ilerleyen evresinde yeni bir kültürel oluşum sürecine girildiğine ve merkezi alanlardan çok kırsallarda (Sazlıkyanı Höyük gibi) yaşamaya başlanıldığına işaret etmektedir. MÖ 5. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren ise eski merkezi yerleşim alanlarına her ne kadar yeniden bir dönüş olsa da, arkeolojik olarak bu merkezlerde görülen yerleşim ancak cılız verileri ışığında tespit edilebildiği için, kırsal yaşam geleneğinin de devam ettiği anlaşılmaktadır.

This paper discusses the archaeological evidence regarding the unique navigational environment of the Ljubljansko barje (Ljubljana Marshes) in the 2nd – 1st centuries BC. The evidence consists of the renowned and almost completely preserved flat- bottomed boat of sewn construction from Lipe (1890), the newly discovered sewn boat of a presumably similar size and technology from the Ljubljanica River at Vrhnika (2015), and the very large oak logboat also from Vrhnika featuring complex repairs and other unusual technical solutions. The construction details of all three watercraft originate in Mediterranean shipbuilding practices, but arguably lean on local tradition embedded in the broader socio-cultural environment of the pre-Roman populations of the northern Adriatic and its immediate hinterland. Résumé : Cet article propose un examen des témoignages archéologiques concernant l’espace de navigation unique constitué par le Ljubljansko barje (marais de Ljubljana) aux iie-ier siècles av. J.-C. (fig. 1). Les principales découvertes sont: le bateau cousu à fond plat de Lipe, presque entièrement conservé (1890) ; un second bateau cousu, de taille et de construction similaire à la barge de Lipe, récemment découvert (2015) dans la rivière Ljubljanica à Vrhnika; et enfin la très grande pirogue monoxyle en chêne découverte elle aussi à Vrhnika, qui présente des réparations complexes et d’autres solutions techniques inhabituelles. Les techniques de construction des trois embarcations nous semblent issues de pratiques méditerranéennes, mais s’appuient sans doute sur la tradition locale ancrée dans l’environnement socioculturel plus large des populations pré-romaines du nord de l’Adriatique et de son arrière-pays immédiat.

Cooking pots and culinary practices can be used as a sensitive proxy for social identities. Through an analysis of culinary traditions in the northeastern Negev—the borderland region between the Ir...

The article presents the preliminary results of studying of the Pinchuga-6 burial ground n the Lower Angara region. This site is the first large necropolis of the late Iron Age to be explored in the region. 16 cremated burials on the side were recorded at the necropolis. Eventually 30 individuals of different ages were identified. The research revealed single children’s and adults’ burials, collective and paired complexes. In the collective complexes the remains of three or five people are buried. Based on the results the main features of the funeral ceremony were identified. Among the finds from the burial ground and the inter-burial ground space are weapons, tools, ceramic vessels, objects of Western Siberian cult casting and adornments. According to the analogy, the burial ground dates back to the second quarter of the 1st millennium AD. In addition materials of the Tashtyk and Late Kulai guises have been collected at the site along with local elements of the Lower Angara region., В статье представлены предварительные результаты исследования могильника Пинчуга-6, расположенного в нижнем течении Ангары. Памятник стал первым изученным крупным некрополем финала эпохи железа для этого региона. На нем зафиксировано 16 погребений, выполненных по обряду трупосожжения на стороне. Идентифицировано погребение останков 30 индивидов разных возрастов. В ходе исследований выявлены одиночные детские и взрослые погребения, парные и коллективные комплексы. По итогам работ выделены основные черты погребального обряда. Среди находок из могил и межмогильного пространства отмечены предметы вооружения, орудия труда, керамические сосуды, предметы западносибирского культового литья, украшения. Многочисленные аналогии позволяют датировать могильник в рамках 2‐й четверти I тыс. н.э. На памятнике вместе с местными нижнеангарскими элементами присутствуют материалы таштыкского и позднекулайского облика.

This paper provides an assessment of four grave stelae that were found recently in the area surrounding Bozüyük, on the Anatolian plateau in the south of the Bilecik province. The plateau was part of the core of the kingdom of Phrygia during the Early and Middle Iron Ages, and part of the satrapy of Phrygia during the Achaemenid period of the Late Iron Age in Anatolia. The main focus is to examine the place of such stelae among Anatolian-Persian examples and to explore elements of Persian presence and organisation in the region. The precise archaeological contexts of these stelae are unknown, but are likely to have been tumuli. They are examples of an Anatolian-Persian style from the Achaemenid period, but can also be considered to be part of a somewhat rustic 'rural' sub-style, compared with more elaborate stelae that have been found around Dascylium, the satrapal capital of Hellespontine Phrygia. The Bozüyük stelae feature banquet, hunting and ritual scenes, and also battle scenes that distinguish them from other Anatolian-Persian stelae. Despite similarities, particularly with the Vezirhan stele, there are also discrepancies that make precise analogies with reliefs on other stelae difficult, though not impossible. It is likely that they were created by a connected group of sculptors, and might therefore be evidence of a workshop that sculpted local materials in a unique rural style.

Geophysical prospection and small-scale archaeological excavation were undertaken on the site of Kaštelina, Late Iron Age hillfort settlement located on a small coastal promontory of Stolac in the east part of the Rab island (Kvarner gulf, Croatia). Carried out by a Polish – Croatian team within the “Archaeological topography of the island of Rab” programme, the aim of this research was to obtain preliminary information relevant to determining the periods of occupation, degree of preservation, nature of the selected site features and potential of this site for further investigation. Multidisciplinary methods of research included ground penetrating radar and magnetometer together with the implementation using Amplitude Data Comparison (ADC) method which resulted in detecting remains of Late Iron Age building structures distributed over the northwest side of the Stolac promontory. Archaeological excavations that followed the geophysical survey resulted in unearthing remains of a dwelling together with its associated outdoor facilities. Benefits of multidisciplinary approach on the site of Kaštelina will be preliminary presented, stressing out the importance of gathered data for the general understanding of Late Iron Age settlements and their internal organisation in a wider context.

The ‘Celts Beneath the Pálava Hills’ exhibition was installed at the end of the summer of 2020 at the Regional Museum in Mikulov. The museum prepared the exhibition in cooperation with the Moravian Museum and the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno. Along with other unique exhibits, an assemblage of 70 metal artefacts stored in Dolní Dunajovice in the study collection of the Research Centre for the Roman and Great Migration periods of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, was chosen to be displayed for this event. The article presents 47 small artefacts made of copper alloys, 18 coins and five glass artefacts from 17 cadastral units, which enriched the exhibition with a variety of characteristic LT C and D1 finds. They do not form a complete collection, as their common denominator is that they were found in 2011–2017 solely by metal detectorists working together with the archaeologists from the workplace where the finds are stored. These never-before-published artefacts and the qualities of each deserve to be presented both to the public and the professional community. These artefacts include finds which, in the context of the Late Iron Age of south Moravia, are unique objects (including two bronze figurines) that are significant contributions to the clarification and differentiation of the topography of the La Tene settlement structure in the studied region.

L’histoire du manoir de Kernault à Mellac (Finistère) a été récemment enrichie grâce à la réalisation d’un diagnostic archéologique mené par le Centre départemental d’archéologie du Finistère en 2019. La cour et le jardin clos du manoir ont fait l’objet de sondages, offrant ainsi un nouveau regard sur l’histoire du lieu. L’opération a permis de mettre en évidence au moins quatre phases d’occupation. La plus ancienne, caractérisée par la présence d’un probable enclos quadrangulaire, daterait du second âge du Fer. Les vestiges d’une seconde phase d’occupation se perçoivent au travers de la mise en place d’un parcellaire entre la fin du xiie s. et le début du xiiie s. Cette occupation est abandonnée au profit de la création du manoir et de ses aménagements extérieurs à compter de la fin du xve s. Une nouvelle structuration spatiale se met en place. La cour du manoir est aménagée et les vestiges reflètent son utilité agricole. Ceint de murs, le jardin clos était structuré par des allées, des haies et des fossés. Trois fosses sont attribuées à une quatrième phase postérieure au xviie s. An archaeological evaluation carried out by the Centre Départemental d’Archéologie du Finistère in 2019 as shed new light on the history of the Kernault manor house in Mellac (Finistère). The courtyard and walled garden of the manor house were surveyed, offering a new look at the history of the place. The operation revealed at least four occupation phases. The earliest, represented by the presence of a quadrangular enclosure probably, dates to the Late Iron Age. The delimitation of a parcel of land between the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century is the second phase of occupation, which subsequently fell out of use when manor house and its annexes were built at the end of the 15th century corresponding to the third phase. The courtyard of the manor house was laid out and the ruins reflect its agricultural use. Alleys, hedges and ditches structured the walled garden. Three ditches were dug during a fourth phase after the 17th century.

Triliths are megalithic monuments scattered across the coastal plains of southern and southeastern Arabia. They consist of aligned standing stones with a parallel row of large hearths and form a space, the meaning of which is undoubtedly significant but nonetheless still unknown. This paper presents a new radiocarbon (14C) dataset acquired during the two field seasons 2018–2019 of the TSMO (Trilith Stone Monuments of Oman) project which investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of the triliths. The excavation and sampling of trilith hearths across Oman yielded a dataset of 30 new 14C dates, extending the use of trilith monuments to as early as the Iron Age III period (600–300 BC). The earlier dates are linked to two-phase trilith sites in south-central Oman. The three 14C pairs collected from the two-phase trilith sites indicated gaps between the trilith construction phases from 35 to 475 years (2 σ). The preliminary spatio-temporal analysis shows the geographical expansion of populations using trilith monuments during the 5th to 1st century BC and a later pull back in the 1st and 2nd century AD. The new 14C dataset for trilith sites will help towards a better understanding of Iron Age communities in southeastern Arabia.

The aim of this paper is to make a critical evaluation of the Romanian historiography from 1948–1989 which had as a subject of study the social history of the northern Balkan communities in the Late Iron Age period. The two years that I have chosen have both a symbolical and a chronological value. The year 1948 marks the beginning of an extensive and radical process of political, economic, social, and cultural changes, while the year 1989 symbolizes the fall of the Romanian “communist” regime. I propose a contextual analysis, which takes into account the evolution of the “communist” regime, as well as some key events that shaped the discourse. Through this evaluation, I want to intervene in the symbolic struggles that had as a final stake the Late Iron Age archaeology from Romania. Without claiming an objective analysis, I want to offer an alternative to the distorted portrayals which had existed so far. Although labelled as a “Communist” or “Marxist” historiography, it never strayed too far from the nationalist ideology, creating massive distortions along its way. In almost 50 years, the Romanian Late Iron Age historiography has gone from a formal and superficial application of Marxist theories, to a relative liberalization, and finally returned to an almost right‑wing discourse over the Dacian past. Moreover, I will show, in contrast to the classical post‑Communist view that the Late Iron Age archaeology in Romania was in touch, at least at some point, to the contemporary historiographical debates.

International audience; The amount and strength of archaeobotanical and archaeological data available for the territory of the Plain of Troyes, in Champagne (north-eastern France), make it possible to write a local history of domestic plants. The story begins with the arrival of the early Neolithic farmers (5200 BC), introducing agriculture with the first staple crops, the hulled wheats emmer and einkorn, pea, lentil, and possibly opium poppy. Their descendants left few traces, but from the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age (14th century BC), human expansion quickly resumed, supported by a completely remodelled farming system. Many new plants (spelt, millets, pulses…), introduced from far-off countries were cultivated, securing production, and decreasing gathering. This apparently successful agriculture lasted for one millennium till the middle of the Late Iron Age (2nd century BC). Technical innovations in agricultural tools then triggered new changes in production systems, evidenced by a sharp decline in millets and a more modest rise in naked wheats. This trend continued during the Roman era, a time where many agricultural innovations took place, especially concerning fruticulture and possibly viticulture. The true development of the latter occurred during Early Middle Ages. At that time hulled six-row barley and naked wheats were well established as the main crops, while two more species, cultivated oat and rye, were added to the already large panel of cereals. Our investigations do not go further than the 10th century AD, but despite the large gap till today, some legacies of the past are still perceptible in the contemporary agricultural heritage.

The paper considers one of the most significant changes in late pre-Roman Iron Age in Britain—the emergence of individual power, usually labeled as kingship. The modern perception of this sociopolitical phenomenon has been largely determined according to texts from Greek and Roman authors. This paper argues that this image is distorted and says more about the ancient writers than it does about ancient political leaders, their status, or the essence of their power. Avoiding terms like king to prevent a general misunderstanding of the phenomenon is reasonable; nevertheless, coins from so-called dynasties and tribes as well as other material sources show the emergence of individual power from the first century B.C.E. to the first century C.E. This new phenomenon should be analyzed with new (and re-worked) theoretical frameworks. Additionally, comparative studies can play a significant role in exploring the nature of what is referred to as Iron Age kingship in Britain.

Excavation in advance of housing development at Basing View, Basingstoke, revealed the remains of an Early Roman enclosed settlement that possibly originated in the Late Iron Age and was occupied to the early 2nd century. The settlement was fairly low status, focussed on mixed farming practices, but was notable for the presence of a possible sunken- featured building with a baby burial. The site adds to current knowledge of the Late Iron Age/Early Roman settlement archaeology of the area south of Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum).

A Late Iron Age farmstead was represented by an oval ditched enclosure, subsequently cut by another enclosure and together possibly forming a figure-of- eight plan, with contemporary features including a well, pits and post-holes. This was succeeded by a larger, early Roman enclosure in which lay a rectangular post-built structure and a sub-oval gully that may have been associated with a roundhouse, as well as hearths, pits, a well and a waterhole. The final mid–late Roman phase of settlement was characterised by a series of rectilinear enclosures. Although there is nothing of particular note amongst the finds and environmental assemblages, the significance of the site overall is that it provides a rare example of rural settlement of this date and duration on the Hampshire claylands, just to the south of Silchester and close to the Roman road that linked this with Chichester.

The finding of a partially preserved elk skeleton from the Bavarian Alps is reported. Remnants of an adult male were found, together with skeletal elements of juvenile moose calves, at the base of a talus cone in the pit cave Stiefelschacht, next to Lenggries (southern Germany). The adult's bones exhibited anthropogenic traces like cut marks and were radiocarbon-dated to the Late Iron Age. A projectile hole in the left shoulder blade and cut marks on the bones are indicative of hunting and meat usage. The elk remains were associated with several wild and domestic species such as ungulates and hare but were not, however, accompanied by archaeological artefacts. Other archaeological sites of the Late Iron Age are so far not known within a distance of less than 30 km to the Stiefelschacht. While the presence of elk during prehistoric times in the Alps has already been known before, the finds and the location are unique in that they are the first evidence of elk hunting during the Late Iron Age in the northern Alps.

Numerous slag samples and a piece of iron bloom with slag from excavations of Celtic settlements (La Tene C and D) at Ordacsehi, Szilvasvarad and Jaszbereny (Hungary) were examined. The main object...