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This paper proposes DCπBO, an approach to Dynamic Causal Bayesian Optimisation with Prior Knowledge, which outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches in Dynamic Causal Bayesian Optimisation (DCBO) by enabling domain experts to specify prior knowledge. DCBO is particularly effective for systems that evolve with causal and dynamic relationships, such as complex economic models, which we want to optimise based on actual datasets. DCπBO — our proposal — extends DCBO by enabling domain experts to express a prior in the form of a function, which specifies where they believe the location of the optima to be, and it bases the search for optima on evaluations of such a given function. When the domain expert provides accurate priors, DCπBO outperforms competing approaches in our extensive experimental analysis— which includes both synthetic and real datasets — while producing comparable results when imprecise priors are provided. &nbsp

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In recent years, burial systems have covered increasingly higher costs due to the pollution caused by decomposition products. These products are understood as chemicals and microorganisms in the surrounding soil and groundwater and represent a topical issue. The purpose of this research was to ascertain the extent of decomposition when pig carcasses are buried in two different burial systems (“aerated” vs. “watertight”) and catalogue the arthropods associated with burials at different time-points of removal from niches (after 6, 12, 24, 36, and 60 months). Thirteen taxa were collected in aerated niches, whereas five were collected in watertight niches. The initial access or exclusion of insect colonisers affected overall functional activity. Two Diptera species, Hydrotaea capensis and Megaselia scalaris, were the most abundant, supporting the hypothesis that insects can colonise carcasses in aerated burial systems. Furthermore, some species of bacteria have been documented as facilitators of the initial decomposition process of the carcass. Most bacterial colonies develop only in aerated niches. The trial showed that the first enzymatic–bacterial and insect actions helped promote the process of cadaveric decomposition and later skeletonisation, mainly when associated with aeration modes of the tomb/mound. The results obtained provide essential information on the process of human decomposition and taphonomy in cemeteries. Moreover, these data could benefit forensic science by adding information on insect colonisation and body modification in medico-legal investigations concerning the post-mortem interval in exhumed bodies and illegal burials.