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China is a major producer of crop straw, and the utilization of crop straw in graziery will alleviate the shortage of feedstuff and pollution of straw waste. The ratio of cellulose in straw is about 30%~40%, which inhibits the digestion of straw by animals, resulting in the difficulty of straw feeding. Fibrobacter succinogenes isolated from animal rumen can degrade cellulose efficiently. It uses the third cellulose degradation mechanism, which is different from the free cellulase degradation mechanism and the cellulose body degradation mechanism. The paper summarizes the research progress of cellulose degradation mechanism of Fibrobacter succinogenes, to provide reference for the application of Fibrobacter succinogenes in straw feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Grains are a major food resource for humans and ensuring food safety is essential. However, stored grains can be heavily infested by insect pests, leading to serious losses. Traditionally, fumigation based on chemical insecticides has been used for pest control, which include broad spectrum insecticides with high insecticidal efficiency. Unfortunately, this leads to food contamination and environmental pollution. Moreover, insects have evolved a higher resistance to these pesticides after long-term exposure. Developing new alternative insecticides has become important work in the field of grain storage. In this paper, we prepared a microcapsule using capsaicin, chitosan, and carboxymethyl chitosan, which has a high chemical stability and insecticide activity. Modern analytical methods such as FTIR, XRD, and SEM were used to determine these materials' morphologies, crystal structure, and components, revealing that the particles had an amorphous nature, a uniform size, good adhesion, and significant slow-release characteristics. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), an important pest insect, was selected as the experimental object. The results showed that this material had a higher insecticidal efficiency than pure capsaicin, both in inhibiting larvae development and in distorting the normal adult insect reproduction, revealing that this microcapsule has application potential as an insecticide for the insect control of stored products. Capsaicin is a capsaicinoid in hot chili peppers, with excellent antibacterial and antimicrobial activities and a good safety profile, but its poor solubility and instability restrict its effectiveness. This limitation may be mitigated by encapsulation. Herein, capsaicin microcapsules (CCMs) were prepared through layer-by-layer self-assembly, using chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan as shell materials. The chemical and microstructure structural characterization was evaluated by the methods of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM indicated the microcapsules were irregular in shape with an average size of about 100 μm. The encapsulation had a high loading efficiency of 64.31%. FTIR and XRD revealed the absence of the interaction between the core and shell materials and the amorphous nature of the CCMs. The analysis results of the microcapsules' release behavior showed the burst release of capsaicin in 7 days and a slow progression afterward in three solutions, with the highest release properties in a basic solution, followed by acidic and neutral salt solutions. The entomotoxicity of CCMs was conducted against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and its efficacy was compared with pure capsaicin. The CCMs were found to be highly effective against this pest. The LC50 value for capsaicin and its microcapsules was 31.37 and 29.75 mg/kg on adults, respectively. According to these values, T. castaneum's development and reproduction were significantly inhibited compared with the control group. The excellent physicochemical characteristics and insecticidal performance show a high application value for integrated pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray diffraction study of a single‐crystal YCrO3 compound was employed to obtain its crystallographic information, such as lattice parameters, atomic positions, bond lengths and angles, and local crystalline distortion size and mode. The measurements were taken at 120 K (below the antiferromagnetic transition temperature TN ≃ 141.5 K), 300 K (between TN and the ferroelectric transition temperature TC ≃ 473 K) and 500 K (above TC). Using the high intensity of synchrotron X‐rays, it was possible to refine collected patterns with the previously proposed noncentrosymmetric monoclinic structural model (P1211, No. 4) and determine detailed structural parameters. Meanwhile, for a controlled study, the data were refined with the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group (Pmnb, No. 62). The lattice constants a, b and c and the unit‐cell volume increased nearly linearly upon heating. With the P1211 space group, the distributions of bond lengths and angles, as well as local distortion strengths, were observed to be more dispersed. This implies that (i) the local distortion mode of Cr2O6 at 120 K correlates with the formation of canted antiferromagnetic order by Cr1–Cr2 spin interactions, primarily via intermediate O3 and O4 ions; and (ii) the previously reported dielectric anomaly may have a microscopic origin in the strain‐balanced Cr1—O3(O4) and Cr2—O5(O6) bonds as well as the local distortion modes of Cr1O6 and Cr2O6 octahedra at 300 K. Local crystalline distortion is shown to be an important factor in the formation of ferroelectric order. The comprehensive set of crystallographic information reported here allows for a complete understanding of the unique magnetic and ferroelectric properties of YCrO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to generate stable nonclassical correlation and wide‐band quantum field in quantum optical communication. In this paper, a scheme is proposed to manipulate the nonclassical intensity correlation of two output fields by a coherent coupling laser and an incoherent pumping field. The core of the scheme is that the coherent field is applied to manipulate the intracavity polaritons, and the incoherent pumping field is used to control the linear absorption and the atomic coherence. With the incoherent field, atoms are repopulated on the excited state |3⟩$|3\rangle$. It induces a wide‐band zero absorption of a probe field and the negative dispersion that can be used to realize a white‐light cavity. In addition, with the increasement of the incoherent pumping rate, the wide‐band maximum stable intensity correlation and the nonclassical field with sub‐Poissonian distribution are attained, which is verified by the evolution of the second‐order correlation of two output channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]