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Auch im Sommer 2003 kann die Entwicklung in der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft niemanden zufrieden stellen. Zusätzlich zu allen Diskussionen um Möglichkeiten einer Belebung der Wachstumsdynamik in ganz Deutschland stellt sich deswegen die Frage, wie die Politik dem Aufbau Ost neuen Schwung geben kann. Diese Frage stellt sich umso dringender, weil die finanzpolitischen Schwierigkeiten Deutschlands die Spielräume für finanziell kostspielige Programme für die neuen Länder stark einengen. Wichtige Bestandteile der Wirtschaftspolitik für Ostdeutschland waren in den letzten Jahren die spezifische Wirtschaftsförderung (insbesondere die Investitionsförderung), für die wegen ihrer Befristung wie auch wegen EU-rechtlicher Restriktionen nach Nachfolgelösungen gesucht wird, sowie die Aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die im Zuge der allgemeinen Arbeitsmarktreformen ebenfalls auf den Prüfstand gestellt worden ist. In Anbetracht der anstehenden Entscheidungen über die weitere Strategie für den Aufbau Ost hat der Bundesminister der Finanzen die mit dem so genannten Fortschrittsbericht betrauten Forschungsinstitute – das Deutsche Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Berlin (DIW), das Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), das Institut für Weltwirtschaft an der Universität Kiel (IfW), das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) und das Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) – deshalb gebeten, diese beiden Politikbereiche einer näheren Analyse zu unterziehen und darauf aufbauend wirtschaftspolitische Schlussfolgerungen abzuleiten. Darüber hinaus wurden als weitere Schwerpunkte der Arbeit eine regional differenzierte Analyse der Infrastrukturausstattung in den neuen Ländern, eine Untersuchung der technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft und eine Analyse der finanzpolitischen Situation der ostdeutschen Länder und Gemeinden vereinbart.

Die präsentierte Studie untersuchte Bestimmungsgründe der F&E-Tätigkeit von deutschen Industrieunternehmen im Zeitraum von 1992 bis 2000. Die modelltheoretischen Analysen dienten dazu, testbare Hypothesen über wesentliche Einflussfaktoren und deren Wirkungsrichtungen auf die F&E-Aktivitäten privater Unternehmen herzuleiten. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stand insbesondere die von der öffentlichen F&E-Förderung ausgehende Anreizwirkung, es wurden aber auch Einflüsse der Heterogenität im Markt, der Marktstruktur, der F&E-Spillovers, der Marktgröße und der Effizienz der Innovationsproduktion auf die F&E-Tätigkeit herausgearbeitet.

American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, The Johns Hopkins University.; The American Institute of Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) assembled a group of researchers and policy makers in Germany and the United States to identify research and policy issues posed by the transformation we have come to call the new economy. This paper, which is the product of their collaboration, focuses on three issues. The first relates to defining what exactly constitutes the New Economy. The second issue involves identifying the forces driving the expansion of the New Economy. The third issue pertains to research and policy questions posed by the New Economy. In addressing these issues, the authors generate several key findings. While a common myth is that the Internet and e-commerce constitute the New Economy, we suggest that what is new about the New Economy involves the shift to knowledge and ideas as the source of competitive advantage. There are at least four central aspects that, when taken together, constitute what we mean by the New Economy--(1) globalization, (2) the shift to knowledge and ideas as the source of competitive advantage, (3) the increased importance of regional agglomerations and clusters, and (4) the emergence of entrepreneurship as an engine of growth and development. The forces facilitating the expansion of the New Economy are technological change, especially ICT, but also institutional change, such as reforms in the financial sector. New government policies are required in the New Economy. They enable the creation and commercialization of knowledge. While this study is able to identify the importance that New Economy plays in Germany and the United States, it raises many more questions than it answers. In particular, this study argues for a research agenda that explicitly compares both the similarities and differences that shifting to a New Economy has impacted Germany and the United States, and which types of policies have proven to be the most effective in generating and coping with the New Economy.

The American Institute of Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) assembled a group of researchers and policy makers in Germany and the United States to identify research and policy issues posed by the transformation we have come to call the new economy. This paper, which is the product of their collaboration, focuses on three issues. The first relates to defining what exactly constitutes the New Economy. The second issue involves identifying the forces driving the expansion of the New Economy. The third issue pertains to research and policy questions posed by the New Economy. In addressing these issues, the authors generate several key findings. While a common myth is that the Internet and e-commerce constitute the New Economy, we suggest that what is new about the New Economy involves the shift to knowledge and ideas as the source of competitive advantage. There are at least four central aspects that, when taken together, constitute what we mean by the New Economy--(1) globalization, (2) the shift to knowledge and ideas as the source of competitive advantage, (3) the increased importance of regional agglomerations and clusters, and (4) the emergence of entrepreneurship as an engine of growth and development. The forces facilitating the expansion of the New Economy are technological change, especially ICT, but also institutional change, such as reforms in the financial sector. New government policies are required in the New Economy. They enable the creation and commercialization of knowledge. While this study is able to identify the importance that New Economy plays in Germany and the United States, it raises many more questions than it answers. In particular, this study argues for a research agenda that explicitly compares both the similarities and differences that shifting to a New Economy has impacted Germany and the United States, and which types of policies have proven to be the most effective in generating and coping with the New Economy.

We examine the impact of technological product advantages, prior international experience of the management, firm size and age, country differences, and sunk costs as determinants of the timing of international market entry. The timing of internationalisation is analysed using ?event history analysis? for 600 British and German start-up companies in high-technology industries. The results indicate that the incidence of internationalization increases over time. For the majority of new firms the question is not whether the firm will internationalize but when. The analyses indicated that a high commitment to R&D fosters rapid internationalization. The involvement of founder managers who are internationally experienced increases the speed of foreign market activity. Working against rapid internationalization was a high level of product customization. The findings suggest that timing of internationalization is a dynamic process which is influenced by initial human capital endowment, technological advantages, and learning from of day to day activities.

For firms acting in technological niches the expansion into foreign markets can be a way to increase sales and to thus to recover initial sunk costs over a shorter time frame. Our research, based on survey data for nearly 600 British and German high-tech start-ups, examines whether internationalisation leads to faster growth among high-tech start-ups. Results show that firms with international sales have higher sales growth than firms that sell only domestically. We find that technological sophistication of products and the experience of entrepreneurs has a positive impact on growth. In addition, intense competition and shorter windows of opportunity increase the pressure to grow rapidly to appropriate the returns from innovation. The findings suggest that high tech firm founders should be more determinedly international in their vision and strategies from the very start of their business to increase the economic success of their efforts.

"Business Angels" spielen in der Frühphase für die Finanzierung von jungen Hightech- Unternehmen eine wichtige Rolle. Sie übernehmen dabei die noch vor wenigen Jahren von Risikokapitalunternehmen ausgefüllte Rolle des wichtigsten Gebers von externem Eigenkapital für neue Hochtechnologieunternehmen. Dies gilt nicht nur in den Vereinigten Staaten, Schweden oder im Vereinigten Königreich. Auch in Deutschland sind Business Angels in der Startphase inzwischen wichtiger als Risikokapitalgesellschaften. Dies ergab eine im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) durchgeführte Studie des ZEW, bei der im Frühjahr 2007 rund 3.000 Unternehmen aus FuE-und technologieintensiven Wirtschaftszweigen befragt wurden.

Wo liegen Deutschlands regionale und sektorale Innovationsschwerpunkte? Innovative regionale Kompetenzzentren zeichnen sich vor allem dadurch aus, daß die ansässigen Unternehmen intensiv auf Hochschulabsolventen zurückgreifen, viele Naturwissenschaftler und Ingenieure beschäftigen und Forschung und experimentelle Entwicklung in hohem Maße durchführen. Die Spitzengruppe aus acht Regionen ist vorwiegend in Süd- bzw. Südwestdeutschland aber auch in den großen norddeutschen Städten lokalisiert: Hamburg, Bremen, Untermain, Ludwigshafen, Mannheim/Heidelberg, Stuttgart, Nürnberg/ Erlangen und München. Mit leichtem Abstand lassen sich neun weitere Regionen mit hohem industriellen FuE-Potential und hoher Dienstleistungskompetenz identifizieren, ebenfalls vorwiegend im west- und süddeutschen Raum (Mülheim-Oberhausen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Köln, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Ulm, Berlin und Dresden). Insbesondere Dresden erweist sich in diesem Sinne als das regionale Kompetenzzentrum in den neuen Bundesländern.

Established theories in international business come to different conclusions when specifically applied to the analysis of the international activities of start-up companies in high-technology industries. Using a new dataset of 495 British and German start-ups operating in high-technology industries, we analyse the differences between those companies that have built up international activities and those which only compete in their home country. Our findings suggest that the key discriminatory variables are: age, the extent to which the product requires customisation, regularity of R&D activities, and the international professional experience of the founders. These findings suggest that internationalisation of New Technology Based Firms is best explained by adopting elements from a number of different theoretical frameworks.

This paper develops a three stage oligopoly game for R&D cooperation, R&D expenditure and product market competition. In the first stage, firms decide whether or not to conduct R&D in cooperation with other firms. In the second stage the level of R&D investment is determined. Finally, firms compete in a Cournot?oligopoly product market. While earlier models on R&D cooperation only considered process innovation, the model presented here also takes product innovation into account. It is shown that the optimal R&D investment has virtually the same structure for both process and product innovation. The main hypothesis of our theoretical model are tested in the empirical part of this paper.

Technological progress in western economies has contributed to an immense rise in productivity, incomes and goods available over the last hundred years. Though not to the same extent as productivity and wages, population and employment have risen as well. Nevertheless, innovations are often blamed for job destruction and unemployment, with workers historically fighting against technological progress.

Ergebnisse der Innovationserhebung 1996

The Importance and Contribution of new technology-based Firms (NTBFs) to long term economic development is at the center of a controversial debate. This paper provides an overview of the current status of research on various issues concerning NTBFs in Germany. The issues covered include the incidence of start-ups firms in Germany's technology-intensive sectors and their regional clustering. The review also shows that NTBFs play an important role with regard to the transfer, adoption and diffusion of technology. The public support and policy initiatives for new technology-based firms in Germany are also discussed.

The missing effect of investments of firms in information and communication technologies on productivity is studied by various recent papers (e.g. Oliner and Sichels 1994, Landauer 1995, Brynjolfsson and Hitt 1996). Several explanations are given for this missing link. Our paper deals with two of them, using two newly available data sets for the German service sector. Using data from a survey of innovative activities in services we show that investment in information technology (IT) has a stronger effect on the quality of services than on the productivity of the IT-using firm. IT investment seems to be especially effective when innovations enhance the delivery speed and the spatial or temporal availability of service. Moreover, data of the German IT survey point towards the need to differentiate between types of IT investment. It is shown that especially the most recent generation of IT as indicated by the number of PCs used is the source of productivity growth whereas traditional IT like mainframes exhibit only minor productivity effects. We conclude from our results that mismeasurement of the quality of new products and processes is one important reason for our inability to uncover the productivity effect of IT. Moreover, dividing IT-investment by the type of IT clarifies that the kind of IT a firm uses is more important for productivity growth what than its quantity. In any case we expect that the bulk of the IT-related productivity growth is still to come. In order to realize the benefits from IT investment entirely, firms have to undergo a large restructuring of business functions.

Based on the data of the first wave of the Mannheim Innovation panel, this paper explores the link between R&D expenditures and patents. Our data allow a detailed analysis of the firm size distribution of R&D and patent applications at different patent offices. It is shown that the share of R&D performing firms is strictly increasing with firm size. The share of firms applying for patents shows an even steeper increase with firm size. Moreover, large firms more likely apply for patents in more than one country. The home patent office seems to be especially important for small firms. Using various count data models, the paper explores the relationship between R&D and patents at the firm level. We carefully test several distributional assumptions for count data models. A negbin hurdle model seems to be the most appropriate count data model for our data as the decision to patent inventions and the productivity of R&D are ruled by different mechanisms. Our estimates point towards significant returns to scale of R&D. Furthermore, the empirical results can be interpreted towards minor and insignificant spillover effects. Even after controlling for a variety of firm characteristics, firm size exhibits a large effect on the propensity to patent.

Im Zuge der Umstrukturierung der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft verringerte sich die Produktion in den neuen Bundesländern im Zeitraum von 1989 bis 1991 um über 42 Prozent. Auch 1992 war der Schrumpfungsprozeß noch nicht abgeschlossen und führte weiterhin zu einem starken Beschäftigungsabbau sowie zu einem Rückgang des Sachanlagenbestandes. Zwar konnte der ab 1992 zunehmende Einsatz neuer Produktionstechniken noch nicht den mit der Deindustrialisierung verbundenen Abbau von Sachkapital und Beschäftigung in Ostdeutschland kompensieren, er führte aber - zusammen mit anderen Faktoren - zu einem Anstieg des ostdeutschen Einkommens. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Erwerbstätigen stieg von ca. 28 Prozent im Jahre 1991 innerhalb von zwei Jahren auf ca. 46 Prozent des westdeutschen Niveaus. Diese Zahlen signalisieren allerdings keineswegs, daß eine Angleichung der Leistungskraft der ostdeutschen Unternehmen an die ihrer westdeutschen Konkurrenten unmittelbar bevorsteht. Vielmehr wird dieser Prozeß nach heutigem Stand des Wissens noch Jahrzehnte dauern. Durch westliche Kapitaltransfers und andere staatliche Maßnahmen konnten zwar bisher außerordentlich hohe Bruttoanlageinvestitionen in Ostdeutschland realisiert werden, aber diese werden allein nicht ausreichen, um eine Angleichung der wirtschaftlichen Leistungskraft in Ostund Westdeutschland in den nächsten zwei oder drei Jahrzehnten zu ermöglichen. Eine Konvergenz innerhalb dieses Zeitraumes erfordert neben einer hohen Kapitalakkumulation auch ein starkes Produktivitätswachstum, das über technisch-organisatorischen Fortschritt zustande kommt. Somit fällt dem Innovationsverhalten der ostdeutschen Unternehmen in dem wirtschaftlichen Aufholrozeß eine Schlüsselrolle zu. Ein wichtiger Sonderfaktor für einen schnellen Aufholprozeß der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft könnte das Engagement westlicher Firmen bei ostdeutschen Unternehmen spielen. Denn wie der Bericht zeigt, unterliegen ostdeutsche Tochtergesellschaften westlicher Firmen geringeren finanziellen Restriktionen als unabhängige Ostunternehmen. Auch profitieren ostdeutsche Tochtergesellschaften vom Technologie- und Wissenstransfer ihrer Muttergesellschaften.

Im Zuge der Umstrukturierung der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft verringerte sich die Produktion in den neuen Bundesländern im Zeitraum von 1989 bis 1991 um über 42 Prozent. Auch 1992 war der Schrumpfungsprozeß noch nicht abgeschlossen und führte weiterhin zu einem starken Beschäftigungsabbau sowie zu einem Rückgang des Sachanlagenbestandes. Zwar konnte der ab 1992 zunehmende Einsatz neuer Produktionstechniken noch nicht den mit der Deindustrialisierung verbundenen Abbau von Sachkapital und Beschäftigung in Ostdeutschland kompensieren, er führte aber - zusammen mit anderen Faktoren - zu einem Anstieg des ostdeutschen Einkommens. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Erwerbstätigen stieg von ca. 28 Prozent im Jahre 1991 innerhalb von zwei Jahren auf ca. 46 Prozent des westdeutschen Niveaus. Diese Zahlen signalisieren allerdings keineswegs, daß eine Angleichung der Leistungskraft der ostdeutschen Unternehmen an die ihrer westdeutschen Konkurrenten unmittelbar bevorsteht. Vielmehr wird dieser Prozeß nach heutigem Stand des Wissens noch Jahrzehnte dauern. ...

R&D expenditures of firms varies vastly between and within industries. In recent years a lot of theoretical and empirical studies attempted to explain the distribution of R&D expenditures. Four main factors repeatedly appeared in this literature: Firm size, market power, appropriability and technological opportunity. The present paper tests the empirical content of the hypotheses raised in this literature. It employs the data of the first wave of the Mannheim Innovation Panel conducted in 1993. Our study divers from the literature in several aspects: (1) The data covers firms from all size classes. The questionaire was designed to minimize the undercounting problem of R&D in small firms. (2) Besides a traditional definition of R&D we also used the concept of total innovation expenditures to capture the importance of non R& D innovation activities which are especially important for small firms. (3) We give reliable estimates on the occurrence of R&D and innovation activities in small and medium sized enterprises in Germany. (4) Our data base includes R&D performers as well as non-R&D performers. (5) We distinguish between the decision to perform R&D or not and the decision on the amount invested in R&D. We show that there are several differences with respect to both stages. As our survey collects information on several R&D enhancing characteristics of firm and market we are able to employ a more extended set of variables explaining R&D performance than most previous studies. The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) Once small firms have decided to invest in innovation activities, the amount they invest as a percentage of sales is larger than the innovation intensity of big firms. On the other hand, the probability that a firm is engaged in R&D increases strongly with firm size. The large and small firms differential in intensity can even be more pronounced if we use total innovation expenditures instead of the narrowly defined R&D expenditures only. (2) Evidence of a positive relationship between seller concentration and innovation input is rather weak. (3) Stronger appropriability conditions and higher technological opportunities enhance firms spending on investment in innovation activities and/or in R&D. (4) Certain other firm characteristics (exporting firm, financial constraints) play a role in determining innovation expenditures and R&D expenditures.

Ein Schlüsselfaktor für das wirtschaftliche Wachstum und für die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen Wirtschaft bilden die Innovationsanstrengungen der Unternehmen. Durch die Globalisierung der Märkte wird die Fähigkeit, neue Produkte, neue technische Verfahren und Ideen hervorzubringen und am Markt umzusetzen, immer wichtiger. Das Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie (BMFT) hat daher eine jährlich stattfindende repräsentative Erhebung Zukunftsperspektiven der deutschen Wirtschaft in Auftrag gegeben, das Innovationsverhalten in den alten und neuen Bundesländern zu erfassen. Die damit beauftragten Institute - das Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) und das Institut für Angewandte Sozialwissenschaft (infas) - haben im Mai Fragebögen an über 13000 zufällig ausgewählte Unternehmen des 'Produzierenden Gewerbes' und des 'unternehmensnahen Dienstleistungssektors' im gesamten Bundesgebiet gesandt. Etwa 3000 Unternehmen aus den alten und neuen Bundesländern beteiligten sich an der Umfrage. Parallel zu der Innovationserhebung in Deutschland wurden in der gesamten EG Unternehmensbefragungen mit den gleichen Fragestellungen durchgeführt. Damit gelingt es zum ersten Mal, eine international vergleichbare Datenbasis zu schaffen, die durch die geplante Teilnahme der USA und Japans auf alle Länder der Triade erweitert wird. ...

Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Forschung und Technologie führt das ZEW seit 1993 im Rahmen des Projektes 'Erhebungen zur Beschreibung des Innovationsverhaltens der deutschen Wirtschaft' umfangreiche Unternehmensbefragungen durch. Mit dem Mannheimer Innovationspanel wird in mehrfacher Hinsicht Neuland - zumindest für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland - betreten. Erstmals wird ein für die alten und die neuen Länder repräsentatives Unternehmenspanel aufgebaut, das neben dem Verarbeitenden Gewerbe auch Unternehmen aus einer Reihe weiterer Wirtschaftszweige umfaßt. Die erste Welle des MIP stellt gleichzeitig die deutsche Teilerhebung der in allen EG-Ländern durchgeführten 'Community Innovation Survey' dar. Der Fragebogen wurde im OECD-Rahmen und darüber hinaus noch enger innerhalb der EG harmonisiert. Damit werden in Kürze international vergleichbare Mikrodaten zur Analyse des Innovationsgeschehens zur Verfügung stehen.

The present paper presents an analysis of the impact of public infrastructure capital on regional economic developments in Germany. After presenting some descriptive statistical data on the economies of the 11 regions in (West) Germany a simple theoretical model of a cost-minimizing firm is presented in which the stock of public capital is included as a proxy for public services provided to firms as a fixed unpaid factor of production. Duality theory is used to recover the productivity effects of public infrastructures by calculating the cost-saving effects that are associated with public services. It is shown that these cost-saving effects work their way through adjustments in the demand for private inputs. Using a translog cost 'function we present panel estimates for the 11 federal states of (West) Germany with labour, structures and equipment as private factors of production. The results strongly indicate that public capital formation encourages private investment. In addition, it is demonstrated empirically that with respect to private capital a distinction between structures and equipment is of crucial importance because the effects on the former are of far greater importance than the effects on the latter.

A dynamic random effects probit model is estimated on the first six waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel to test for state dependence effects in male unemployment behaviour. Estimation of the model is based on the marginal likelihood approach. In the model an individual's unemployment probability at a given point in time within the period 1985 - 1989 depends on his labour force status in the previous period and on the cumulated duration of past unemployment. Controlling for observed and unobserved population heterogeneity, we show that there are strong state dependence effects in individual unemployment dynamics with respect to both the incidence and the duration of an individual's past unemployment. These results are compatible with the 'scar theory' of unemployment which holds that an individual's previous unemployment experience may have long-term effects because it induces a depreciation of human capital and/or acts as a screening device in employers hiring decisions.

This paper examines whether the productivity growth in the West-German states is influenced by the provision of public infrastructure. Medium-term labour productivity growth and output growth varies a lot between German states. This differences are more pronounced during the eighties. The traditional total factor productivity shows a smaller difference than labour productivity. The regional differences in the productivity growth rates can only partly be attributed to the differences in factor input growth. We estimate a translog-cost-function for the period 1970-1988 for 11 German states using a three-equation fixed-effects panel data model. We show that there are important cost-saving effects that are associated with public services. Likewise, the demand for labour, and the private investment demand for structures and equipment is effected by public capital goods. Our estimates indicate that public capital formation encourages private investment. This effect is especially strong with respect to the private demand for structures. These results confirm that regional or urban economic growth can be forstered by the government by public investment.

We test the assimilation hypothesis as initially proposed by Chiswick (1978) by making. use of a rich panel dataset for Germany which allows us to control for unobserved population heterogeneity and potential selectivity bias arising from an individual's re-migration decision and employment behaviour. To take into account the institutional aspects of the German guest-worker system we use information on an immigrant's expected duration of stay in Germany to distinguish between temporary and permanent migrants and to test for differences in earnings/experience profiles with respect to a foreigner's expected duration of stay. We find that years of schooling in Germany have a strong positive effect on earnings, that earnings/experience profiles of guest-workers differ by expected duration of stay, and that the renumeration of labour market experience in Germany is higher for natives than for most foreigners. The assimilation hypothesis is therefore not supported by the evidence for Germany.

Arbeitseinkommen und unvollständiger Wettbewerb auf Güter- und Arbeitsmärkten. - In: Strukturtheorie und Strukturforschung / hrsg. von Bernhard Gahlen. - Tübingen : Mohr, 1992. - S. 121-186. - (Schriften zur angewandten Wirtschaftsforschung ; 58)

Employment termination in East Germany in the first nine months after unification is analyzed within a discrete hazard rate model with three absorbing states, namely short-time work, unemployment and non-participation. Estimation is based on a cohort of employed individuals in June 1990 and the calendar data in the second wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (East). The time-dependency (duration dependence) of these rates is described by a flexible specification of the' baseline hazard function. The effects of personal characteristics, education and occupation, wages, firm characteristics as well as industry and region on both the transition rates into the three states and the survival rate in employment are analyzed.

Abgang aus der Arbeitslosigkeit, Individualeffekte und Hysteresis : e. Panelanalyse für d. Bundesrepublik Deutschland / Georg Licht ; Viktor Steiner. - In: Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit / Christof Helberger ... (Hrsg.). - Nürnberg : Inst. für Arbeitsmarkt- u. Berufsforschung d. Bundesanst. für Arbeit, 1991. - S. 182-206. - (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung ; 144)

Stichprobenselektion, unbeobachtete Heterogenität und Humankapitaleffekte bei der Schätzung von Einkommensfunktionen mit Paneldaten / Georg Licht u. Viktor Steiner. - In: Lebenslagen im Wandel: Zur Einkommensdynamik in Deutschland seit 1984 / Ulrich Rendtel ... (Hg.) - Frankfurt u.a. : Campus-Verl., 1991. - S. 100- 134. - (Sozioökonomische Daten und Analysen für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; 4)