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Estudou-se a relação do exercício das masculinidades com o cuidado em saúde para homens na atenção primária, por meio de representações e significados de usuários e trabalhadores acerca do que vem ser homem. Foram entrevistados homens usuários e profissionais de saúde de dois serviços de atenção primária. Encontrou-se uma diversidade de modelos de masculinidade que podem definir diferentes formas para pensar o cuidado de saúde dos homens. Observou-se que questões como trabalho, sexualidade, estrutura corporal, relações com as mulheres e transformações nas relações de gênero são temas importantes para os homens e devem ser consideradas nos serviços de saúde.

Este trabalho apresenta estudo de caráter etnográfico acerca da relação entre homens e a assistência à saúde na Atenção Primária, realizado em oito serviços de quatro estados brasileiros. Seu objetivo é compreender a (in)visibilidade dos homens no cotidiano da assistência a partir da perspectiva de gênero, que discute os mecanismos promotores de desigualdades presentes no trabalho em saúde. Foram identificadas, nesse contexto, diferentes dimensões desta (in) visibilidade: os homens como alvo de intervenções no campo das políticas públicas de saúde; como usuários que enfrentam dificuldades na busca por atendimento e no estímulo à sua participação efetiva; como sujeitos do cuidado (de si e de terceiros). O trabalho reforça a importância dos estudos de gênero e sua relação com a saúde, na medida em que discute a produção das iniquidades sociais (re) produzidas pelas desigualdades de gênero presentes no imaginário social e nos serviços de saúde. This paper presents an ethnographic study on the relationship between men and primary healthcare in eight clinics in four Brazilian states. The objective was to comprehend the (in)visibility of men within the daily routine of care, based on gender perspectives, with discussion of the mechanisms that favor inequalities in healthcare work. Different dimensions of male (in)visibility were identified within this context: targeting of men in interventions within the field of public healthcare policies; male users who face difficulties in seeking attendance; difficulty in stimulating effective participation among men; and male subjects of care (for themselves and for others). The paper emphasizes the importance of gender studies and their relationship with health, while discussing the production of social inequalities that are (re)produced by the gender inequalities that are present in the social imaginary and in healthcare services. Este trabajo presenta un estudio de caracter etnográfico acerca de la relación entre hombres y la asistencia a la salud en la Atención Primaria, realizado en ocho servicios de cuatro estados brasileños . Se objetivo es el de comprender la (in)visibilidad de los hombres en lo cotidiano de la asistencia, a partir de la perspectiva de género, que discute los mecanismos promotores de desigualdades presentes en el trabajo de salud. Se identificaron en tal contexto diferentes dimensiones de esta (in) visibilidad: los hombres como objeto de intervenciones en el campo de las políticas públicas de salud; como usuarios que afrontan dificultades en la busca por atención y en el estímulo a su participación efectiva; como sujetos del cuidado (de sí mesmos y de terceros). El trabajo refuerza la importancia de los estudios de género y su relación con la salud, en la medida en que discute la producción de las iniquidades sociales, (re)producidas por las desigualdades de género presentes en el imaginario social y en los servicios de salud.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a associação entre violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) e uso de serviços de atenção primária à saúde em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com seleção dos serviços por amostragem de conveniência e de mulheres usuárias desses serviços por amostragem do tipo consecutivo. As unidades amostrais finais de 2.674 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos de idade foram categorizadas, segundo a ocorrência e repetição de episódios de qualquer tipo de VPI na vida, como "não", "sim com alguma repetição" e "sim com muita repetição". Por meio de regressão logística polinomial, testou-se a associação entre VPI, uso de serviços de saúde e diagnósticos ou queixas das mulheres usuárias (tipo e frequência de registro), ajustadas pelas variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde sexual e reprodutiva. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma prevalência de 59% de VPI independente de sua repetição. O maior número de consultas mostrou-se associado com VPI repetitiva, após o ajuste dos efeitos de possíveis variáveis de confundimento. Os diagnósticos e/ou queixas de agravos psicoemocionais registrados, mais de uma vez, no último ano, mostraram-se associados com VPI, aumentando sua magnitude com a maior repetição da violência. CONCLUSÕES: É crucial um maior diagnóstico dos casos de VPI entre mulheres usuárias dos serviços de saúde, bem como a implementação de ações que previnam a violência e de cuidado relativamente às necessidades particulares de saúde dessas mulheres. Tais medidas, se adotadas, produzirão impactos também no padrão de uso dos serviços. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and use of primary healthcare services in São Paulo. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on a convenience sample of healthcare services, and on a consecutive type sample of women users of those healthcare facilities. The final sample of 2,674 women 15 to 49 years was classified according to occurrence and repetition of episodes of any type of lifetime IPV as: "no", "yes with some repetition" and "yes with a lot of repetition". Association between IPV, use of health healthcare facilities and diagnoses or health care demands (types and frequency of registration) of women users was tested by polynomial logistic regression analysis, and adjusted for sociodemographic and sexual and reproductive health variables. RESULTS: An IPV prevalence of 59% regardless of its repetition was observed. The highest number of visits was associated with repetitive IPV, after adjusting for the effects of potential confounders. Even after adjusting for the effects of possible confounders, the diagnostic and / or psycho-emotional complaints of injuries reported more than once in the past year were associated with IPV, increasing its magnitude with the highest repetition of violence. CONCLUSIONS: Better diagnosis of cases of IPV among women users of healthcare services is crucial as is the implementation of actions to prevent violence and to provide health care for the special needs of these women. The adoption of these measures will impact the pattern of use of healthcare services.

Buscou-se identificar e analisar a inserção dos psicólogos na rede intersetorial de serviços para mulheres em situação de violência. Foram analisadas entrevistas com profissionais de serviços específicos da Grande São Paulo (policial, saúde, psicossocial, abrigo, orientações básicas). Os psicólogos estão presentes e são solicitados em todos os tipos de serviços. Têm lugar na capacitação e supervisão dos profissionais, além do atendimento às mulheres. Na assistência, nota-se grande diversidade de práticas, com frequente ajustamento das intervenções aos objetivos, à cultura institucional e à vocação assistencial dos serviços. Há uma relativa indefinição na especificidade do trabalho do psicólogo, o que pode representar impasses para uma melhor articulação em equipe e em rede, mas, por outro lado, também pode criar oportunidades para inovações na prática. The aim of this research was to identify and analyze the insertion of psychologists into the network of services assisting violence against women. Interviews with psychologists working for specific services in Greater Sao Paulo (police, health, psychosocial assistance, shelter, basic assistance) were analyzed. Psychologists are present and their work is requested in all types of services. Their work consists in training and supervising other professionals, as well as assisting women. There is a great diversity of practices, with frequent adjustment of the interventions to the objectives, institutional culture and assistance vocation of the services. There is a relative impreciseness in the psychologists' work, and this can stand as a barrier to better team and network integration. However, it can also create opportunities for innovations in practices.

Trata-se de uma investigação sobre conceitos e vivências sobre violência de acadêmicos do último ano dos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem, Medicina e Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Caracterizada como uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória com abordagem qualiquantitativa com 175 acadêmicos, a proposta foi compreender qual a definição de violência para os acadêmicos, quais suas vivências sobre o tema e qual a inserção que o tema violência teve durante a formação acadêmica. As definições sobre violência estiveram fortemente relacionadas a uma visão técnica e priorizaram os danos físicos sofridos pelas pessoas agredidas. Diante de uma situação de violência os acadêmicos reproduziram sentimentos de medo, impotência, raiva e indignação e não reagiram ao presenciar tais atos; evidenciaram que o profissional de saúde não identifica situações de violência quando presta assistência de forma superficial às vítimas; e que a formação acadêmica não discute o tema suficientemente. The investigation analyzed the concept and experience of violence among the last year academics of the courses of graduation in nursing, medicine and dentistry of the Federal University of Santa Catarina. It was an exploratory descriptive research with quali-quantitative boarding, developed with 175 academics. The proposal was identify what are the academics understanding about violence, which are their personal experiences on the subject and what kind of boarding was given to this question during the undergraduate course. The violence definitions are hardly related to a technique sight and prioritize the suffered physical damages. Faced with a violence situation the students had reproduced the feelings of fear, impotence, anger and indignation; they did not react when witnessing such acts and showed that the health professional does not identify situations of violence when providing superficial assistance to victims; concluding, they consider that the issue is not sufficiently discussed during the academic course. Se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva exploratoria con enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, con 175 alumnos del último año de los cursos de Enfermería, Medicina y Odontología, de la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina. El objetivo fue entender qué definición de violencia tienen estos alumnos, cuales son sus experiencias sobre el tema y que inserción tuvo la temática de la violencia durante su formación académica. Las definiciones están fuertemente vinculadas con una visión técnica que prioriza los daños físicos sufridos por las personas golpeadas. Frente a una situación de violencia los estudiantes reproducen sentimientos de miedo, impotencia, ira e indignación, sin reaccionar al presenciar estos actos; el estudio demostró que los profesionales de salud no identifican situaciones de violencia cuando atienden a las víctimas de manera superficial; y que en la formación académica no se discute el tema suficientemente.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:04:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1414-32832009000300009.pdf: 515885 bytes, checksum: 1d3921926ed6a93ef219526d7e86a2a0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:04:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1414-32832009000300009.pdf: 515885 bytes, checksum: 1d3921926ed6a93ef219526d7e86a2a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:07:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1414-32832009000300009.pdf: 515885 bytes, checksum: 1d3921926ed6a93ef219526d7e86a2a0 (MD5) S1414-32832009000300009.pdf.txt: 59270 bytes, checksum: 47271c60f210380c56bb884bdf082588 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:17:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1414-32832009000300009.pdf: 515885 bytes, checksum: 1d3921926ed6a93ef219526d7e86a2a0 (MD5) S1414-32832009000300009.pdf.txt: 59270 bytes, checksum: 47271c60f210380c56bb884bdf082588 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:17:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1414-32832009000300009.pdf: 515885 bytes, checksum: 1d3921926ed6a93ef219526d7e86a2a0 (MD5) S1414-32832009000300009.pdf.txt: 59270 bytes, checksum: 47271c60f210380c56bb884bdf082588 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Em revisão crítica da literatura sobre a educação para o autocuidado e autocontrole no diabetes, procura-se apontar a inadequação das abordagens tradicionais da aderência ao tratamento e da transmissão de informações frente à complexidade do autocuidado em condições de cronicidade. Explora-se a influência das Ciências Sociais sobre o campo de estudo das doenças crônico-degenerativas, em geral, e do diabetes, em particular. Nesta perspectiva, pode-se reconhecer uma incorporação dos campos disciplinares da Antropologia e Sociologia em pesquisas mais orientadas para o indivíduo, em sua condição de portador, e a experiência que desenvolve nesse processo. Há certa inflexão, mais recente, no campo de pesquisas em educação em saúde no diabetes, com a introdução de estratégias que buscam valorizar a experiência e a autonomia dos pacientes como sujeitos de seu cuidado. Neste artigo, discute-se a estratégia do empoderamento na educação para o autocuidado e autocontrole no diabetes, como uma modalidade de prática de natureza mais dialógica e de maior respeito à autonomia moral e cognitiva do portador. Through a critical review of the literature on education for diabetes self-care and self-management, it was sought to point out the inappropriateness of traditional approaches towards compliance with treatment and transmission of information, considering the complexity of self-care under chronic conditions. The influence of the social sciences on the field of studies on chronic degenerative diseases in general, and diabetes in particular, was explored. From this perspective, it can be recognized that the fields of anthropology and sociology have been incorporated into research focusing more on individuals as patients, and on the experience gained through this process. Recently, there has been a slight change within the field of health education research relating to diabetes, with the introduction of strategies that seek to value the experience and autonomy of patients as self-care agents. This paper discusses the strategy for empowerment in education for diabetes self-care and self-management, as a dialogue-focused practice that respects patients' moral and cognitive autonomy. En revisión crítica de la literatura sobre la educación para el auto-cuidado y auto-control en la diabetes, se trata de apuntar la inadecuación de los planteamientos tradicionales de adherencia al tratamiento y de la transmisión de informaciones ante la complejidad del auto-cuidado en condiciones de cronicidad. Se explora la influencia de las Ciencias Sociales sobre el campo de estudio de las enfermedades crónico-degenerativas en general y de la diabetes en particular. En tal perspectiva se puede reconocer una incorporación de los campos disciplinarios de la Antropología y Sociología en pesquisas más orientadas hacia el individuo en su condición de portador y la experiencia que desarrolla en este proceso. Hay cierta inflexión más reciente en el campo de pesquisas en educación en salud en la diabetes con la introducción de estrategias que tratan de valorizar la experiencia y la autonomía de los pacientes como sujetos de su cuidado. En este artículo se discute la estrategia del empoderamento en la educación para el auto-cuidado y auto-control en la diabetes, como una modalidad de práctica de naturaleza más dialógica y de mayor respeto a la autonomía moral y cognitiva del portador. Unesp Botucatu School of Medicine Department of Public Health USP School of Medicine Department of Preventive Medicine Unesp Botucatu School of Medicine Department of Public Health

Este texto trata da violência contra mulheres (VCM) como objeto científico e prático da Saúde. É uma reflexão teórica crítica concernente a processos históricos que permitem ver tanto as convergências como os afastamentos entre a tomada dessa violência como questão e particularidades do campo da Saúde, produzindo conquistas e desafios atuais em especial para a Saúde Coletiva. O texto debate aspectos interdisciplinares desse objeto científico e suas implicações para a produção do conhecimento e para as ações em saúde. Considerando as distintas culturas científicas e práticas da Saúde e outros campos que já lidam com VCM, mostram-se tensões existentes entre a perspectiva da violência como questão da saúde e como fenômeno sociocultural, ampliadas com o acréscimo da abordagem de gênero. Produzem-se então desafios de diálogo entre esses campos em termos de paradigmas, modelos científicos e linguagens de cada qual; as necessidades de intervenção social em cada campo; e a relação distinta que cada um possui entre conhecimentos e intervenção social. De outro lado, mostram-se como convergências entre esses campos as conquistas relativas aos direitos humanos e sociais e a proposta de saúde integral. Conclui-se com algumas possíveis respostas aos desafios.

Este texto trata da violência contra mulheres (VCM) como objeto científico e prático da Saúde. É uma reflexão teórica crítica concernente a processos históricos que permitem ver tanto as convergências como os afastamentos entre a tomada dessa violência como questão e particularidades do campo da Saúde, produzindo conquistas e desafios atuais em especial para a Saúde Coletiva. O texto debate aspectos interdisciplinares desse objeto científico e suas implicações para a produção do conhecimento e para as ações em saúde. Considerando as distintas culturas científicas e práticas da Saúde e outros campos que já lidam com VCM, mostram-se tensões existentes entre a perspectiva da violência como questão da saúde e como fenômeno sociocultural, ampliadas com o acréscimo da abordagem de gênero. Produzem-se então desafios de diálogo entre esses campos em termos de paradigmas, modelos científicos e linguagens de cada qual; as necessidades de intervenção social em cada campo; e a relação distinta que cada um possui entre conhecimentos e intervenção social. De outro lado, mostram-se como convergências entre esses campos as conquistas relativas aos direitos humanos e sociais e a proposta de saúde integral. Conclui-se com algumas possíveis respostas aos desafios.This text deals with violence against women (VAW) as a scientific and practical object of Health. It is a theoretical and critical reflection related to historical processes that show convergences and distances between the approach of this violence as an issue and the health field particularities, creating contemporary conquests and challenges especially to Public Health. The text debates interdisciplinary aspects of this scientific object and some impacts to the knowledge production and to health actions. Considering the different scientific and practical cultures of Health and other fields that already deal with VAW, existing tensions between health perspective and violence as a socio-cultural phenomenon are showed, becoming critical when added the gender approach. Challenges are then created on dialogs between those fields in terms of: paradigms, scientific models and languages of each one; social intervention needs in every field; and the distinct relation between knowledge and social intervention presented in each field. On the other hand, the conquests related to human and social rights and the proposal of integral health are shown as convergences between these fields. To conclude, some possible answers to the challenges are considered.

Este artigo trata das possibilidades de atuação do campo da saúde na abordagem da violência contra a mulher desde suas práticas assistenciais nos serviços e baseadas na perspectiva de gênero. Apresenta-se uma dada compreensão teórico conceitual da violência de gênero contra as mulheres articulada a uma proposta de cuidado, pois a forma como o problema é delimitado é essencial para a intervenção, respondendo a finalidades sociais diversas. Trata-se, portanto, de pensar quais os objetivos da ação em saúde e qual o seu lugar na produção e reprodução de modos de viver e adoecer. Defende-se a possibilidade de atendimento integral, para que também a violência, e não apenas suas repercussões, seja considerada no trabalho em saúde. Recupera-se a proposta de atenção dirigida à violência sexual no Brasil e debate-se uma possibilidade de atuação na atenção primária tal como implantada no Centro de Saúde Escola Samuel B. Pessoa. As ações propostas e integradas ao Programa de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (PAISM) da Unidade constituem uma atividade de atendimentos a conflitos familiares difíceis (CONFAD), conceituada como uma técnica específica de detecção, escuta e orientação qualificadas, que caracterizam uma “técnica de conversa” como agir profissional. Por fim, discutem-se aspectos relativos à conexão do setor saúde com a rede intersetorial de atenção e suas principais dificuldades.This paper deals with the possibilities of the health sector to approach violence against women in its practices as a gender issue. It is presented a conceptual and theoretical comprehension of gender violence linked to a care proposal, as the definition of the problem is essential to the intervention, answering to different social ends. To do that, is necessary to think what the objectives of the work in health are and where it is placed within the production and reproduction of the ways of living and falling ill. It is argued the possibility of full assistance, in order that violence itself, and not only its repercussions, are considered in the health work. The proposal of care for sexual violence in Brazil is recovered, and a model of primary health care implemented at Samuel B. Pessoa Health School Center is presented. This model is integrated in the Women’s Integral Health Care Program (PAISM) and attends women in severe domestic conflicts (CONFAD) conceptualized as a specific technique of detection, listening and counseling, featuring a “chat technique” as a professional action. To conclude, aspects related to the connections of the health sector with the intersectorial network are discussed presenting its principal difficulties.

Basados en el contexto brasileño, en este artículo abordamos el poder médico en términos de los actuales conflictos en las relaciones intersubjetivas que el médico establece en su trabajo, conflictos considerados aquí como producto de una crisis de confianza vinculada a los recientes cambios históricos de la práctica médica. Al interpretar esos conflictos como cuestiones de orden ético y moral, recurrimos a las formulaciones teóricas de Hannah Arendt para analizar con mayor profundidad dicha crisis de confianza. De este modo, a partir de los conceptos arendtianos de “crisis”, “tradición”, “poder”, “autoridad” y “natalidad”, realizamos una lectura con nuevos significados de estos conflictos, que posibiliten futuros caminos y nuevas soluciones que eviten la nostalgia del pasado.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-26T19:19:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-31T13:04:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-81232015000702059-pt.pdf: 89810 bytes, checksum: 696ec0f4ef0e903a5b353457f45a54ae (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-31T13:04:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 S1413-81232015000702059-pt.pdf: 89810 bytes, checksum: 696ec0f4ef0e903a5b353457f45a54ae (MD5) S1413-81232015000702059-en.pdf: 85762 bytes, checksum: 2f6f0694e08a14f13594b857f9a0f9e8 (MD5) Faz-se uma reflexão sobre a experiência de 17 anos de produção de periódico científico de natureza interdisciplinar, a revista “Interface: Comunicação, Saúde, Educação,” que tem como escopo os campos da Saúde Coletiva, da Educação e da Comunicação. Examina-se, também, retrospectivamente os temas publicados pelo periódico, buscando-se reconhecê-los nas diferentes seções desta publicação. Por fim, analisa-se o periódico em sua evolução. This is a reflection upon 17 years of experience in the production of an interdisciplinary scientific journal, the publication “Interface: Communication, Health, Education,” whose scope is in the fields of Collective (Public) Health, Education and Communication. It also examines retrospectively the themes published by the journal, seeking to identify them in different sections of this publication. Finally, the evolution of the journal is analyzed. Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Educação, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu

Both intimate partner violence (IPV) and community violence are prevalent globally, and each is associated with serious health consequences. However, little is known about their potential links or the possible benefits of coordinated prevention strategies. Using aggregated data on community violence from the São Paulo State Security Department (INFOCRIM) merged with WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence data, random intercept models were created to assess the effect of crime on women’s probability of experiencing IPV. The association between IPV and male aggression (measured by women’s reports of their partner’s fights with other men) was examined using logistic regression models. We found little variation in the likelihood of male IPV perpetration related to neighborhood crime level but did find an increased likelihood of IPV experiences among women whose partners were involved in male-to-male violence. Emerging evidence on violence prevention has suggested some promising avenues for primary prevention that address common risk factors for both perpetration of IPV and male interpersonal violence. Strategies such as early identification and effective treatment of emotional disorders, alcohol abuse prevention and treatment, complex community-based interventions to change gender social norms and social marketing campaigns designed to modify social and cultural norms that support violence may work to prevent simultaneously male-on-male aggression and IPV. Future evaluations of these prevention strategies should simultaneously assess the impact of interventions on IPV and male interpersonal aggression.

This text covers the professional and scientific career of Maria Cecilia Ferro Donnangelo, professor, researcher and influential intellectual in the area of Collective Health. Born in 1940, and killed in a car accident in 1983, she actively participated in the emergence of Collective Health in Brazil and greatly influenced the creation of the sub-areas of Social Science and the Humanities in the health field. Her brief biography, contextualized professional choices and scientific production is hereby presented. Graduated in pedagogy at the time of national developmentalism with a post graduation in Sociology, Donnangelo fell into the triangulated area of Education, Sociology and Health, focusing medicine as a social practice and as a profession in society. Always with an eye to human rights and an ongoing dialogue with the modern Brazilian state and public policy, she examined questions of the social aspects in health and education, as well as questions of health education as a social tool. An educator of great prestige, her published work was limited. However, due to her foundational presence, her writings are classic references with assured presence and contributions for today and also vital to the future development of the Brazilian Collective Health.

This is a reflection upon 17 years of experience in the production of an interdisciplinary scientific journal, the publication "Interface: Communication, Health, Education," whose scope is in the fields of Collective (Public) Health, Education and Communication. It also examines retrospectively the themes published by the journal, seeking to identify them in different sections of this publication. Finally, the evolution of the journal is analyzed.

Propõe-se compreender, pela vulnerabilidade, como os sentimentos de medo e vergonha associados às situações de violência impactam nas possibilidades de superação da violência doméstica de gênero. Apesar desses sentimentos aparentemente se apresentarem como um problema de cada mulher, a violência doméstica de gênero não é um problema individual (ou do agressor), mas uma questão política e social de violação dos direitos humanos. Analisou-se 16 entrevistas de mulheres com história de violência doméstica. O conceito da vulnerabilidade permite iluminar e analisar a articulação entre aspectos subjetivos das mulheres, nesse caso o medo e a vergonha, com os componentes programáticos e sociais, como as legislações, as políticas sociais e serviços que visam assegurar direitos das mulheres, enfatizando as conexões entre indivíduos, suas relações comunitárias, o contexto sociocultural e econômico mais geral. Articular estas diferentes dimensões do problema é fundamental para abordar a violência de gênero e os processos para a sua superação., The objective is to understand – by means of the vulnerability concept – how the feelings of fear and shame associated with violent situations have an impact on the possibilities of women overcoming gender-based domestic violence. Although these feelings are considered a problem and are expressed according to each woman’s personal viewpoint, this article argues that the relationship between them and gender-based domestic violence is not an individual problem; rather it is a social and cultural violation of human rights. Based on sixteen interviews with women with a history of domestic violence, the vulnerability concept was used to analyse the relationship between the subjective perspectives of the interviewees and the programmatic and social components that make these women vulnerable. This is turn permitted the analyse of women’s social representations in relation to violence and to the means of confronting it, as well as women’s objective and subjective relationship with health services.

Apresenta-se panorama e reflexão crítica acerca da produção científica na temática violência e saúde. Com base em revisão não exaustiva, aborda-se a construção da violência como objeto de conhecimento e intervenção, nacional e internacionalmente. Mostra-se a tomada da violência como um domínio amplo da vida social, atingindo praticamente a todos, em situações de guerra e de suposta paz. Destaca-se a unificação da violência enquanto questão ético-política e a demonstração de sua extrema diversidade enquanto situações concretas de estudo e intervenção. Situando a violência como atinente a dimensões coletivas, interpessoais e individuais autoreferidas, e tomando-a por atos intencionais de força física ou poder, resultantes em abusos físicos, sexuais, psicológicos, e em negligências ou privações, os estudos examinados revelaram-se, como um todo, preocupados em responder ao senso comum que torna a violência invisível, naturalizada e inevitável. Fazem-no demonstrando sua alta magnitude, as possibilidades de seu controle e da assistência a seus múltiplos agravos à saúde. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico fluem das abordagens iniciais, relacionadas às desigualdades sociais ou desajustes familiares, às das iniqüidades de gênero e, menos freqüentemente, de raça ou etnia, o que implica em reconstruções dos conceitos clássicos de família, geração e classe social. Em conclusão, considera-se esta problemática como interdisciplinar e, retomando-se a noção de objetos médico-sociais da medicina social, recomenda-se sua atualização para temas tão complexos quanto sensíveis como a violência. An outline and critical analysis of scientific studies on Violence and Health is presented. On the basis of a non-exhaustive review, the construction of violence as a national and international field of knowledge and intervention is broached. Outbreaks of violence are shown to occupy a broad domain of social life that reaches practically everyone, in situations of both war and supposed peace. The unity of violence as an ethical-political question is highlighted and its extreme diversity as concrete situations for study and intervention is demonstrated. Through situating violence as related to collective, interpersonal and self-reported individual dimensions, and taking it to be intentional acts of physical force or power, resulting in physical, sexual or psychological abuse, and in negligence or deprivation, the studies examined mostly demonstrate a concern to respond to the widespread sense that violence is invisible, naturalized and inevitable. In order to do it, the studies show the high magnitude of violence, and the possibilities for controlling violence and attending to the multiplicity of harm to health. The initial approaches flow from a theoretical-methodological point of view related to social inequalities, family maladjustment, gender inequalities and, less frequently, race or ethnic inequalities. These imply reconstruction of the classical concepts of family, generation and social class. In conclusion, this problem is considered to be interdisciplinary and, returning to the notion of social-medical matters within Social Medicine, updating of this notion is recommended for topics that are as complex and sensitive as violence.

O trabalho aborda como homens e mulheres de baixa renda e escolaridade, da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, pensam suas relações afetivo-familiares e os diferentes contextos de violência que vivenciam. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, utilizando grupos focais, com vistas a subsidiar estudo mais global acerca de violência contra a mulher e saúde. Foram realizados quatro grupos focais (dois com mulheres e dois com homens, na faixa etária de 25 a 35 anos), abordando as representações, livres e instigadas por ditos populares, de: homem e mulher ideais; as relações afetivo- sexuais e familiares; os concretamente vividos; e a violência doméstica. Usa-se a análise temática. Os resultados apontam para cisões entre atributos físicos e condutas morais na mulher ideal referida pelos homens, já aquela referida pelas mulheres define uma autonomia controlada. Os homens tiveram dificuldades em definir o homem ideal, já para as mulheres o ideal é o homem-família. Quanto à violência, é em princípio sempre condenável. É tolerável e instintiva para homens; e fatalidade ou destino, pela natureza masculina, para mulheres, tornando-se evento natural e trivial dos cotidianos de ambos. O referencial de gênero permite compreensão da violência como ocorrência comum, mas de sentidos diferentes entre gêneros.This article discusses how men and women of low income and educational level, living in São Paulo City, think their affective and familiar relationships and the different violent contexts they live in. It consists of a qualitative study, based on focus groups and subsiding a more global study on violence against women and health. It has been conducted four groups (two with men and two with women, aging 25 to 35 years) broaching, free and instigated by popular sayings, conceptions on: the ideal man and woman, concretely experienced sexual affective and familiar relationships and on domestic violence. Thematic analysis was used. The results point in the direction of the division between physical attributes and moral conduct in the ideal woman referred by men, whereas the one referred by women defines a controlled autonomy. Men had difficulties in defining the ideal men, while, for women, this ideal is the family man. Violence is, in principle, always condonable. It is tolerable and instintictive for men, and fatality or destiny, because of masculine nature, for women, becoming a natural and trivial event in both of them day-to-day lives. The gender frame allows the comprehension of violence as a common occurrence, but in different senses for each of the genders

O artigo propõe uma reflexão acerca do tema da humanização do parto no contexto da formação em obstetrícia, fundamentalmente instigada pela contribuição de uma etnografia do processo de ensino-aprendizagem em medicina nessa área. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram observação participante, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e pesquisa documental. Apresenta-se o material etnográfico produzido no acompanhamento de um curso oferecido pelo Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia de conceituada faculdade de medicina em São Paulo e de visitas de seus alunos a serviços públicos de "assistência humanizada" e suas repercussões no ensino da atenção ao parto. Chama atenção que os embates em torno da noção de humanização contrapõem modelos de atenção apresentados nas visitas àqueles serviços ao existente no Hospital-Escola e, ainda, a modelos ideais propostos por seus professores. A discussão também põe em pauta o próprio ideal de profissão e seu campo de competências. Neste sentido, as visitas e suas repercussões constituíram também uma oportunidade de consolidação de uma identidade coletiva em formação. A dificuldade de lidar com o pluralismo de propostas de conduta, objetivo da disciplina em pauta, impede, da perspectiva do ensino, a formação do pensamento crítico e a maior autoconfiança na tomada de decisão.The article discusses humanization in the context of Obstetric training, instigated by contributions from ethnography on the process of learning medicine in this field. Research techniques utilized include participant observation, primary source analysis, and in-depth interviews. Ethnographic material was produced while accompanying a course offered by the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of a renown São Paulo medical school and visits by students to public services offering "humanized care" in birth, as part of its curricular activities. Repercussions of these visits in class are also presented. Conflicting views on the notion of humanization contrast the models of care presented by the hospitals visited and by the Medical School Hospital, as well as ideal models of obstetric care upheld by its professors. The ensuing discussion also highlights the ideal of the medical profession and its field of competence. Thus, the visit and its repercussions were also an opportunity for further consolidating a collective identity: that of physician in training. The difficulty in dealing with pluralisms as to conducts, proposed by different schools of thought within Medicine is brought to attention. As a consequence, difficulties arise in developing a critical outlook and in gaining self-confidence in decision-making.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of physical and sexual forms of domestic violence against women and its outcomes in health. Methods: The study was carried out in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a sample of 1343 women aged 15 to 49 years old among users of 12 public primary care health services. Results: As regards the prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence, 50.2% of the women (95% CI=47.5-52.9%) reported the occurrence of at least one epysode in their lives, being the intimate partner the agressor in the most of the cases (57.2%). 46,8% of the participants (95% CI=44.1-49.5%) had experienced domestic violence at some time in their lives, 27.9% had only experienced physical violence, 4.5% had only experienced sexual violence, 14.4% had experienced both physical and sexual forms. Conclusions: Physical and sexual violence presented high magnitude among the female users. In addition, the relevance of domestic violence was pointed out, mainly in the scope of the intimate partner abuse, what indicates the importance of the study in the field of preventive medicine.

É difícil o relato de violência sofrida por mulheres. Trata-se da invisibilidade da violência que afeta as relações usuárias - profissionais, criando impasses comunicacionais. Buscou-se caracterizar este silêncio, estudando usuárias de atenção primária na rede pública de São Paulo, quanto a prevalência de violência, a percepção de ter sofrido violência, a definição de violência em geral e a nomeação dada por quem a experimentou. Entrevistaram-se 322 usuárias de 15 a 49 anos, sobre agressões física, sexual e/ou psicológica, o agressor, e a percepção de ter sofrido violência, solicitando-se o relato de um episódio marcante, o nome que daria a este e a definição de violência em geral. Das entrevistadas, 69,6% referiram alguma agressão física, psicológica ou sexual e, destas, 63,4% não consideraram haver sofrido violência na vida; 64,3% relataram algum episódio marcante e 46,5% atribuíram um nome ao vivido. A definição de violência mais comum foi a de agressão física (78,8%), seguida pela psicológica (39,7%) e sexual (24,2%). Conclui-se que a maioria das mulheres que referiu alguma agressão não considerou haver sofrido violência na vida. Houve grande dificuldade em contar episódios e nomeá-los, e apesar de a maioria desses episódios serem do âmbito doméstico, na definição de violência esta referência não aparece. The account of the violence that women undergo is a difficult one. One is dealing with the invisibility of violence affecting users of care services and professionals, which gives rise to communication impasses. The authors attempted to characterize this silence by studying users of primary care in the São Paulo public network as regards the prevalence of violence, the perception of having suffered violence, the definition of violence in general and the designation given by the person who experienced violence. 322 users aged 15 to 49 were interviewed concerning physical, sexual and/or psychological aggression, the aggressor, and the perception of having suffered violence. The interviewees were asked to tell the interviewer about a striking episode, as well as what they would call it and what their definition of violence would be. 69.6% of the interviewees referred to some physical, psychological or sexual aggression; of these, 63.4%% did not consider that they had undergone violence in life; 64.3% told of some striking episode and 46.5% of them gave a name to the experience. The most common definition of violence was physical aggression (78.8%), followed by psychological aggression (39.7%) and sexual aggression (24.2%). One concludes that most women that referred to some aggression did not consider that they had suffered violence in life. They had great difficulty in narrating their episodes and giving them names and, even though most of these episodes had taken place within the domestic sphere, in the definition of violence this reference was omitted. Es difícil el relato de violencia sufrida por mujeres. Se trata de la invisibilidad de la violencia que afecta las relaciones usuarias - profesionales, creando impasses comunicacionales. Se trató de caracterizar este silencio, estudiando usuarias de atención primaria en la red pública de São Paulo, respecto a predominancia de violencia, a percepción de haber sufrido violencia, a definición de violencia en general y al nombre dado por quien la sufrió. Se entrevistaron 322 usuarias de 15 a 49 años, sobre agresiones física, sexual y/o psicológica, el agresor y la percepción de haber sufrido violencia, solicitando el relato de un episodio marcante, el nombre que daría a este y la definición de violencia en general. De las entrevistadas, 69,6% refirieron alguna agresión física, psicológica o sexual y, de estas, 63,4% no consideraron haber sufrido violencia en la vida; 64,3% relataron algún episodio marcante y 46,5% atribuyeron un nombre a lo vivido. La definición de violencia más común fue la de agresión física (78,8%), seguida por la psicológica (39,7%) y sexual (24,2%). Se concluye que la mayoría de las mujeres que refirió alguna agresión no consideró haber sufrido violencia en la vida. Hubo gran dificultad en contar episodios y nombrarlos y, a pesar de que la mayoría de esos episodios sean do ámbito doméstico, en la definición de violencia esta referencia no aparece.

Investigou-se a prevalência da realização do teste de Papanicolaou alguma vez na vida e nos últimos três anos entre mulheres de 15 a 49 anos, o recebimento do resultado do último teste realizado e os motivos relatados para a realização ou não do exame. Um inquérito domiciliar foi realizado no Município de São Paulo em 2000, com uma amostra representativa de 1.172 mulheres selecionadas aleatoriamente em seus domicílios. Das mulheres que já tinham iniciado a vida sexual (n = 1.050), 86,1% (932) realizaram o teste alguma vez na vida e 77,3 % (839) nos últimos três anos. Das que já realizaram o teste, 806 (87,0%) receberam o resultado do último exame. Os principais motivos para a realização do último teste foram: demanda espontânea (55,5%), recomendação médica (25%) e presença de queixas ginecológicas (18,2%). As principais razões para a não realização do exame foram: ausência de problemas ginecológicos, vergonha ou medo e dificuldades de acesso. A despeito do relativo aumento na cobertura do teste de Papanicolaou e de mais da metade das mulheres demandarem espontaneamente pelo exame, sua realização foi menor entre aquelas com as piores condições sócio-econômicas e, portanto, de maior risco para o câncer cervical. This study estimated Pap smear coverage (at least one test in the lifetime and one in the last three years) among women aged 15 to 49 years old. The study also discusses whether the women received the results of their last test, as well as self-reported reasons for and against submitting to the test. A population-based survey was conducted in the city of São Paulo in 2000 with a randomly selected representative sample of 1,172 women. Among the women who were already sexually active (n = 1,050), 86.1% reported having had at least one Pap smear during their lifetime, and 77.3% had undergone the test in the previous 3 years. Among those who reported having had at least one Pap smear, 87.0% had received the result of the last test. The main reasons reported for having had the last test were: spontaneous demand (55.5%), medical referral (25%), and gynecological complaints (18.2%). The main reasons for never having had a Pap test were: no gynecological problems, embarrassment or fear, and difficulties in accessing health services. Despite high coverage of the Pap test and the fact that the majority of the women had self-reported a spontaneous demand, use of the Pap test was less prevalent among women with the lowest socioeconomic level (and consequently at greater risk of cervical cancer).

OBJETIVO: É escasso o conhecimento sobre a ocorrência de violência contra a mulher no contexto brasileiro. A questão raramente aparece nos diagnósticos e nas condutas realizados nos serviços de saúde, apesar da magnitude e das importantes repercussões dessa forma de violência nas condições de saúde da população. Buscou-se encontrar casos de violência contra a mulher, identificando a natureza do ato perpetrado, a qualidade/gravidade da violência e a relação do(a) agressor(a) com a mulher. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado no Município de São Paulo, entre usuárias de uma unidade básica de saúde, durante dois meses, em 1998. A busca ativa de casos de violência e sua freqüência foi realizada mediante entrevista padronizada, aplicada a todas as mulheres de 15 a 49 anos que foram atendidas no período da pesquisa. Foram entrevistadas 322 mulheres. RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 143 usuárias (44,4%; IC95%=38,9-49,8%) relataram pelo menos um episódio de violência física na vida adulta, sendo que, em 110 casos, o ato de violência partiu de companheiros ou familiares (34,1%; IC95%=28,9-39,3%). Relataram a ocorrência de pelo menos um episódio de violência sexual na vida adulta 37 mulheres (11,5%; IC95%=8,0-14,9%); em 23 casos, os autores da ação eram companheiros ou familiares (7,1%; IC95%=4,3-9,9%). CONCLUSÕES: Assim como já demonstrado em outros países, a violência física e sexual teve alta magnitude entre as mulheres usuárias dos serviços básicos de saúde. Os companheiros e familiares são os principais perpetradores, e os casos são, em sua maioria, severos e repetitivos. OBJECTIVES: There is scarce information on violence against women in the Brazilian society. This fact is rarely reported in medical records as part of the diagnosis and case management, despite evidence showing the significant impact of violence on the population's health. The study aim was to estimate the occurrence of violence against women, and to determine the nature and magnitude of the violent action and the relationship between women and her aggressors. METHODS: The study was conducted among women seen in a primary care unit of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in a two-month period in 1998. The occurrence of violence cases was ascertained using standardized interviews to all women aged 15 to 49 years who sought health care during the study. Three-hundred and twenty-two women were interviewed. RESULTS: Of the participants, 143 (44.4%; IC95%=38.9-49.8%) reported at least one episode of physical violence in their adult life, 110 of those perpetrated by their partners or family members (34.1%; IC95%=28.9-39.3%). Thirty-seven women (11.5%; IC95%=8.0-14.9%) reported at least one episode of sexual violence in their adult life, 23 of those perpetrated by their partners or family members (7.1%; IC95%=4.3-9.9%). CONCLUSIONS: As reported in other countries, physical and sexual violence is highly frequent among women seen in primary care services. In most cases their partners and family members are the perpetrators and the episodes are mostly serious and recurrent.

Implementation of primary care has long been a priority in low- and middle-income countries. Violence at work may hamper progress in this field. Hence, we examined the associations between violence at work and depressive symptoms/major depression in primary care teams (physicians, nurses, nursing assistants, and community health workers). A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. We assessed a random sample of Family Health Program teams. We investigated depressive symptoms and major depression using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and exposure to violence at work in the previous 12 months using a standardized questionnaire. Associations between exposure to violence and depressive symptoms/major depression were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Of 3141 eligible workers, 2940 (93 %) completed the interview. Of these, 36.3 % (95 % CI 34.6–38.1) presented intermediate depressive symptoms, and 16 % (95 % CI 14.6–17.2), probable major depression. The frequencies of exposure to the different types of violence at work were: insults (44.9 %), threats (24.8 %), physical aggression (2.3 %), and witnessing violence (29.5 %). These exposures were strongly and progressively associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 1.67 for exposure to one type of violence; and 5.10 for all four types), and probable major depression (adjusted odds ratio 1.84 for one type; and 14.34 for all four types). Primary care workers presenting depressive symptoms and those who have experienced violence at work should be assisted. Policy makers should prioritize strategies to prevent these problems, since they can threaten primary care sustainability.

We examine the incorporation of the gender perspective in the health field, considering scientific production, health policies and programs and everyday professional practices within the health services. These distinct layers are necessary given the different possibilities each presents for the incorporation of gender. In scientific production, we identify increasing inclusion of the gender perspective, but with little methodological use of the concept; in health policies and programs, the incorporation of the gender perspective is not comprehensive and varies temporally; and in professional practices, incorporation is anchored more in practical knowledge than in a technical and scientific basis. In the daily work of health professionals, this set of difficulties generates different tensions regarding the scientific and technological basis and the moral basis for intervention.

A necessidade de se pautarem estudos do campo da saúde numa perspectiva histórica originou novos horizontes analíticos para as condições de emergência de saberes voltados à explicação do social na determinação de processos patológicos e das práticas de saúde. O propósito deste texto é considerar como a ciência histórica, em seus aspectos metodológicos de análise, tem concorrido para a prática do médico, levantando particularmente aspectos críticos mais amplos das questões atinentes ao campo do Cuidado em Saúde, a partir de diálogos entre cultura e a sociedade, plasmados por uma ordem discursiva em ato, não apenas no fazer-se enquanto linguagem, mas na sua efetivação prática dentro de uma racionalidade médica, com a atenção às rupturas e permanências de um discurso científico. The need for studies in the field of health to be based on a historical perspective has opened up new horizons for the analysis of the conditions for the creation of a body of knowledge aimed at explaining the role of social elements in determining pathological processes and health practices. The purpose of this paper is to examine how historical science, with its methodological aspects of analysis, has contributed to the physician's practice, especially raising broader critical aspects of the issues related to the field of health care. It is based on dialogues between culture and society molded around a discursive order to act not just as a language, but in its effective implementation within a medical rationale, with attention to the ruptures and continuities of a scientific discourse.

BACKGROUND: Screening for violence during pregnancy is one of the strategies for the prevention of abuse against women. Since violence is difficult to measure, it is necessary to validate questionnaires that can provide a good measure of the phenomenon. The present study analyzed the psychometric properties of the World Health Organization Violence Against Women (WHO VAW) instrument for the measurement of violence against pregnant women. METHODS: Data from the Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís birth cohort studies (BRISA) were used. The sample consisted of 1,446 pregnant women from São Luís and 1,378 from Ribeirão Preto, interviewed in 2010 and 2011. Thirteen variables were selected from a self-applied questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate whether violence is a uni-or-multidimensional construct consisting of psychological, physical and sexual dimensions. The mean-and-variance-adjusted weighted least squares estimator was used. Models were fitted separately for each city and a third model combining data from the two settings was also tested. Models suggested from modification indices were tested to determine whether changes in the WHO VAW model would produce a better fit. RESULTS: The unidimensional model did not show good fit (Root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.060, p < 0.001 for the combined model). The multidimensional WHO VAW model showed good fit (RMSEA = 0.036, p = 0.999 for the combined model) and standardized factor loadings higher than 0.70, except for the sexual dimension for SL (0.65). The models suggested by the modification indices with cross loadings measuring simultaneously physical and psychological violence showed a significantly better fit compared to the original WHO model (p < 0.001 for the difference between the model chi-squares). CONCLUSIONS: Violence is a multidimensional second-order construct consisting of psychological, physical and sexual dimensions. The WHO VAW model and the modified models are suitable for measuring violence against pregnant women.

Acolher demandas e assistir mulheres que sofrem violência é parte dos direitos em saúde, embora a assistência não esteja estruturada e ocorra pouca detecção de casos. Buscou-se um diagnóstico de situação em serviços, avaliando-se a emergência de demandas referidas à violência por parte das usuárias de uma unidade básica da rede pública, contrastando-se a demanda espontânea com a busca ativa de casos. Realizou-se um primeiro estudo por técnicas de observação participante, seguida de estudo de prontuário, com 142 mulheres sendo acompanhadas; num segundo estudo, em uma amostra de 322 usuárias, aplicou-se entrevista. Em atividades grupais observou-se relatos espontâneos e nos prontuários médicos registros de demandas espontâneas; o mesmo não ocorreu em consultas individuais. A entrevista detectou uma prevalência de casos muito maior. Então, a possibilidade de detecção de casos, seu acolhimento e algumas respostas do serviço, requer especificidade de abordagem e cuidados próprios para que a violência contra mulheres possa emergir como parte da demanda usual na saúde.

Este texto apresenta um conjunto de problemáticas para o planejamento e a gestão dos serviços de saúde, a partir dos processos de trabalho produtores diretos da assistência e dos cuidados em saúde. Busca, pois, contribuir com questões relevantes ao estudo das interfaces entre a gestão e o trabalho em saúde. Aborda o próprio planejamento e a gestão como produção de um trabalho: o de organização e realização de outros trabalhos, com vistas à racionalidade produtiva dos serviços em seus diversos fins. De outro lado, pontua questões desses outros trabalhos enquanto problemas que podem vir a ser tomados pelo trabalho gestor: a integralidade das ações com interdisciplinaridade das técnicas e interação entre multi-profissionais no trabalho em equipe, ou a garantia de qualidade resolutiva da assistência, tanto como eficácia técnico-científica quanto como adesão e intercomunicação na relação direta entre os diversos profissionais e destes com os usuários dos serviços. Para tanto concebe-se trabalho como processo produtivo e como interação, levando-se em conta as articulações entre as ações em saúde, pelo que representam de ações estratégicas para a produção de cuidados e assistência, bem como as relações intersubjetivas, pelo que representam de ações comunicativas e partilhas de decisões.This paper presents some relevant issues for the health services from the planning and management perspective while dealing with those work processes which produce health care and assistance. It contributes therefore with the study of the interfaces between management, planning and the labour process in health. Management is considered as a labour process itself, organising and executing health care submitted to a previous productive rationality. On the other hand, some majors problems of the health care and assistance are considered as potential issues to be included in management: the integration of health practices, dealing with the interdisciplinary nature of techniques and the multiprofissional health team, and the health care quality, from a technical scientific efficacy and communicative perspective. Labour is thus conceived as both productive action and interaction. That means considering the connections between the different professional works producing health care and assistance as well as considering those subjective interactions producing shared decisions and communication.

O presente artigo discute a violência institucional em maternidades sob a ótica de profissionais de saúde, com base nos dados de uma pesquisa sobre o tema na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Para tanto, foram entrevistados 18 profissionais de saúde atuantes nas redes pública e privada, dentre médicos obstetras, enfermeiras e técnicas em enfermagem. Foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado com questões sobre a experiência profissional e o conceito de violência. A análise revelou o reconhecimento desses profissionais de práticas discriminatórias e desrespeitosas no cotidiano da assistência a mulheres gestantes, parturientes e puérperas. São exemplos citados dessas práticas o uso de jargões pejorativos como forma de humor, ameaças, reprimendas e negligência no manejo da dor. Essas práticas não são geralmente percebidas pelos profissionais como violentas, mas sim como um exercício de autoridade em um contexto considerado "difícil". Tal contexto revela a banalização da violência institucional que travestida de boa prática, porque seria para o bem da paciente, acaba invisibilizada no cotidiano da assistência. The current article discusses institutional violence in maternity hospitals from the health workers' perspective, based on data from a study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Eighteen health workers from the public and private sectors were interviewed, including obstetricians, nurses, and nurse technicians. A semi-structured interview was used with questions on professional experience and the definition of violence. The analysis revealed that these health workers acknowledged the existence of discriminatory and disrespectful practices against women during prenatal care, childbirth, and the postpartum. Examples of such practices cited by interviewees included the use of pejorative slang as a form of "humor", threats, reprimands, and negligence in the management of pain. Such practices are not generally viewed by health workers as violent, but rather as the exercise of professional authority in what is considered a "difficult" context. The institutional violence is thus trivialized, disguised as purportedly good practice (i.e., "for the patient's own good"), and rendered invisible in the daily routine of care provided by maternity services. El presente artículo versa sobre la violencia institucional en maternidades, según la óptica de profesionales de salud, en base a los datos de una investigación sobre este tema en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Para ello, fueron entrevistados 18 profesionales de salud activos en la red pública y privada, entre los que se encontraban médicos obstetras, enfermeras y técnicos en enfermería. Se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado con ítems sobre la experiencia profesional y el concepto de violencia. El análisis reveló el reconocimiento -por parte de esos profesionales- de prácticas discriminatorias e irrespetuosas en el día a día de la asistencia a mujeres embarazadas, parturientas y puérperas. Se citan como ejemplos de esas prácticas el uso de apelativos peyorativos como una forma de humor, amenazas, reprimendas y negligencia en el manejo del dolor. Esas prácticas no son generalmente percibidas por los profesionales como violentas, sino como un ejercicio de autoridad en un contexto considerado "difícil". Este contexto revela la banalización de la violencia institucional que disfrazada de buena práctica, ya que se produce por el bien del paciente, acaba siendo invisibilizada en la cotidianidad de la asistencia.

The need for studies in the field of health to be based on a historical perspective has opened up new horizons for the analysis of the conditions for the creation of a body of knowledge aimed at explaining the role of social elements in determining pathological processes and health practices. The purpose of this paper is to examine how historical science, with its methodological aspects of analysis, has contributed to the physician's practice, especially raising broader critical aspects of the issues related to the field of health care. It is based on dialogues between culture and society molded around a discursive order to act not just as a language, but in its effective implementation within a medical rationale, with attention to the ruptures and continuities of a scientific discourse.

Background Violence against pregnant women has been associated with gestational and perinatal disorders. Psychological violence is the type least investigated and its associated factors have been little studied. The present study was conducted in order to estimate prevalence rates and analyze the factors associated with exclusive and recurrent psychological violence in the municipality of São Luís, Brazil. Methods Data regarding 982 pregnant women, aged from 14 to 45 years, interviewed in 2010 and 2011 in a prenatal cohort were used. A self-applied questionnaire was used to screen for violence. Pregnant women submitted to physical and sexual violence were excluded from the analysis of factors associated with exclusive psychological violence. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by a Poisson regression model with a hierarchical approach at three levels. At level 1 of the theoretical-conceptual model, we analyzed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and variables that express gender inequalities; at level 2, we analyzed social support received by the women, and at level 3, the life experiences of the pregnant women. Results Prevalence rate of exclusive psychological violence was 41.6% and of recurrent violence was 32.6%. Exclusive psychological violence was associated with pregnant women’s age of 14 to 18 years (PR: 1.32 95% CI: 1.04 – 1.70), pregnant women’s schooling superior to that of her intimate partner (PR: 1.54 95% CI: 1.09 – 2.16), inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.34 95% CI: 1.11 – 1.62), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 1.80 95% CI: 1.16 – 2.81) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.52 95% CI: 1.18 – 1.96). Recurrent exclusive psychological violence was associated with inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.15 – 1.87), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 2,28 95% CI: 1,40 - 3,71) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.06 – 2.03). Conclusions Psychological violence was a common phenomenon in this population of pregnant women that was associated with gender inequalities, inadequate social support and illicit drug use and should be routinely investigated during prenatal visits at health care services.

The aim of the study was to interpret and understand the institutionalization of public health care in the state of Sao Paulo over the years 1930-1940, based on the history of medical specialties. The methodology involved analysis of new sources of documents, which were compared with the existing literature, thereby leading to identification of new indices relating to the issue of eugenics and the presence of physicians' religious beliefs as a social movement. As physicians became public health experts, they proposed a project to elevate the Brazilian race, by merging the hygienist discourse with sanitary actions. Sao Paulo sought primacy in this project, believing that this was a State already constituted by a race of "historically healthy men". Religious beliefs influenced the debate and the decisions of that time with regard to the established order within public health. In this manner, it could be shown that, historically, public health discourse was constituted by merging technical-scientific issues with political-ideological and cultural issues, producing a mixture of different interests and corporative perspectives of the profession.

Mulheres com deficiência contam com ações inexpressivas nos serviços de atenção básica em saúde, que embora historicamente privilegiem a clientela feminina, pouco reconhecem os aspectos relativos aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos e à dupla vulnerabilidade que as acometem por serem mulheres e portarem deficiências. Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa qualitativa que objetiva identificar dimensões individuais, sociais e programáticas da dupla vulnerabilidade de quinze mulheres com diferentes tipos e graus de deficiência, usuárias de três serviços de atenção básica em saúde na cidade de São Paulo. Destacam-se em suas narrativas vivências de rejeição ou superproteção familiar, dificuldades em adquirir equipamentos para sua autonomia, pouco investimento no estudo e na qualificação profissional, menor participação social, obstáculos à vivencia da sexualidade e da maternidade, falta de acessibilidade física, comunicacional e atitudes pouco receptivas nos serviços de saúde, caracterizando total vulnerabilidade. Problematizá-la possibilita a construção de práticas integrais de saúde que incorporem a dimensão dos direitos humanos de grupos que historicamente experimentam a violação dos mesmos: mulheres e pessoas com deficiência. Women with disabilities have few measures geared to their needs in the primary health care services. Despite the attention given to the female population in these facilities, they still fail to address specificities of women with disabilities, such as issues related to their sexual and reproductive rights and their double vulnerability, both as women and as disabled individuals. This research is part of a qualitative study to identify the individual, social and programmed double vulnerability of fifteen women with different types and degrees of disabilities, who are frequenters of three primary health care facilities in São Paulo city. The women's narratives highlighted experiences of rejection or overprotection in their family relationships, difficulties in obtaining equipment for their autonomy, poor education and lack of professional qualification, lower social participation, obstacles in their sex lives and motherhood. They face physical and communication barriers and poor care from primary health care services. All of the dimensions of vulnerability are present and addressing them makes it possible to build comprehensive health care practices that ensure the human rights of groups that historically experience violations, namely women and disabled persons.

Há poucos estudos sobre homens abordando violência como evento não fatal. Contribuindo nessa direção, descrevem-se as prevalências da violência psicológica, física e/ou sexual sofridas por homens, detalhando-se nestes tipos a perpetrada contra parceiras. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 789 homens de 18 a 60 anos, dos quais 775 com alguma parceria íntima na vida, selecionados por ordem de chegada em dois serviços de atenção primária na cidade de São Paulo. Foram investigadas as características sociodemográficas e as violências mencionadas, examinadas ainda quanto a sobreposições e à percepção de havê-las sofrido ou perpetrado. As prevalências de violências sofridas na vida foram de 79% para qualquer tipo e por qualquer agressor; 63,9%, 52,8% e 6,1% respectivamente para psicológica, física e sexual. Para violências perpetradas contra a parceira na vida, temos 52,1% qualquer tipo e 40%, 31,9% e 3,9%, respectivamente, para violência psicológica, física e sexual. Nas sofridas e nas perpetradas, a psicológica é a de maior taxa exclusiva, seguida da física. Quanto aos agressores, conhecidos é o principal agressor, seguido de familiar, estranhos e parceira íntima. Na relação entre sofrer por suas parceiras e perpetrar, 14,2% dos casos são sobrepostos e 81,2% somente perpetraram. Conclui-se que, embora nas violências relativas às parceiras íntimas os homens sofram muito menos do que perpetrem, os dados mostram que eles se envolvem em muitas situações de violência, de grandes magnitudes e sobreposições, quer como vitimas ou agressores, reiterando estudos sobre masculinidade. Este conjunto complexo de situações também deve ser considerado nos serviços básicos de saúde.

Basados en el contexto brasileño, en este artículo abordamos el poder médico en términos de los actuales conflictos en las relaciones intersubjetivas que el médico establece en su trabajo, conflictos considerados aquí como producto de una crisis de confianza vinculada a los recientes cambios históricos de la práctica médica. Al interpretar esos conflictos como cuestiones de orden ético y moral, recurrimos a las formulaciones teóricas de Hannah Arendt para analizar con mayor profundidad dicha crisis de confianza. De este modo, a partir de los conceptos arendtianos de “crisis”, “tradición”, “poder”, “autoridad” y “natalidad”, realizamos una lectura con nuevos significados de estos conflictos, que posibiliten futuros caminos y nuevas soluciones que eviten la nostalgia del pasado.

To estimate whether there is a temporal association between Postpartum Depression (PPD) and intimate partner violence (IPV), and to assess the potential role of social support on this relationship. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2006 and March 2007 with 701 low income women who received prenatal and postpartum care in primary health care units of the public sector in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to assess the presence of PPD. Structured standardized questionnaires were used to assess IPV and social support. The prevalence of PPD was estimated with a 95 % confidence interval. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using Poisson regression to examine the association between PPD and exposure variables. Values of p

Over the past three decades, international covenants have been signed and countries have implemented strategies and legislation to address violence against women. Concurrently, strong evidence on the magnitude and impact of violence against women has emerged from around the world. Despite a growing understanding of factors that may influence women's vulnerability to violence and its effects, key questions about intervention options persist. Using evidence from a WHO household survey on domestic violence, our paper discusses women's help-seeking patterns and considers these findings in relation to Brazil's policies and strategies on violence against women. For the WHO survey, data from a large urban center (the city of São Paulo) and from a rural region (Zona da Mata Pernambucana [ZMP]) was collected. Findings from this survey indicate that in São Paulo, only 33.8% of women who experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) sought help from a formal service provider, including health, legal, social, or women's support services; in the Forest Zone of the State of Pernambuco, an even smaller proportion (17.1%) sought formal assistance. The majority of women were likely to contact only informal sources of support, such as family, friends, and neighbors. Women who used formal services were primarily those who experienced more severe levels of violence, were severely injured, had children who witnessed the violence, or whose work was disrupted by the violence. Although Brazil adopted progressive laws and national and local strategies to address violence against women (VAW), messages about violence and equality need to reach informal networks and the wider community in order to national anti-violence policies to be successful in supporting women before violence becomes intolerable.. To translate international standards and national policies into actions that genuinely reach women experiencing violence, states must carefully consider evidence on women's options and decision making.

This paper examines the relationship between public policies and professional practices with respect to healthcare needs. Taking a theoretical-conceptual approach, practices are defined as acts that are permeated by technical-scientific and socio-historical determinants for the social production of work, and the possibilities for cultural, ethical and political changes were analyzed in order to take critical action regarding gender inequalities. With comprehensive healthcare for men as the reference point, the relevance of a distinction between male and female needs, as partial and not necessarily convergent realities in (re)producing these inequalities, is examined. Likewise, professional practices are examined as partial and distinct realities of policies that establish non-immediate relationships. It is considered that the following are symbolic and practical obstacles to change: the reduction of needs through biomedical normalization; the culture of self-employment and approaches that individualize needs; the traditional gender-based culture that conserves unequal practices for men and women; and the lack of registration of rights as part of professional action. This requires proposals specifically geared to healthcare practices and male needs, in order to achieve greater convergence with policy reforms.

Este artigo foi produzido com base em pesquisa qualitativa, cujo objetivo foi estudar a atuação do psicólogo em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS). Foram realizadas 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas com psicólogas atuantes na atenção básica à saúde, pertencentes à Coordenadoria de Saúde da região oeste da cidade de São Paulo. A análise foi de conteúdo do tipo temática e tomou por referencial teórico-conceitual a produção em análise institucional, em estudos sobre o trabalho em saúde e sobre a história da psicologia como profissão. Enfocaram-se dois aspectos interligados: as mudanças e novas necessidades de trabalho e atuação profissional que a regulamentação da profissão trouxe para a psicologia, e as políticas públicas de saúde mental no Estado e na cidade de São Paulo a partir da década de 1970. Os resultados revelam as mudanças, tensões e contradições no processo de institucionalização da psicologia clínica, tradicionalmente uma prática liberal realizada em consultório que passa a apresentar ao psicólogo novos desafios com sua inserção em instituições de saúde pública, em especial em UBS, cuja atuação passa a incluir práticas clínico-sanitárias e a ter regulações de ordem político-institucional. This paper describes the results of a study about the practice of psychologists in primary care units in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. It was a qualitative research and 17 semi-structured interviews were performed with psychologists who work in those services. Collected data were analyzed through Theme-based Content Analysis, and the theoretical framework was Institutional Analysis, health work studies and the history of Psychology as a profession. Two connected points were focused: the social status changes that the regulation of the profession brought to Psychology in Brazil and the public mental health policies in the State and city of São Paulo from the 1970s onwards. Results revealed changes, tensions and contradictions between traditional clinical psychology and institutional clinical psychology and also revealed new challenges when psychologists started to work with clinical and sanitary practices, and had to accept political-institutional impositions.

The current article discusses institutional violence in maternity hospitals from the health workers' perspective, based on data from a study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Eighteen health workers from the public and private sectors were interviewed, including obstetricians, nurses, and nurse technicians. A semi-structured interview was used with questions on professional experience and the definition of violence. The analysis revealed that these health workers acknowledged the existence of discriminatory and disrespectful practices against women during prenatal care, childbirth, and the postpartum. Examples of such practices cited by interviewees included the use of pejorative slang as a form of "humor", threats, reprimands, and negligence in the management of pain. Such practices are not generally viewed by health workers as violent, but rather as the exercise of professional authority in what is considered a "difficult" context. The institutional violence is thus trivialized, disguised as purportedly good practice (i.e., "for the patient's own good"), and rendered invisible in the daily routine of care provided by maternity services.

To analyze the association between male mental health problems and violence experienced.Cross sectional study with 477 males aged between 18 and 60, users of two primary healthcare centers in Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern Brazil. The selection for the sample was based on a sequentiality criterion, according to the order of arrival of the users. Sociodemographic and health characteristics and reports of having experienced violence at any time and/or having witnessed violence in childhood were collected. Information was also collected on the use of mental health services and/or psychological complaints/diagnoses during consultation at medical clinics by reading medical records, to categorize the dependent variable "mental suffering". The variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. The association was tested using a confirmatory Poisson model with robust variance adjusted for age, marital status, education, violence witnessed in childhood and psychoactive substance use.The prevalence of mental suffering was 29.4%. Mental suffering was associated with experiencing repeated physical and/or sexual violence (RP 1.75, 95%CI 1.13;2.72). The association with a single episode of violence lost significance after the inclusion of psychoactive substance use in the model. Analysis of the fraction attributable to repetitive physical and/or sexual violence for the mental suffering of the men, verified it as 30.4%.The relationship between violence and mental suffering, already highlighted in studies with women, is also relevant to men's health, drawing attention to the similar need of identification, in the health services, of situations of violence experienced by the male population. For men, this relationship was shown to be influenced by the presence of psychoactive substance use; a situation which must be dealt with, more and in a better way, by the health care service.

O trabalho analisa as concepções de gênero e masculinidades de profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde em quatro estados do país (PE, RJ, RN, SP) a partir de duas perspectivas: os significados associados a ser homem e a relação masculinidade e cuidados em saúde. O estudo de natureza qualitativa é parte de pesquisa multicêntrica tendo por referência a triangulação de métodos. Foram analisadas 69 entrevistas em profundidade de profissionais de saúde com formação de nível superior. Os relatos dos profissionais (re)produzem a noção de que os serviços são "espaços feminilizados", o que se traduz no seu cotidiano por um reforço à ideia do corpo masculino como lócus do não cuidado em oposição ao corpo feminino visto como lócus desse cuidado. Sobressai a representação dos profissionais sobre os homens centrados na forte presença de um padrão hegemônico de masculinidade, que influencia o pouco envolvimento destes com os cuidados em saúde. A existência de um modelo estereotipado de gênero acarreta a (re)produção de desigualdades entre homens e mulheres na assistência a saúde e compromete a visibilidade de outros significados e expressões de identidades de gênero. This paper analyzes concepts of gender and masculinity among Primary Healthcare professionals in four Brazilian States (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, São Paulo). It is based on two perspectives: the meanings associated with being a man and the relations between masculinity and healthcare. This qualitative study is part of a multicentric investigation, which used triangulation methods as a benchmark. Sixty-nine in-depth interviews carried out among health professionals with higher education were analyzed. The discourses (re)produce the notion that health facilities are "feminized spaces". Within the daily routine, this notion is translated as reinforcing the idea that the male body is not a locus of this care, as opposed to the female body which is considered a locus of care. The presence of a hegemonic pattern of masculinity is prominent among professionals' representations of men and seems to influence the latter, in their lack of commitment with healthcare. The existence of a stereotyped gender model (re)produces disparities between men and women in healthcare and compromises the visibility of other meanings and expressions of gender identities.

Women with disabilities have few measures geared to their needs in the primary health care services. Despite the attention given to the female population in these facilities, they still fail to address specificities of women with disabilities, such as issues related to their sexual and reproductive rights and their double vulnerability, both as women and as disabled individuals. This research is part of a qualitative study to identify the individual, social and programmed double vulnerability of fifteen women with different types and degrees of disabilities, who are frequenters of three primary health care facilities in São Paulo city. The women's narratives highlighted experiences of rejection or overprotection in their family relationships, difficulties in obtaining equipment for their autonomy, poor education and lack of professional qualification, lower social participation, obstacles in their sex lives and motherhood. They face physical and communication barriers and poor care from primary health care services. All of the dimensions of vulnerability are present and addressing them makes it possible to build comprehensive health care practices that ensure the human rights of groups that historically experience violations, namely women and disabled persons.

Tendo por ponto de partida as transformações contemporâneas pelas quais vem passando o trabalho médico e em saúde, e suas implicações sobre as relações estabelecidas entre seus sujeitos constituintes, buscamos demonstrar como a integração desses elementos em um quadro conceitual estruturado pela dialética humanização-alienação pode contribuir para a compreensão das raízes de grande parte das crises e conflitos evidenciados atualmente e analisados sob a perspectiva da desumanização dos serviços e das práticas de saúde. O recurso a essa perspectiva teórica demonstra ser bastante produtivo no processo de análise das dinâmicas que contribuem ou que, ao contrário, obstruem um devir propiciador de vidas mais plenas de sentido para os indivíduos e as coletividades, sendo que este deve ser, a nosso ver, o objetivo último dos movimentos que se proponham humanizadores das práticas de saúde. Considering the contemporary transformations that the health and medical work has been undergoing and their implications to the relationships established between their constitutive subjects, the present essay aims to demonstrate how the integration of these elements in a framework structured by the humanization-alienation dialectic relation may contribute to the comprehension of the causes of a large part of the conflicts and crises that are evidenced nowadays and analyzed in the perspective of health services and practices dehumanization. The application of this theoretical perspective proves to be very productive within the process of analysing the dynamics that contribute to or, oppositely, obstruct a future that would enable lives full of meaning to individuals and collectivities. This should be, in our opinion, the final goal of the movements that intend to humanize the health practices. Tomando como punto de partida las transformaciones contemporáneas que ha experimentado la medicina y en salud, y sus implicaciones en las relaciones entre sus sujetos constituyentes, hemos buscado demostrar que la integración de esos elementos en un marco conceptual estructurado por la dialéctica humanización-enajenación puede contribuir para comprender las raíces de la mayoría de los conflictos y de las crisis de la actualidad, analizadas corrientemente desde la perspectiva de la deshumanización de los servicios y prácticas de salud. El uso de esa perspectiva teórica resulta bastante productivo en el análisis de las dinámicas que contribuyen o, por el contrario, dificultan el devenir de una vida más llena de sentido para los individuos y colectivos, y esto debe ser, a nuestro juicio, el objetivo final de los movimientos que buscan humanizar las prácticas de salud.

There are few studies on men dealing with violence as a non-fatal event. As a contribution, the prevalences of psychological, physical and/or sexual violence suffered by men and the perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) are described. This was a cross-sectional study on 789 men aged 18 to 60 years, of whom 775 ever partnered. Men were selected in order of arrival at two primary healthcare clinics in the city of São Paulo. Sociodemographic characteristics and reported violence were investigated, along with the violence overlapping and perceptions of having suffered or perpetrated violence. The lifetime prevalence of suffered violence was 79% for any type and any aggressor; 63.9%, 52.8% and 6.1% respectively for psychological, physical and sexual violence. For lifetime IPV, the rates were 52.1% for any type and 40%, 31.9% and 3.9% respectively for psychological, physical and sexual violence. For both suffered and perpetrated violence, the psychological type had the highest exclusive rate, followed by physical. Acquaintances were the main aggressors, followed by family members, strangers and female intimate partners. Between suffering and perpetrating IPV, 14.2% of the cases overlapped and 81.2% consisted only of perpetrated violence. It was concluded that although in relation to intimate partner violence, men suffered much less than they perpetrated, the data showed that they were involved in many situations of violence of large magnitude and overlapping situations, both as victims and as aggressors, thus echoing studies on masculinity. This complex set of situations should also be taken into consideration in primary healthcare services.

O artigo se debruça na discussão da ausência e/ou invisibilidade masculina nos serviços de atenção primária, com consequente ausência da inclusão dos homens nos cuidados preventivos. A grade analítica está fundamentada na literatura que discute cuidados em saúde e masculinidade. O método deste estudo se baseia em uma análise qualitativa do material empírico advindo dos depoimentos, na forma de entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas, de vinte profissionais, e do material de dois grupos focais com doze trabalhadoras de nível médio de enfermagem de dois serviços de saúde em atenção primária do município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Os dados da pesquisa apontam para duas dimensões dignas de atenção: a estrutural e a simbólica. A estrutural revela pouco investimento na organização do serviço numa perspectiva de gênero, reforçando o senso comum de que os homens não são usuários da atenção primária. A simbólica diz respeito à não consideração de temas do universo masculino, como a dificuldade que homens têm em se desnudar para o profissional, demandando uma privacidade no atendimento. Trabalhar nessas questões pode possibilitar a transformação das práticas que tornam os homens invisíveis nos programas de saúde de atenção primária, afastando-os da condição de cuidadores de si e dos outros. This article deals with the masculine absence and/or invisibility in primary healthcare services and the consequent exclusion of men of the preventive care. The analytical frame is based on the literature that discusses care related to health and masculinity. Methodologically the study uses qualitative analysis of the empirical data (reports) gathered by semi-structured individual interviews of 20 professionals and by two focus groups with 12 workers of the nursing assistants staff of two primary healthcare services of the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Results point out two significant dimensions: the structural and the symbolic one. The structural dimension reveals low investment in the services' organization related to gender perspective approach, reinforcing the common sense that men are not primary healthcare users. The symbolic dimension shows the non consideration of the masculine universe themes as the difficulty men have in revealing themselves to the professional, demanding a special privacy for attendance. Dealing with these questions enhance the possibility of changing practices that are making men invisible to the primary healthcare programs and taking them apart of the self care condition as well as the condition of carriers of others.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os sentidos atribuídos por usuários homens ao atendimento que lhes é prestado no âmbito da atenção básica à saúde, buscando subsidiar a construção de indicadores qualitativos de satisfação em relação ao uso desses serviços por usuários masculinos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, envolvendo entrevistas semiestruturadas com 201 usuários de quatro estados brasileiros. A análise se baseia no método de interpretação de sentidos, ancorando-se em princípios hermenêutico-dialéticos. Em termos de resultados, os usuários apontam critérios para avaliar positivamente os serviços, tomando como referências um atendimento comunicativo e atencioso, que lhes faça algo e que revele prontidão. Conclui-se que os homens usuários idealizam e reivindicam uma dada forma de atendimento considerada boa e que, a princípio, poderia servir para se discutir o atendimento de mulheres também. Entretanto, em razão da socialização que homens e mulheres experimentam, são reforçadas as diferenças entre o ser usuário homem e ser usuário mulher. Por outro lado, tanto no que tange aos profissionais quanto aos usuários, essa mesma segmentação por gênero pode contribuir para que se acirrem as impossibilidades de se lidar com as especificidades de homens e mulheres, em termos de demandas da saúde. This study aims to analyze the meanings attributed by male users to the health care provided to them by the primary health care. It also tries to hook up the construction of qualitative indicators of satisfaction with the use of such services by males. For this purpose, a qualitative study was conducted, involving semi-structured interviews with 201 users from four Brazilian federal states. The data has been analyzed under the method of interpretation of meanings inbuilt in hermeneutic-dialectical principles. As for the results, users were asked to point toward criteria to evaluate positively the services, taking as reference a communicative and attentive service, as long as it makes a difference to them as well as bring up readiness. As a conclusion, it was found that male users outlook the services through rose-tinted glasses and therefore claim a particular form of care grounded on that assumption. Moreover, this conclusion could also be used to discuss the health care of women as well. On the other hand, due to the socialization that men and women experience, differences between male and female users could be reinforced. Conversely, regarding to both professionals and users, this gender segmentation may add to bring about the impossibilities of dealing with the specifics of men and women in terms of public health care demands. Fiocruz IFF USP Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Preventiva FMUSP DMPr Conselho Regional de Medicina de Pernambuco Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento Saúde, Educação e Sociedade UNIFESP, Depto. Saúde, Educação e Sociedade SciELO

This study investigates the influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions on women's likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Data from 940 women who were interviewed as part of the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women, and census data for Sao Paulo City, were analyzed using multilevel regression techniques. A neighbourhood socioeconomic-level scale was created, and proxies for the socioeconomic positions of the couple were included. Other individual level variables included factors related to partner's behaviour and women's experiences and attitudes. Women's risk of IPV did not vary across neighbourhoods in Sao Paulo nor was it influenced by her individual socioeconomic characteristics. However, women in the middle range of the socioeconomic scale were significantly more likely to report having experienced violence by a partner. Partner behaviours such as excessive alcohol use, controlling behaviour and multiple sexual partnerships were important predictors of IPV. A women's likelihood of IPV also increased if either her mother had experienced IPV or if she used alcohol excessively. These findings suggest that although the characteristics of people living in deprived neighbourhoods may influence the probability that a woman will experience IPV, higher-order contextual dynamics do not seem to affect this risk. While poverty reduction will improve the lives of individuals in many ways, strategies to reduce IPV should prioritize shifting norms that reinforce certain negative male behaviours.

Suicidal behaviours are one of the most important contributors to the global burden of disease among women, but little is known about prevalence and modifiable risk factors in low and middle income countries. We use data from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women to examine the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts, and relationships between suicide attempts and mental health status, child sexual abuse, partner violence and other variables. Population representative cross-sectional household surveys were conducted from 2000-2003 in 13 provincial (more rural) and city (urban) sites in Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa, Serbia, Thailand and Tanzania. 20967 women aged 15-49 years participated. Prevalence of lifetime suicide attempts, lifetime suicidal thoughts, and suicidal thoughts in the past four weeks were calculated, and multivariate logistic regression models were fit to examine factors associated with suicide attempts in each site. Prevalence of lifetime suicide attempts ranged from 0.8% (Tanzania) to 12.0% (Peru city); lifetime thoughts of suicide from 7.2% (Tanzania province) to 29.0% (Peru province), and thoughts in the past four weeks from 1.9% (Serbia) to 13.6% (Peru province). 25-50% of women with suicidal thoughts in the past four weeks had also visited a health worker in that time. The most consistent risk factors for suicide attempts after adjusting for probable common mental health disorders were: intimate partner violence, non-partner physical violence, ever being divorced, separated or widowed, childhood sexual abuse and having a mother who had experienced intimate partner violence. Mental health policies and services must recognise the consistent relationship between violence and suicidality in women in low and middle income countries. Training health sector workers to recognize and respond to the consequences of violence may substantially reduce the health burden associated with suicidal behaviour.