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© 2014 The Author(s) Evolution. © 2014 The Society for the Study of Evolution. The magnitude and extent of global change during the Cenozoic is remarkable yet the impacts of these global changes on the biodiversity and evolutionary dynamics of species diversification remain poorly understood. To investigate this question we combine paleontological and neontological data for the angiosperm order Fagales an ecologically important clade of about 1370 species of trees with an exceptional fossil record. We show differences in patterns of accumulation of generic diversity species richness and turnover rates for Fagales. Generic diversity evolved rapidly since the Late Cretaceous and peaked during the Eocene or Oligocene. Turnover rates were high during periods of extreme global climate change but relatively low when the climate remained stable. Species richness accumulated gradually throughout the Cenozoic possibly at an accelerated pace after the Middle Miocene. Species diversification occurred in new environments: Quercoids radiating in Oligocene subtropical seasonally arid habitats Casuarinaceae in Australian pyrophytic biomes and Betula in Late Neogene holarctic habitats. These radiations were counter balanced by regional extinctions in Late Neogene mesic warm temperate forests. Thus the overall diversification at species level is linked to regional radiations of clades with appropriate ecologies exploiting newly available habitats.

Fire has been proposed as a factor explaining the exceptional plant species richness found in Mediterranean regions. A fire response trait that allows plants to cope with frequent fire by either reseeding or resprouting could differentially affect rates of species diversification. However, little is known about the generality of the effects of differing fire response on species evolution. We study this question in the Restionaceae, a family that radiated in Southern Africa and Australia. These radiations occurred independently and represent evolutionary replicates. We apply Bayesian approaches to estimate trait-specific diversification rates and patterns of climatic niche evolution. We also compare the climatic heterogeneity of South Africa and Australia. Reseeders diversify faster than resprouters in South Africa, but not in Australia. We show that climatic preferences evolve more rapidly in reseeder lineages than in resprouters and that the optima of these climatic preferences differ between the two strategies. We find that South Africa is more climatically heterogeneous than Australia, independent of the spatial scale we consider. We propose that rapid shifts between states of the fire response trait promote speciation by separating species ecologically, but this only happens when the landscape is sufficiently heterogeneous.

Lampranthus sp. nov. (Klak 417a; trnL -F AJ439046, ITS AJ438254), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Oscularia falciformis (Haw.) H.E.K.Hartmann (Klak 261; trnL -F AJ439005, ITS AJ438216), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus uniflorus (L.Bolus) L.Bolus (Klak 449; trnL -F AJ439048, ITS AJ438256), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Amphibolia laeƲis (Aiton) H.E.K Hartmann (Bruyns 7184; trnL -F AJ439013, ITS AJ438223), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus glaucus (L.) N.E.Br. (Klak 311; trnL -F AJ439031, ITS AJ438240), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus bicolor (L.) N.E.Br. (Klak 543; trnL -F AJ439042, ITS AJ438250), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus debilis (Haw.) N.E.Br. (Klak 316; trnL -F AJ439036, ITS AJ438244), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Smicrostigma Ʋiride (Haw.) N.E.Br. (Klak 180; trnL -F AJ439051, ITS AJ438259), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Delosperma esterhuyseniae L.Bolus (Bruyns 7141; trnL -F AJ439002, ITS AJ438213), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Titanopsis hugo -schlechteri (Tischer) Dinter & Schwantes (Klak 702; trnL -F AJ439008, ITS AJ438219)

Erepsia pillansii (Kensit) Liede, sect. Crassifolii (Klak 707; trnL -F AJ439027, ITS AJ438236), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus emarginatus (L.) N.E.Br. (Klak 708; trnL -F AJ439038, ITS AJ438245) Lampranthus filicaulis (Haw.) N.E.Br. (Bruyns 7176; trnL -F AJ439030, ITS AJ438239), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Delosperma echinatum (Lam.) Schwantes (Klak 344; trnL -F AJ439001, ITS AJ438212), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus stenus (Haw.) N.E.Br. (Klak 313; trnL -F AJ439044, ITS AJ438252), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus galpiniae (L.Bolus) L.Bolus (Klak 279; trnL -F AJ439043, ITS AJ438251), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Braunsia Ʋanrensburgii (L.Bolus) L.Bolus (Klak 218; trnL -F AJ439020, ITS AJ438229), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Dorotheanthus bellidiformis subsp. bellidiformis (Burm.) N.E.Br. (Klak 627; trnL -F AJ439000, ITS AJ438211), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Oscularia deltoides (L.) Schwantes (Klak 215; trnL -F AJ439004, ITS AJ438215), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Lampranthus henricii (L.Bolus) N.E.Br. (Klak 425; trnL -F AJ439056, ITS AJ438249), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Ruschia intrusa (Kensit) L.Bolus (Bruyns 7150; trnL -F AJ439012), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Carpobrotus muirii (L.Bolus) L Bolus (Klak 706; trnL -F AJ439021, ITS AJ438230), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Carpobrotus quadrifidus L.Bolus (Klak 705; trnL -F AJ439022, ITS AJ438231), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112

Esterhuysenia drepanophylla (Schltr. & A. Berger) H.E.K.Hartmann (Klak 213; trnL -F AJ439028, ITS AJ438237), Published as part of Klak, Cornelia, Hedderson, Terry A. & Linder, H. Peter, 2003, A Molecular Systematic Study of the Lampranthus Group (Aizoaceae) Based on the Chloroplast TrnL-trnF and Nuclear ITS and 5 S NTS Sequence Data, pp. 70-85 in Systematic Botany 28 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-28.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/7872112