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An ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE) method was developed for the extraction of the two forsythosides, namely forsythosides I and A from the leaf of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. Three kinds of l-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different alkyl chain and anion were investigated. The results indicated that ionic liquids showed remarkable effects on the extraction yields of forsythosides. In addition, several ILUAE ultrasonic parameters, such as the solvent concentration, solvent to solid ratio and extraction time have been optimized. Under these optimal conditions (e.g., with 0.6 M [C6MIM]Br, solvent to solid ratio of 15 mL/g and extraction time of 10 min), this approach gained the highest extraction yields of forsythoside I (0.89%) and forsythoside A (10.74%). Meanwhile, forsythosides in the ILUAE extract were separated and purified successfully through the high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system consisting of ethyl acetate-ethanol-acetic acid-water (4 : 1 : 0.25 : 6, v/v). 5.4 mg of forsythoside I and 59.7 mg of forsythoside A were obtained from 120 mg of the prepurified sample in one-step separation, with the purity of 96.1 and 97.9%, respectively, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and (13)C NMR., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Dihydrochalcones are the main active components of Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. (Sweet Tea), they are directly related to the sweet tonic beverage and traditional herb. In this work, two runs of preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (1:4:3:4, v/v) were employed to separate three dihydrochalcones (phloridzin, trilobatin and phloretin) from Sweet Tea. About 6.4mg of phloridzin, 48.4mg of trilobatin, and 4.7mg of phloretin with purities of 96.7%, 98.4% and 98.1% were obtained from 130mg of the crude Sweet Tea extract. Phloridzin, trilobatin, and phloretin had effective radical scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 866.80, 20.16 and 179.47μg/mL, respectively, in a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method. The contents of phloridzin, trilobatin and phloretin in dried old leaves and tender leaves of tea were in the range of 10.1-18.0, 113.7-128.8, 3.6-4.3mg/g and 9.3-9.8, 82.9-103.1, 1.9-2.5mg/g, respectively. The results indicated that the HPLC had good precision, accuracy and repeatability for the determination of three dihydrochalcones in samples., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate clinical features and antifungal therapeutic effect of chronic severe hepatitis (CSH) patients with invasive fungal infection (IFI), and to improve the diagnosis and treatment., Methods: Clinical manifestation, blood routine, imageology and mycetology characteristic, antifungal treatment perscription and therapeutic effect of 79 CSH patients with IFI were retrospectively analyzed. Antifungal therapeutic effect was compared between fluconazole and voriconazole., Results: Thirteen (16.5%) patients received glucocorticoid or other immunodepressants for a relatively long time, 40 (50.6%) patients had invasive operation, and 61 (77.2 %) patients were administered 1-6 kinds of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Seventy-three patients had fever. Leucocytes and neutrophilic granulocyte increased in 96.2% of the patients. Lung (31.6%), intestinal tract (26.2%) and oral cavity (14%) infections were common. Fungus was found in 70.9% of the patients. Candida albicans (40.9%) and aspergillus (21.1%) were often seen. Halo signs and crescent signs on lung CT were relatively specific in 40% of the patients with fungal pneumonia. Voriconazole was more effective than fluconazole(71.4% vs. 39.0%, P<0.05). Twelve patients with lung aspergillus infection were administered voriconazole, 8 (66.7%) patients of whom was effective, and the other 4 (33.3%) patients died., Conclusion: There are high risk factors in major CSH patients with IFI. The most common clinical manifestations of CSH patients with IFI are fever, leukocytosis, lung and intestinal tract infection. Candida albicans and aspergillus infection are common. Voriconazole is more effective than fluconazole, and can increase the survival rate of CSH patients with IFI.

Three flavones were prepared, isolated and purified from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). A two-phase solvent system composed of light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (2:4:3:3, v/v/v/v) was used. Within 6 hours, 10.1 mg of heseridin, 49.8 mg of 5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone and 50.6 mg of 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone with their purities over 97.0% were obtained from 4.0 g of the crude extract of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae in one-step elution under the conditions of a flow rate of 1.70 mL/min, 800 r/min and the detection wavelength of 280 nm. The obtained fractions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and identified by mass spectrometry (MS), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR. The results indicate that HSCCC is a powerful technique for the purification of flavones from Citrus reticulata Blanco.

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of four acetophenones, namely 4-hydroxyacetophenone (I), 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (II), baishouwubenzophenone (III) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (IV), in Radix Cynanchi bungei. The HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) detection was carried out on a Symmetry-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column with CH3OH-H2O (26 : 74, v/v) as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and 30 degrees C. The compounds I , III, IV were monitored at 280 nm, and the compound II was at 224 nm. Four acetophenones (I - IV) had good linearities (r = 0.999 6 - 0.999 9) at the ranges of 0.080 - 0.560 microg, 0.080 -0.560 microg, 0.100 - 0.700 microg and 0.092 -0.644 microg, respectively. The average recoveries were from 98.0% to 104.0% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 0.8% to 2.6%. The method is of quick, simple and accurate. The method can be used for the quality control of this product.