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La productividad herbácea es un dato importante para el manejo del ganado, por lo que la estimación de esta variable a lo largo de distintos períodos y su relación con variables espectrales permitiría estimar la disponibilidad sin la necesidad de realizar cortes de muestreo. El trabajo que da origen a esta información consiste en la instalación de jaulas de exclusión en distintos sitios representativos de la región. En cada estación del año se cosecha el crecimiento herbáceo dentro de las mismas para secarlo y pesarlo. Este valor, combinado con la cobertura vegetal medida en el sitio, permite conocer la productividad del potrero. EEA Valle Inferior Fil: Echevarria, Daniela Carola. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Valle Inferior; Argentina Fil: Olmedo, Gabriel Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Los sistemas de producción de leche estabulados pueden presentan varios puntos críticos con respecto al bienestar animal, lo que no implica que no los puedan resolver y gestionar el bienestar en forma adecuada. El alojamiento del ganado lechero en camas de compost, con un correcto diseño y manejo, ha demostrado mejorar la salud y la longevidad de las vacas y, en consecuencia, el desempeño productivo de los animales. A partir de los resultados realizados a nivel mundial, los sistemas compost barn se presentan como una alternativa de estabulación amigable con el bienestar de los animales en comparación con otros sistemas en confinamiento. Sin embargo, todavía el número de investigaciones sobre el bienestar del ganado lechero en estos sistemas en Argentina y también en el mundo es escaso, por lo que sería aconsejable sumar estudios regionales para poder tener precisión en cuanto al impacto real y potencial sobre las vacas lecheras. Confined milk production systems can present several critical points with respect to animal welfare, which does not imply that they cannot be resolved. Housing dairy cattle in compost barns, with pro-per design and management, has been shown to improve cow health and longevity and, consequently, their productive performance. Based on the results carried out worldwide, the compost barn systems repre-sent a friendly housing alternative with the well-being of the animals compared to other confinement systems. However, the number of in-vestigations on the welfare of dairy cattle in these systems in Argentina and in the world is still scarce, so it would be advisable to add regional studies to be able to precede in terms of the real and potential impact on dairy cows. EEA Salta Fil: Martinez, Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Suarez, Victor Humberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina

Purpose Intensive livestock grazing has been associated with an increased risk of soil erosion and concomitant negative impacts on the ecological status of watercourses. Whilst various mitigation options are promoted for reducing livestock impacts, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between stocking rates and quantified sediment losses. This evidence gap means there is uncertainty regarding the cost–benefit of policy preferred best management. Methods Sediment yields from 15 hydrologically isolated field scale catchments on a heavily instrumented ruminant livestock farm in the south west UK were investigated over ~ 26 months spread across 6 years. Sediment yields were compared to cattle and sheep stocking rates on long-term, winter (November–April), and monthly timescales. The impacts of livestock on soil vegetation cover and bulk density were also examined. Cattle were tracked using GPS collars to determine how grazing related to soil damage. Results No observable impact of livestock stocking rates of 0.15–1.00 UK livestock units (LU) ha−1 for sheep, and 0–0.77 LU ha−1 for cattle on sediment yields was observed at any of the three timescales. Cattle preferentially spent time close to specific fences where soils were visually damaged. However, there was no indication that livestock have a significant effect on soil bulk density on a field scale. Livestock were housed indoors during winters when most rainfall occurs, and best management practices were used which when combined with low erodibility clayey soils likely limited sediment losses. Conclusion A combination of clayey soils and soil trampling in only a small proportion of the field areas lead to little impact from grazing livestock. Within similar landscapes with best practice livestock grazing management, additional targeted measures to reduce erosion are unlikely to yield a significant cost-benefit.

The adoption potential of alley farming as an agro-intervention system capable of providing fodder to small ruminant livestock in southern parts of Nigeria is evaluated in this paper. Data were collected from a total of 240 respondents through the use of structured questionnaire in some selected communities of the south-western (SW) and south-eastern (SE) parts of Nigeria where the agro-intervention had been introduced in the past. Data analysis showed that ownership of small ruminants is more popular among households in savannah zone than forest zone, and among current and former alley farmers than non-alley farmers with browse being the most preferred feed given to the livestock. The management indicators showed that the care of the animals is generally the responsibility of all family members. The data suggest that the introduction of alley farming to produce supplemental feed for livestock may not gain quick adoption in areas with local sources of browse notably in the forest zone. The paper then concluded that the introduction of alley farming to produce supplemental fodder may be an innovation more suited to livestock owners' needs in the mid-term future, rather than immediately.

We compared animal and vegetation responses of a 13 600-ha area under holistic grazing management (HGM) with a similar area under continuous grazing (CGM) in a Patagonian station. Limitations were a dry 2012 −2016 experimental period, poorer soils, and grazing of native guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in the HGM area. Forage standing crop in this area before the experience was lower and remained so during the study: (194 ±31 HGM vs. 244 ±33 kg dry matter . ha −1 CGM). Six monitoring sites showed similar and remarkable (though mostly nonsignificant) vegetation improvements in total cover (10.6% HGM vs. 10.9% CGM) and cover of short palatable grasses (21.4% vs. 23.9%, respectively). Species richness showed small changes ( −1 vs. −6%), bare soil interpatches decreased ( −11.9 vs. −5.4%), and land function indicators of Stability (5.4% vs. 9.9%), Infiltration (12.4% vs. 12.0%), and Nutrient recycling (4.2% vs. 20.6%) increased. Tussock cover changed significantly with grazing management, as it decreased −6% (ns) in HGM and grew 42% ( P = 0.03) under CGM, probably due to coarse tussock forage consumption in HGM. Sheep under HGM were 15% lighter (43.9 ±0.5 HGM vs. 51.7 ±0.5 kg . ewe −1 CGM P < 0.001), ewes scored 28% lower body condition (1.60 vs. 2.25, P < 0.001), and lambing rates were 36% lower (48.3 ±2.1% vs . 74.2 ±1.9%). Rotation ended in 2015 as a consequence of low lambing rates, and sheep body condition and reproductive rates recovered to similar values in both areas. Positive vegetation changes in both areas may be driven by residual effects of destocking 3 decades ago and show that improvement is possible using moderate stocking rates. Although it could be argued that rest periods of HGM may be positive in the long term, its negative effects on animal production should be addressed, and fast regeneration using intense management in these severely restricted habitats should not be expected. Slow, persistent progress under careful management seems achievable under both grazing systems. EEA Santa Cruz Fil: Oliva, Gabriel Esteban. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina. Fil: Oliva, Gabriel Esteban. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. Unidad Académica Río Gallegos; Argentina. Fil: Ferrante, Daniela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina. Fil: Ferrante, Daniela. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. Unidad Académica Río Gallegos; Argentina. Fil: Cepeda, Carla Tamara. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina. Fil: Humano, Gervasio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina. Fil: Puig, Silvina. Actividad Privada. Estancia Los Pozos. Santa Cruz; Argentina

Livestock is the most important sector for the economy of Punjab which is performing a vital role in rural livelihoods as a key source of employment for women at the household level. Rural women play a significant role in livestock management activities and this sector is also considered the black gold of Pakistan.

Interactions between livestock management practices and toxicological outcomes of mycotoxin exposure may explain the range of tolerable toxin levels reported for various species. In the current study, we investigated the effect of concurrent mycotoxin exposure with a high starch diet in 12 beef steers in a partial cross-over experiment using a 21-day treatment period, followed by a 14-day clearance. During the treatment period, animals were assigned to one of two diets: a low mycotoxin control total mixed ration (TMR) (0.2±0.1 mg deoxynivalenol (DON) and 0.2±0.2 mg fumonisins (FUM)/kg TMR) and a high mycotoxin TMR treatment (1.7±0.2 mg DON and 3.5±0.3 mg FUM/kg TMR). We evaluated the impacts of these mycotoxins on performance, physiology and biochemistry; and the ability of the clearance period to return animals to a naïve state in the cross-over model. The lack of acute ruminal acidosis observed indicates that the animals were able to withstand the physiological stresses of the high starch diet, while toxicological outcomes were manifested in minor perturbations of biochemistry and outright performance of exposed animals. Aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, fibrinogen and leukocyte count were increased while sorbitol dehydrogenase, bile acids and mean corpuscular volume were decreased in treatment-fed steers, yet were not significantly different than those from control-fed animals. Fusarium toxin exposure significantly decreased ruminal fluid pH, with the clearance period returning animals to a naïve state, as it did for most of the molecular variables measured. Conversely, treatment-fed animals continued to exhibit significantly lower average weekly body weight throughout the treatment period and the first week of the clearance period. While the risk of adverse health effects to fattening cattle from similar doses of DON or FUM as used in the current study is considered low, additional work should be directed towards minimising production losses due to these feed contaminants.

In northwest Cambodia, the majority of smallholder households own livestock. Poor consistency in feed supply throughout the year is a major constraint to livestock performance. Another critical cha...

espanolLa calidad del aire es un factor importante en la ganaderia intensiva, ya que el aire es el principal vehiculo para la difusion de agentes fisicos, quimicos y biologicos que afectan la salud y el bienestar de los animales y los humanos. El amoniaco es el principal gas contaminante generado en la produccion avicola. En este estudio, se realizo una revision de la literatura con el fin de resaltar cada etapa de transformacion de nitrogeno en la produccion avicola, explicando los mecanismos de conversion desde la ingestion de proteina cruda hasta la volatilizacion en la atmosfera como gas de amoniaco. En resumen, estos pasos son: sintesis de acido urico y excrecion por las aves de corral; mineralizacion de nitrogeno presente en excretas; volatilizacion de amoniaco de la basura. De esta revision, queda claro la importancia de conocer las fuentes y los procesos involucrados en la generacion y emision de amoniaco en las aves de corral y, por lo tanto, adoptar medidas asertivas que puedan minimizar los impactos negativos causados por la emision de amoniaco EnglishAir quality is a major factor in intensive livestock management because air is the main vehicle for the dissemination of physical, chemical, and biological agents that affect the health and welfare of animals and humans. Ammonia is the main gaseous pollutant generated in poultry production. In this study, a literature review was conducted to highlight each nitrogen transformation stage during poultry production, while explaining the conversion mechanisms from the ingestion of crude protein to nitrogen volatilization into the atmosphere as ammonia gas. In summary, the steps for the synthesis of uric acid and the excretion of poultry, mineralization of nitrogen present in excreta, and volatilization of ammonia from litter are presented. Based on this review, the importance of understanding the sources and processes involved in ammonia generation and emission in poultry production is clear, thereby allowing the adoption of assertive measures that could minimize negative effects caused by ammonia emission

Consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for yogurt attributes was evaluated using a survey targeted to be nationally representative within the United States. A novel approach was used to allow for self-selection into the choice experiment for commonly purchased types of yogurt, either Greek or traditional, based on what consumers purchase. They were willing to pay a positive amount for requiring pasture access and not permitting dehorning/disbudding (which references the removal of horns or horn buds) for both traditional and Greek yogurt. Respondents had positive WTP for Greek yogurt labeled free of high-fructose corn syrup and a higher WTP for low-fat yogurt when compared to nonfat for both yogurt types.

Livestock identification is of great significance for achieving precision livestock farming as it is a prerequisite of modern livestock management and automatic behaviour analysis. With respect to cow identification, methods based on computer vision have been widely considered due to their advantage of non-contact and practicality. In this paper, a novel non-contact cow identification method based on fusion of deep parts features is proposed. First, a set of side-view images of cows were captured, and then the YOLO object detection model was applied to locate the cow object in each original image, which was then divided into three parts, head, trunk and legs, by a part segmentation algorithm using frame differencing and segmentation span analysis. Then, three independent convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were trained to extract deep features from these three parts, and a feature fusion strategy was designed to fuse the features, i.e., deep parts feature fusion. Finally, a support vector machine (SVM) classifier trained by the fused features was used to identify each individual cow. The proposed method achieved 98.36% cow identification accuracy on a dataset containing side-view images of 93 cows, which outperformed existing works. Experimental results showed the effectiveness of the proposed cow identification method and the good potential for this method in individual identification of other livestock.

El MBGI puede requerir el relevamiento de superficies grandes y heterogéneas en diferentes tipos de vegetación. La estrategia hoy aceptada para esta tarea esencial puede resultar muy complicada. Por este motivo, se propone una estrategia de monitoreo expeditivo que resultaría más ágil y eficiente para los ejecutores de los planes Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Varela, Santiago Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal. Grupo de Ecologia Forestal; Argentina Fil: Diez, Juan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Forestal. Grupo de Ecologia Forestal; Argentina Fil: Raffo, Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Umaña, Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Recursos Naturales. Laboratorio de Teledetección; Argentina

Weighting the Hanwoo (Korean cattle) is very important for Korean beef producers when selling the Hanwoo at the right time. Recently, research is being conducted on the automatic prediction of the weight of Hanwoo only through images with the achievement of research using deep learning and image recognition. In this paper, we propose a method for the automatic weight prediction of Hanwoo using the Bayesian ridge algorithm on RGB-D images. The proposed system consists of three parts: segmentation, extraction of features, and estimation of the weight of Korean cattle from a given RGB-D image. The first step is to segment the Hanwoo area from a given RGB-D image using depth information and color information, respectively, and then combine them to perform optimal segmentation. Additionally, we correct the posture using ellipse fitting on segmented body image. The second step is to extract features for weight prediction from the segmented Hanwoo image. We extracted three features: size, shape, and gradients. The third step is to find the optimal machine learning model by comparing eight types of well-known machine learning models. In this step, we compared each model with the aim of finding an efficient model that is lightweight and can be used in an embedded system in the real field. To evaluate the performance of the proposed weight prediction system, we collected 353 RGB-D images from livestock farms in Wonju, Gangwon-do in Korea. In the experimental results, random forest showed the best performance, and the Bayesian ridge model is the second best in MSE or the coefficient of determination. However, we suggest that the Bayesian ridge model is the most optimal model in the aspect of time complexity and space complexity. Finally, it is expected that the proposed system will be casually used to determine the shipping time of Hanwoo in wild farms for a portable commercial device.

En línea con la necesidad de aumentar el porcentaje de destete, un equipo de especialistas del INTA analiza la situación de los sistemas de cría y pone en valor las diferentes tecnologías –básicas y mejoradas– diseñadas para obtener una mayor cantidad de terneros por unidad de superficie. Ensayos realizados en el campo experimental del INTA Cuenca del Salado –Buenos Aires– y en la Unidad de Cría del INTA Mercedes –Corrientes– demostraron que con un buen manejo forrajero, nutricional, sanitario y reproductivo es posible aumentar, en forma gradual y sostenida, la producción de terneros en las regiones ganaderas más importantes del país. Gerencia de Contenidos Periodísticos y Editoriales, DNACI, INTA Fil: Esperbent, Cecilie Elisabet. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Dirección Nacional Asistente de Comunicación Institucional. Gerencia de Contenidos Periodísticos y Editoriales; Argentina

La transformación del sector agropecuario ha generado modificaciones en los sistemas ganaderos nacionales como consecuencia del desplazamiento de la frontera agrícola. Sin embargo, aún persisten serias limitantes para incrementar la producción nacional de carne bovina. La productividad de la cría entendida como el porcentaje de terneros logrados por vaca en servicio sigue siendo la principal variable condicionante para incrementar la eficiencia. La cobertura territorial de la actividad y la consecuente heterogeneidad de los sistemas ganaderos hace que las limitantes y deficiencias presenten particularidades por regiones. No obstante, es posible identificar algunos denominadores comunes como la falta de infraestructura apropiada, deficiente planificación, manejo del pastoreo y nutrición del rodeo, baja adopción de prácticas como el estacionamiento del servicio, tacto e incorporación de planes sanitarios sistemáticos. En respuesta a este contexto, el INTA generó hace décadas una red de Unidades Demostrativas de Cría. En estos campos se han estudiado diversas prácticas de manejo tendientes a incrementar la producción del rodeo. Los datos indican que es posible superar el 80% de destete en la mayoría de las regiones productivas, incrementado la producción de carne entre un 60 y 130%. En este trabajo resumimos el manejo aplicado en estas unidades y mostramos los resultados más relevantes obtenidos. EEA Mercedes Fil: Bendersky, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mercedes; Argentina. Fil: Alvarez, Juan Mauricio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Valle Inferior; Argentina Fil: Bailleres, Matias Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado. Agencia de Extensión Rural Chascomús; Argentina Fil: Flores, Ángela Jorgelina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mercedes; Argentina. Fil: Giorgetti, Hugo. Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios. Chacra Experimental Patagones; Argentina. Fil: Lopez Valiente, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado; Argentina Fil: Maresca, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado; Argentina Fil: Nasca, Jose Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido; Argentina Fil: Otondo, José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado; Argentina

Desde el INTA ponderan la necesidad de ordenar el manejo ganadero de acuerdo a las características heterogéneas del pastizal. Esto permite un uso más eficiente de los recursos, reduce el uso de insumos químicos y brinda mayor estabilidad económica a la empresa. El caso exitoso del Establecimiento “La Emma” en Pipinas, Cuenca del Salado, Buenos Aires. Gerencia de Contenidos Periodísticos y Editoriales, DNACI, INTA Fil: Perez Casar, María Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Dirección Nacional Asistente de Comunicación Institucional. Gerencia de Contenidos Periodísticos y Editoriales; Argentina

El objetivo de este artículo es dar cuenta del proceso de trabajo para la mejora en el uso del recurso forrajero mediante el aprovechamiento más uniforme del recurso vegetal, en forma planificada y controlada en el departamento Chamical con la utilización del boyero con energía solar. EEA La Rioja Fil: Lujan, Ricardo Lorenzo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja. Agencia De Extensión Rural Chamical; Argentina Fil: Vega, Gabriela Fernanda. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja. Agencia De Extensión Rural Chamical; Argentina

The increase in livestock production in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region has caused an increase in deforestation and the advance of the agricultural frontier. The aim of the current study was to conduct a socioeconomic and productive characterization in Andean-Amazonian livestock systems in Ecuador. The study area was part of the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve (SBR) and three other zones: low (400 to 700 masl), middle (701 to 1600 masl), and high (701 to 1600 masl). Data were collected from 167 ranching households. There are significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in the results. It was identified that 56.1% of the producers in the middle zone are indigenous (Kichwa). The largest (p ≤ 0.01) average household size (6.7 household members) and the highest level of household heads without schooling (16%) were found in the same area. Heads of households over 54 years of age were reported throughout the gradient. The largest farms were also found in the middle zone, with an average of 62.3 ha, of which an average of 32.9 ha is native forest, 2.1 ha is agricultural land, and 27.2 ha is cattle pasture. The household economy is driven by a greater investment in livestock in the upper area, and therefore their annual gross income has a high impact on their economy. With these results, this study presents recommendations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

Las enfermedades que afectan a los caprinos perjudican la producción –tanto de carne como de fibras–, aumentan los costos de la actividad, disminuyen los ingresos y, en situaciones extremas, pueden provocar la muerte de los animales. Implementar buenas prácticas de manejo en general y aplicar un plan sanitario adecuado permite que los caprinos expresen todo su potencial productivo, disminuyendo la presencia de enfermedades y favoreciendo la supervivencia de los animales. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Martinez, Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Larroza, Marcela Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area de Produccion Animal. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Centelles, Ivan Jesus. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Agencia de Extensión Rural Chos Malal; Argentina Fil: Mikuc, Juan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Agencia de Extensión Rural Chos Malal; Argentina Fil: Castilla, Florencia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro Regional Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Do Eyo, M. De Las Mercedes. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area Desarrollo Rural. Grupo Gestión de la Información; Argentina Fil: Lagorio, Paula Agustina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Desarrollo Rural. Grupo Gestión de la Información; Argentina

The Northern Bolivian Altiplano is the fascioliasis endemic area with the reported highest human prevalence and intensities. A multidisciplinary One Health initiative was implemented to decrease infection/reinfection rates detected by periodic monitoring between the ongoing yearly preventive chemotherapy campaigns. Within a One Health axis, the information obtained throughout 35 years of field work on transmission foci and affected rural schools and communities/villages is analysed. Aspects linked to human infection risk are quantified, including: (1) geographical extent of the endemic area, its dynamics, municipalities affected, and its high strategic importance; (2) human population at risk, community development and mortality rates, with emphasis on problems in infancy and gender; (3) characteristics of the freshwater collections inhabited by lymnaeid snail vectors and constituting transmission foci; (4) food infection sources, including population surveys with questionnaire and reference to the most risky edible plant species; (5) water infection sources; (6) household characteristics; (7) knowledge of the inhabitants on Fasciola hepatica and the disease; (8) behavioural, traditional, social, and religious aspects; (9) livestock management. This is the widest and deepest study of this kind ever performed. Results highlight prevention and control difficulties where inhabitants follow century-old behaviours, traditions, and beliefs. Intervention priorities are proposed and discussed.

Recently, drone technologies have advanced, and their safety and operability have markedly improved, leading to their increased application in animal research. Drones of various sizes and functionalities are readily available commercially and are relatively simple to obtain. This study demonstrated drone application in livestock management, using its technology to observe horse behavior and verify the appropriate horse–drone distance for aerial behavioral observations. Recordings were conducted from September to October 2017 on 11 horses using the Phantom 4 Pro drone. Four flight altitudes were tested (60, 50, 40, and 30 m) to investigate the reactions of the horses to the drones and observe their behavior; the recording time at each altitude was 5 min. None of the horses displayed avoidance behavior at any flight altitude, and the observer was able to distinguish between any two horses. Recorded behaviors were foraging, moving, standing, recumbency, avoidance, and others. Foraging was the most common behavior observed both directly and in the drone videos. The correlation coefficients of all behavioral data from direct and drone video observations at all altitudes were significant (p < 0.01). These results indicate that horse behavior can be discerned with equal accuracy by both direct and recorded drone video observations. In conclusion, drones can be useful for recording and analyzing horse behavior.

The extensive use of antibiotics as growth promoters, or their continued abusive misuse to cure or prevent the onset of bacterial infections as occurs in the intensive farming, may have played a pivotal role in the spread of reservoirs of antibiotic resistance (AR) among food-associated bacteria including pathogens representing risks to human health. The present study compares the incidence of tetracycline and erythromycin resistances in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) from fermented products manufacturing using meat from intensive animal husbandry (industrialized manufacturing Italian salami) and from extensive farms (artisanal sausages facilities pork and llama Argentinean sausages). A higher incidence of tetracycline resistance (TET-R) compared to erythromycin resistance (ERY-R) was observed among the 205 isolates. Unlike CNS strains, the LAB showed a significant correlation between the TET-R and the ERY-R phenotypes. Genotypic assessment shows a high correlation with tetK and tetM for the TET-R strains and with ermB and ermC for the ERY-R strains. Multiple correspondence analyses have highlighted the association between AR phenotypes and CNS species isolated from Italian salami, while the susceptible phenotypes were associated with the LAB species from Argentinean sausages. Since antibiotic resistance in meat-associated bacteria is a very complex phenomenon, the assessment of bacterial resistance in different environmental contexts with diverse farming practices and food production technologies will help in monitoring the factors influencing AR emergence and spread in animal production. EEA Famaillá Fil: Fontana, Cecilia Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá; Argentina Fil: Fontana, Cecilia Alejandra. Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche; Italia Fil: Patrone, Vania. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. DISTAS; Italia Fil: López, Constanza María. Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche; Italia Fil: Morelli, Lorenzo. Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche; Italia Fil: Morelli, Lorenzo. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. DISTAS; Italia Fil: Rebecchi, Annalisa. Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche; Italia Fil: Rebecchi, Annalisa. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. DISTAS; Italia

Climate change is disturbing the existing functional relations between socio-ecological systems in the Himalayan region of Nepal. In this paper, I look at the disturbance posed by climate change to the social and ecological dimensions, referencing the Himalayan herders as eye-witnesses. I focus on two thematic areas, that is, the challenges faced by the mountain herders in the context of climate change and their coping strategies. This paper is a product of nine months of ethnographic study between the years 2012 and 2018 conducted at the Nhāson valley. The herders' stories are “real stories” with insights into the climate variability and fluctuation, which is critically valuable to understand the environmental phenomena at a time when scientific evidence is not enough. In this context, an ethnographic study can contribute in documenting the place-specific and culture-specific stories as the powerful evidence to climate change and how it impacts the grounded social and ecological systems.

Pastoralism in Central Asia directed the utilization of natural resources, yet information on livestock management strategies remain scarce. Carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analyses of domesticated sheep teeth are used to identify animal management strategies. Sheep from Kent exhibit an inverserelationship where low δ18O values coincide with high δ13C values, consistent with the foddering of caprines in the winter for this location which occursalongside evidence for an extended lambing season. At the high altitude encampment of Turgen, Bronze Age sheep exhibit low δ18O values that coincide withhigh δ13C values, suggesting that livestock were moved to low altitude pastures in the winter months. Iron Age sheep sequences also have an inverserelationship, where low δ18O values coincide with high δ13C values, yet high δ13C values in the winter suggest that livestock were foddered. Our findingsindicate variation in livestock management strategies with distinct adaptations to local ecologies.

La evaluación de pastizales en regiones áridas y semiáridas es una herramienta clave tanto para planificar el manejo ganadero como para realizar diagnósticos ambientales. Si bien hay un consenso sobre la utilidad de dicha herramienta en la Patagonia, es muy costoso evaluar pastizales que tengan mucho detalle (grano) y, a la vez, cubrir amplias zonas o paisajes (extensión). Por esta razón, compatibilizar la resolución y la calidad de la información con la extensión espacial que se requiere para tomar decisiones en sistemas ganaderos todavía es un desafío operativo sin solución efectiva. En este sentido, en las últimas dos décadas, el uso de imágenes satelitales para evaluar pastizales fue en aumento. Los desarrollos asociados a la captura de imágenes mediante el uso de vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANT) ofrecerían ventajas como complemento de información, dado que incrementan sensiblemente la resolución espacial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue clasificar ambientes de pastizal mediante el uso de imágenes satelitales y de VANT, y comparar sus respectivas contribuciones para evaluar pastizales en la Patagonia. En particular, se comparó la resolución espacial de una clasificación no supervisada de ambientes utilizando imágenes satelitales SPOT 7 e imágenes capturadas por un sensor óptico montado en un VANT. El estudio de los pastizales se podría potenciar con el uso de distintas fuentes de información de manera complementaria y accesible para el seguimiento de ambientes y para la planificación del manejo del pastoreo en ambientes muy heterogéneos en regiones áridas y semiáridas de la Patagonia, Argentina. Rangelands assessment in arid and semiarid regions is a key tool both for livestock management planning and environmental diagnoses. Even though there is a consensus on the utility of such tools, rangeland assessment with high detail (grain) while covering large areas or landscapes (extension) is too costly. Then, the compatibility between the resolution and quality of information and the spatial extent required to make decisions in livestock systems is still an operational challenge that has not found an effective solution. Thus, the use of satellite images for rangeland assessments in different environments has been growing steadily in the last two decades. The developments associated with the capture of images using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) would offer many advantages as a complement to information, since they increase the spatial resolution. The aim of this work was to classify rangeland environments using satellite and UAV images and compare their respective contributions for rangeland assessments in Patagonia. In particular, spatial resolution of an unsupervised classification of rangeland environments using SPOT 7 satellite images and images captured by an optical sensor mounted on an UAV were compared. Rangeland assessment can be potentiated by the use of different sources of information in a more complementary and accessible way for environmental monitoring, and for a pastoral management planning in highly heterogeneous environments from arid and semiarid regions of Patagonia, Argentina. Fil: Easdale, Marcos Horacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Umaña, Fernando Javier. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Raffo, Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Fariña, Clara María. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Bruzzone, Octavio Augusto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; Argentina