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154. List of Contributors

Author

Agrawa, Yogesh, primary, Alkhalidi, Mohamad, additional, Alves, Maria C.M., additional, Andersen, Thorbjoern, additional, Bass, Sarah J., additional, Baugh, John V., additional, Bhattacharya, B., additional, Bohlen, W. Frank, additional, Brennan, Matthew L., additional, Bui, D. Tai, additional, Chang, Tae S., additional, Chien, Hwa, additional, Chisholm, Thomas, additional, Costa, Maria Amélia, additional, Dankers, Petra J.T., additional, de Boer, Gerben J., additional, Ditschke, Dirk, additional, Friedrichs, Carl T., additional, Gailani, Joseph, additional, Ganju, Neil K., additional, Ha, Ho-Kyung, additional, Harris, Courtney K., additional, Hayter, Earl J., additional, He, Qing, additional, Holland, Charles W., additional, Hollins, Suzanne E., additional, Hsu, Tai-Wen, additional, Hwang, Kyu-Nam, additional, Jago, Colin F., additional, James, Scott, additional, Jay, David A., additional, Joerdel, Olaf, additional, John, Chandy, additional, Kao, Chia-Chuen, additional, Keen, Timothy, additional, Kim, Sung-Chan, additional, Kirby, Robert, additional, Kniskern, Tara, additional, Koreyoshi, Yamasaki, additional, Krishnappan, Bommanna, additional, Kusuda, Tetsuya, additional, Kwon, Jae-Il, additional, Lee, Cheegwan, additional, Lee, Dong-Young, additional, le Hir, Pierre, additional, Lick, Wilbert, additional, Lin, Jing, additional, Lumborg, Ulrik, additional, Maa, Jerome P.-Y., additional, Maggi, Federico, additional, Manning, Andrew, additional, Markofsky, Mark, additional, McAnally, William, additional, Mehta, Ashish, additional, Merckelbach, Lucas, additional, Mitchell, Steven, additional, Nakagawa, Yasuyuki, additional, Nelson, Bruce, additional, Neumann, Luis, additional, O'Neil, Sean, additional, Ou, Shan-Hwei, additional, Parchure, Trimbak, additional, Park, Kwang-Soon, additional, Peine, Florian, additional, Pejrup, Morten, additional, Riethmuller, Rolf, additional, Roberts, Jesse, additional, Romine, Heidi, additional, Sanford, Lawrence P., additional, Schoellhamer, David H., additional, Scully, Malcolm, additional, Shi, Zhong, additional, Shrestha, Parmeshwar, additional, Sills, Gilliane, additional, Silva Jacinto, Ricardo, additional, Souza, Alejandro, additional, Spearman, Jeremy, additional, Stoschek, Oliver, additional, van den Eynde, Dries, additional, van Kessel, Thijs, additional, Verney, Romaric, additional, Vinzon, Susana, additional, Wai, Onyx, additional, Wang, Harry, additional, Wang, Yuan-ye, additional, Warner, John, additional, Watanabe, Ryoichi, additional, Winterwerp, Johan C., additional, Wu, Jiaxue, additional, Yamada, Fumihiko, additional, Yamanishi, Hiroyuki, additional, Zhang, Qing-He, additional, and Ziervogel, Kai, additional

Published
2007
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157. Two decades of flask observations of atmospheric δ(O2/N2), CO2, and APO at stations Lutjewad (the Netherlands) and Mace Head (Ireland), and 3 years from Halley station (Antarctica).

Author

Nguyen, Linh N. T., Meijer, Harro A. J., van Leeuwen, Charlotte, Kers, Bert A. M., Scheeren, Hubertus A., Jones, Anna E., Brough, Neil, Barningham, Thomas, Pickers, Penelope A., Manning, Andrew C., and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, CARBON cycle, CARBON dioxide, ATMOSPHERIC oxygen
Abstract

We present 20-year flask sample records of atmospheric CO 2 , δ (O2/N2), and atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) from the stations Lutjewad (the Netherlands) and Mace Head (Ireland), and a 3-year record from Halley station (Antarctica). We include details of our calibration procedures and the stability of our calibration scale over time, which we estimate to be 3 per meg over the 11 years of calibration, and our compatibility with the international Scripps O 2 scale. The measurement records from Lutjewad and Mace Head show similar long-term trends during the period 2002–2018 of 2.31 ± 0.07 ppm yr -1 for CO 2 and - 21.2 ± 0.8 per meg yr -1 for δ (O2/N2) at Lutjewad, and 2.22 ± 0.04 ppm yr -1 for CO 2 and - 21.3 ± 0.9 per meg yr -1 for δ (O2/N2) at Mace Head. They also show a similar δ (O2/N2) seasonal cycle with an amplitude of 54 ± 4 per meg at Lutjewad and 61 ± 5 per meg at Mace Head, while the CO 2 seasonal amplitude at Lutjewad (16.8 ± 0.5 ppm) is slightly higher than that at Mace Head (14.8 ± 0.3 ppm). We show that the observed long-term trends and seasonal cycles are in good agreement with the measurements from various other stations, especially the measurements from the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (United Kingdom). However, there are remarkable differences in the progression of annual trends between the Mace Head and Lutjewad records for δ (O2/N2) and APO, which might in part be caused by sampling differences, but also by environmental effects, such as North Atlantic Ocean oxygen ventilation changes to which Mace Head is more sensitive. The Halley record shows clear trends and seasonality in δ (O2/N2) and APO, the latter agreeing especially well with continuous measurements at the same location made by the University of East Anglia (UEA), while CO 2 and δ (O2/N2) present slight disagreements, most likely caused by small leakages during sampling. From our 2002–2018 records, we find a good agreement with Global Carbon Budget 2021 (Friedlingstein et al. (2021) for the global ocean carbon sink: 2.1 ± 0.8 PgC yr -1 , based on the Lutjewad record. The data presented in this work are available at 10.18160/qq7d-t060 (Nguyen et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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159. Oil-Mineral Flocculation and Settling Dynamics

Author

Manning, Andrew J., Ye, Leiping, Hsu, Tian-Jian, Holyoke, James, and Penaloza-Giraldo, Jorge A.

Subjects
Science / Earth Sciences
Abstract

In recent decades, oil spill contamination has tended to occur more commonly in deltaic and estuarial systems. The management of oil spillages has been a major challenge in the surrounding deltas due to the highly sensitivity nature of deltaic ecosystems. Many deltas have an abundance of clay minerals that can flocculate, and these play an important role in determining the transport of spilled oil contamination and its eventual fate, particularly given that suspended sediment and microbial activities are often prevalent and diverse in natural environments. The primary work presented here focuses on laboratory experimental studies that help develop improved parameterizations of flocculation processes for oil-sediment-biogeochemical modeling. Oil-mineral flocs (OMA) have been successfully created from a series of laboratory flocculation experiments. A floc video instrument LabSFLOC-2 has been adopted for the first time to study the settling dynamics of OMAs. Experimental results reveal OMAs can easily form in any oil, cohesive sediment, and seawater mixtures. However, Kaolin and Bentonite forms dramatically different OMA structures, which leads to their variable characteristics. In the Bentonite clay cases, the oil flocs tend to be much larger and with higher densities than those in Kaolin clay cases, resulting in significant variability of flocs settling velocities.

Published
2019

160. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Comparative Guide

Author

Manning, Andrew

Subjects
Jurisdiction -- Laws, regulations and rules, Foreign judgments -- Interpretation and construction -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Business, international
Abstract

1 Legal and judicial framework 1.1 Which legislative and regulatory provisions govern the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in your jurisdiction? Legislation Three federal legislative regimes govern the recognition [...]

Published
2020

161. Integrating field and laboratory approaches for ripple development in mixed sand–clay–EPS

Author

Baas, Jaco H., Baker, Megan L., Malarkey, Jonathan, Bass, Sarah J., Manning, Andrew J., Hope, Julie A., Peakall, Jeffrey, Lichtman, Ian D., Ye, Leiping, Davies, Alan G., Parsons, Daniel R., Paterson, David M., Thorne, Peter D., McArthur, Adam, Baas, Jaco H., Baker, Megan L., Malarkey, Jonathan, Bass, Sarah J., Manning, Andrew J., Hope, Julie A., Peakall, Jeffrey, Lichtman, Ian D., Ye, Leiping, Davies, Alan G., Parsons, Daniel R., Paterson, David M., Thorne, Peter D., and McArthur, Adam

Abstract

The shape and size of sedimentary bedforms play a key role in the reconstruction of sedimentary processes in modern and ancient environments. Recent laboratory experiments have shown that bedforms in mixed sand–clay develop at a slower rate and often have smaller heights and wavelengths than equivalent bedforms in pure sand. This effect is generally attributed to cohesive forces that can be of physical origin, caused by electrostatic forces of attraction between clay minerals, and of biological origin, caused by ‘sticky’ extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by micro‐organisms, such as microalgae (microphytobenthos) and bacteria. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that these laboratory experiments are a suitable analogue for current ripples formed by tidal currents on a natural mixed sand–mud–EPS intertidal flat in a macrotidal estuary. Integrated hydrodynamic and bed morphological measurements, collected during a spring tide under weak wave conditions near Hilbre Island (Dee Estuary, north‐west England, UK), reveal a statistically significant decrease in current ripple wavelength for progressively higher bed mud and EPS contents, and a concurrent change from three‐dimensional linguoid to two‐dimensional straight‐crested ripple planform morphology. These results agree well with observations in laboratory flumes, but the rate of decrease of ripple wavelength as mud content increased was found to be substantially greater for the field than the laboratory. Since the formation of ripples under natural conditions is inherently more complex than in the laboratory, four additional factors that might affect current ripple development in estuaries, but which were not accounted for in laboratory experiments, were explored. These were current forcing, clay type, pore water salinity and bed EPS content. These data illustrate that clay type alone cannot explain the difference in the rate of decrease in ripple wavelength, because the bed clay contents

Published
2019

162. Quantifying the UK’s carbon dioxide flux: an atmospheric inverse modelling approach using a regional measurement network

Author

White, Emily D., Rigby, Matthew, Lunt, Mark F., Smallman, T. Luke, Comyn-Platt, Edward, Manning, Alistair J., Ganesan, Anita L., O'Doherty, Simon, Stavert, Ann R., Stanley, Kieran, Williams, Mathew, Levy, Peter, Ramonet, Michel, Forster, Grant L., Manning, Andrew C., Palmer, Paul I., White, Emily D., Rigby, Matthew, Lunt, Mark F., Smallman, T. Luke, Comyn-Platt, Edward, Manning, Alistair J., Ganesan, Anita L., O'Doherty, Simon, Stavert, Ann R., Stanley, Kieran, Williams, Mathew, Levy, Peter, Ramonet, Michel, Forster, Grant L., Manning, Andrew C., and Palmer, Paul I.

Abstract

We present a method to derive atmospheric-observation-based estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes at the national scale, demonstrated using data from a network of surface tall-tower sites across the UK and Ireland over the period 2013–2014. The inversion is carried out using simulations from a Lagrangian chemical transport model and an innovative hierarchical Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework, which addresses some of the traditional problems faced by inverse modelling studies, such as subjectivity in the specification of model and prior uncertainties. Biospheric fluxes related to gross primary productivity and terrestrial ecosystem respiration are solved separately in the inversion and then combined a posteriori to determine net ecosystem exchange of CO2. Two different models, Data Assimilation Linked Ecosystem Carbon (DALEC) and Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), provide prior estimates for these fluxes. We carry out separate inversions to assess the impact of these different priors on the posterior flux estimates and evaluate the differences between the prior and posterior estimates in terms of missing model components. The Numerical Atmospheric dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) is used to relate fluxes to the measurements taken across the regional network. Posterior CO2 estimates from the two inversions agree within estimated uncertainties, despite large differences in the prior fluxes from the different models. With our method, averaging results from 2013 and 2014, we find a total annual net biospheric flux for the UK of 8±79 Tg CO2 yr−1 (DALEC prior) and 64±85 Tg CO2 yr−1 (JULES prior), where negative values represent an uptake of CO2. These biospheric CO2 estimates show that annual UK biospheric sources and sinks are roughly in balance. These annual mean estimates consistently indicate a greater net release of CO2 than the prior estimates, which show much more pronounced uptake in summer months.

Published
2019

163. Novel In-Space Manufacturing Concepts for the Development of Large Space Telescopes

Author

Mooney, James T, Reardon, Patrick, Gregory Don, Manning, Andrew, Blackmon, Jim, Howsman, Tom, Williams, Philip, Brantley, Whitt, Rakoczy, John, and Herren, Kenneth

Subjects
Optics
Abstract

There is a continuous demand for larger, lighter, and higher quality telescopes. Over the past several decades, we have seen the evolution from launchable 2 meter-class telescopes (such as Hubble), to today s demand for deployable 6 meter-class telescopes (such as JWST), to tomorrow s need for up to 150 meter-class telescopes. As the apertures continue to grow, it will become much more difficult and expensive to launch assembled telescope structures. To address this issue, we are seeing the emergence of new novel structural concepts, such as inflatable structures and membrane optics. While these structural concepts do show promise, it is very difficult to achieve and maintain high surface figure quality. Another potential solution to develop large space telescopes is to move the fabrication facility into space and launch the raw materials. In this paper we present initial in-space manufacturing concepts to enable the development of large telescopes. This includes novel approaches for the fabrication of both the optical elements and the telescope support structure. We will also discuss potential optical designs for large space telescopes and describe their relation to the fabrication methods. These concepts are being developed to meet the demanding requirements of DARPA s LASSO (Large Aperture Space Surveillance Optic) program which currently requires a 150 meter optical aperture with a 17 degree field of view.

Published
2006

164. Optical and Mechanical Properties of Glass Blown In Vacuo

Author

Manning, andrew, Tucker, Dennis, Mooney, Theodore, Herren, Kenneth, and Gregory, Don A

Subjects
Mechanical Engineering
Abstract

Theoretically, the strength of glass processed in vacuum should be higher due to outgassing of contaminants normally present in the glass, such as bulk water in the form of OH bonds that tends to weaken the glass structure. In this research, small discs of a few types of glass have been subjected to various temperatures for extended periods of time in vacuum. Their strength was then tested using a standard flexure technique, facilitated by a custom-designed test fixture, and the results were compared to glass tested in air using the same fixture. The purpose of the glass blowing investigation was to prove the basic feasibility of a high-level concept for in-space manufacture of optical elements. The central requirement was that the glass bubble had to be blown into a support structure such that the bubble could be handled by manipulation of the structure. The blown bubble attached itself to a mullite ring geometrically and mechanically, as a demonstration in the initial experiments described here, by expanding through and around it. The vacuum system used was custom made, as were most of the components of the system, such as the heating element, the glass and ring support structure, and the gas inlet system that provided the pressure needed to blow the glass.

Published
2006

165. Postmylonitic deformation in the raft river metamorphic core complex, northwestern Utah: evidence of a rolling hinge

Author

Manning, Andrew H. and Bartley, John M.

Subjects
Metamorphism (Geology) -- Research, Mylonite -- Analysis, Rock deformation -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

The rolling hinge model explains the low-angle normal faults found in metamorphic core complexes. The tilting of seismogenic high-angle normal faults, subjected to dips by footwall deformation, is predicted by the model. The footwall deformation is caused by the isostatic forces caused by footwall exhumation. The macroscopic process of footwall deformation influences the strain on the rolling hinge.

Published
1994

167. Two decades of flask observations of atmospheric δO2/N2, CO2, and APO at stations Lutjewad (the Netherlands) and Mace Head (Ireland) plus 3 years from Halley station (Antarctica).

Author

Nguyen, Linh N. T., Meijer, Harro A. J., Leeuwen, Charlotte van, Kers, Bert A. M., Scheeren, Bert A., Jones, Anna E., Brough, Neil, Barningham, Thomas, Pickers, Penelope A., Manning, Andrew C., and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Subjects
GAS cylinders, SEASONS, BOTTLES
Abstract

We present 20-year flask sample records of atmospheric CO2, δO2/N2 and APO from the stations Lutjewad (the Netherlands) and Mace Head (Ireland) and a 3-year record from Halley station (Antarctica), including details of the extensive calibration procedure and its stability over time. The results of our inter-comparison involving gas cylinders from various research laboratories worldwide also show that our calibration is of high quality and compatible with the internationally recognised Scripps scale. The measurement records from Lutjewad and Mace Head show similar long-term trends during the period 2002-2018 of 2.31 ± 0.07 ppm yr−1 for CO2 and −21.2 ± 0.8 per meg yr−1 for δO2/N2 at Lutjewad, and 2.22 ± 0.04 ppm yr−1 for CO2 and −21.3 ± 0.9 per meg yr−1 for δO2/N2 at Mace Head. They also show a similar δO2/N2 seasonal cycle with an amplitude of 54 ± 4 per meg at Lutjewad and 61 ± 5 per meg at Mace Head, while CO2 seasonal amplitude at Lutjewad (16.8 ± 0.5 ppm) is slightly higher than that at Mace Head (14.8 ± 0.3 ppm). We show that the observed trends and seasonal cycles are compatible with the measurements from various stations, especially the measurements from Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (United Kingdom). However, there are remarkable differences in the progression of annual trends between the Mace Head and Lutjewad records for δO2/N2 and APO, which might in part be caused by sampling differences, but also by environmental effects, such as the North Atlantic Ocean oxygen ventilation changes to which Mace Head is more sensitive. The Halley record shows clear trends and seasonality in δO2/N2 and APO, where especially APO agrees well with the continuous measurements at Halley by the University of East Anglia, while CO2 and δO2/N2 present slight disagreements, most likely caused by small leakages during sampling. From our 2002-2018 records, we find good agreement for the global ocean sink: 2.0 ± 0.8 PgC yr−1 and 2.2 ± 0.9 PgC yr−1, based on Lutjewad and Mace Head, respectively. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/qq7d-t060 (Nguyen et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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168. Redefining ‘Clean’ Sand By Integrating Field And Laboratory Data On Mixed Sand–Clay–EPS Rippled-Bed Transport

Author

Baas, Jaco, Baker, Megan, Malarkey, Jonathan, Bass, Sarah, Manning, Andrew, Hope, Julie, Peakall, Jeffrey, Lichtman, Ian, Ye, Leiping, Davies, Alan, Parsons, Daniel, Paterson, David, and Thorne, Peter

Subjects
bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Sedimentology, Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, Sedimentology, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Sedimentology, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Abstract

The shape and size of sedimentary bedforms play a key role in the reconstruction of sedimentary processes in modern and ancient environments. Recent laboratory experiments have shown that bedforms in mixed sand–clay develop at a slower rate and often have smaller heights and lengths than equivalent bedforms in pure sand. This is generally attributed to cohesive forces that can be of physical origin, caused by electrostatic forces of attraction between clay minerals, and of biological origin, caused by ‘sticky’ extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by micro-organisms, such as microalgae (microphytobenthos) and bacteria. In the present paper, we demonstrate, for the first time, that these laboratory experiments are a suitable analogue for current ripples formed by tidal currents on a natural mixed sand–mud–EPS intertidal flat in a macrotidal estuary. Moreover, both the field data and the laboratory data demonstrate that the widely used definitions of ‘clean sand’ (

Published
2018
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169. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan D., Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank J., Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padin, X. Antonio, Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, Zhu, Dan, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Climate Change Science Institute [Oak Ridge] (CCSI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Climatic Research Unit, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST)-Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC), University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Montana State University (MSU), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the "global carbon budget" – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2007–2016), EFF was 9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.7 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a small BIM of −0.3 GtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007–2016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Niño conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0 % (range of 0.8 to 3.0 %) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of gross domestic product (GDP) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017 (GCP, 2017).

Published
2018
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170. Biomediation of submarine sediment gravity flow dynamics

Author

Craig, Melissa J., primary, Baas, Jaco H., additional, Amos, Kathryn J., additional, Strachan, Lorna J., additional, Manning, Andrew J., additional, Paterson, David M., additional, Hope, Julie A., additional, Nodder, Scott D., additional, and Baker, Megan L., additional

Published
2019
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172. Integrating field and laboratory approaches for ripple development in mixed sand–clay–EPS

Author

Baas, Jaco H., primary, Baker, Megan L., additional, Malarkey, Jonathan, additional, Bass, Sarah J., additional, Manning, Andrew J., additional, Hope, Julie A., additional, Peakall, Jeffrey, additional, Lichtman, Ian D., additional, Ye, Leiping, additional, Davies, Alan G., additional, Parsons, Daniel R., additional, Paterson, David M., additional, and Thorne, Peter D., additional

Published
2019
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174. Quantifying the UK's carbon dioxide flux: an atmospheric inverse modelling approach using a regional measurement network

Author

White, Emily D., primary, Rigby, Matthew, additional, Lunt, Mark F., additional, Smallman, T. Luke, additional, Comyn-Platt, Edward, additional, Manning, Alistair J., additional, Ganesan, Anita L., additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Stavert, Ann R., additional, Stanley, Kieran, additional, Williams, Mathew, additional, Levy, Peter, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Forster, Grant L., additional, Manning, Andrew C., additional, and Palmer, Paul I., additional

Published
2019
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175. Contribution of bacterial outer membrane vesicles to innate bacterial defense

Author

Manning Andrew J and Kuehn Meta J

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Background Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are constitutively produced by Gram-negative bacteria throughout growth and have proposed roles in virulence, inflammation, and the response to envelope stress. Here we investigate outer membrane vesiculation as a bacterial mechanism for immediate short-term protection against outer membrane acting stressors. Antimicrobial peptides as well as bacteriophage were used to examine the effectiveness of OMV protection. Results We found that a hyper-vesiculating mutant of Escherichia coli survived treatment by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) polymyxin B and colistin better than the wild-type. Supplementation of E. coli cultures with purified outer membrane vesicles provided substantial protection against AMPs, and AMPs significantly induced vesiculation. Vesicle-mediated protection and induction of vesiculation were also observed for a human pathogen, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), challenged with polymyxin B. When ETEC with was incubated with low concentrations of vesicles concomitant with polymyxin B treatment, bacterial survival increased immediately, and the culture gained resistance to polymyxin B. By contrast, high levels of vesicles also provided immediate protection but prevented acquisition of resistance. Co-incubation of T4 bacteriophage and OMVs showed fast, irreversible binding. The efficiency of T4 infection was significantly reduced by the formation of complexes with the OMVs. Conclusions These data reveal a role for OMVs in contributing to innate bacterial defense by adsorption of antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophage. Given the increase in vesiculation in response to the antimicrobial peptides, and loss in efficiency of infection with the T4-OMV complex, we conclude that OMV production may be an important factor in neutralizing environmental agents that target the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Published
2011
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176. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Quéré, Corinne, Le, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Ivar Korsbakken, Jan, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M.S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E.M.S., Nakaoka, Shin Ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padin, X.A., Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco N., Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der, Werf, Guido R., van der, Heuven, Steven, Van, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, Zhu, Dan, Quéré, Corinne, Le, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Ivar Korsbakken, Jan, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M.S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E.M.S., Nakaoka, Shin Ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padin, X.A., Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco N., Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der, Werf, Guido R., van der, Heuven, Steven, Van, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, and Zhu, Dan

Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere-the "global carbon budget"-is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1δ. For the last decade available (2007-2016), EFF was 9.4±0.5 GtC yr-1, ELUC 1.3±0.7 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.7±0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.4±0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 3.0±0.8 GtC yr-1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6 GtC yr-1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9±0.5 GtC yr-1. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3±0.7 GtC yr-1, GATM was 6.1±0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.6±0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 2.7±1.0 GtC yr-1, with a small BIM of-0.3 GtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007-2016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Ninõ conditions. The gl

Published
2018

177. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Environmental Sciences, Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Ivar Korsbakken, Jan, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M.S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E.M.S., Nakaoka, Shin Ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Antonio Padin, X., Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco N., Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T.Vander, Werf, Guido R.Vander, van Heuven, Steven M.A.C., Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, Zhu, Dan, Environmental Sciences, Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Ivar Korsbakken, Jan, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M.S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E.M.S., Nakaoka, Shin Ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Antonio Padin, X., Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco N., Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T.Vander, Werf, Guido R.Vander, van Heuven, Steven M.A.C., Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, and Zhu, Dan

Published
2018

178. The Sustainable Development Goals: An Australian Response

Author

Pawar, Manohar, O’Sullivan, Dominic, Cash, Belinda, Culas, Richard, Langat, Kiprono, Manning, Andrew, Mungai, Ndungi, Rafferty, John, Rajamani, Satyan, and Ward, Wesley S.

Abstract

The article critically reviews and discusses the findings and recommendations of the Australian Senate Inquiry into the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); and suggests strategies to achieving the SDGs within and beyond Australia. By employing the focus group discussion method, it critically discusses the report as per the Inquiry’s terms of reference and looks at Australia’s responses to the SDGs both domestically and internationally. It underscores the engagement of government, including the Official Development Assistance, and non-government organisations, and the private sector. To accelerate the implementation of the SDGs, it argues that greater awareness of the SDGs, attitudinal change and systematic implementation and action are needed locally, nationally and globally. The SDGs require an approach that is beyond national interest, focusing on world development that leaves no one behind.

Published
2021
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179. In situ measurements of atmospheric O2 and CO2 reveal an unexpected O2 signal over the tropical Atlantic Ocean

Author

Pickers, Penelope A., Manning, Andrew C., Sturges, William T., Le Quéré, Corinne, Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara E., Wilson, Philip A., and Etchells, Alex J.

Abstract

We present the first meridional transects of atmospheric O2 and CO2 over the Atlantic Ocean. We combine these measurements into the tracer atmospheric potential oxygen (APO), which is a measure of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric O2 variations. Our new in situ measurement system, deployed on board a commercial container ship during 2015, performs as well as or better than existing similar measurement systems. The data show small short-term variability (hours to days), a step-change corresponding to the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and seasonal cycles that vary with latitude. In contrast to data from the Pacific Ocean and to previous modeling studies, our Atlantic Ocean APO data show no significant bulge in the tropics. This difference cannot be accounted for by interannual variability in the position of the ITCZ or the Atlantic Meridional Mode Index and appears to be a persistent feature of the Atlantic Ocean system. Modeled APO using the TM3 atmospheric transport model does exhibit a significant bulge over the Atlantic and overestimates the interhemispheric gradient in APO over the Atlantic Ocean. These results indicate that either there are inaccuracies in the oceanic flux data products in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean region, or that there are atmospheric transport inaccuracies in the model, or a combination of both. Our shipboard O2 and CO2 measurements are ongoing and will reveal the long-term nature of equatorial APO outgassing over the Atlantic as more data become available.

Published
2017

182. BIOMEDIATION OF SEDIMENT GRAVITY FLOW DYNAMICS

Author

Craig, Melissa, Baas, Jaco, Amos, Kathryn, Strachan, Lorna, Manning, Andrew, Paterson, David, Hope, Julie, Nodder, Scott, and Baker, Megan

Subjects
bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Sedimentology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Earth Sciences, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, Sedimentology, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Sedimentology, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Abstract

Sediment gravity flows (SGFs) are the primary process by which sediment and organic carbon are transported from the continental margin to the deep ocean. Forty percent of the total marine organic carbon pool is represented by cohesive extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by marine benthic and pelagic micro-organisms. EPS research to date has focussed on coastal environments, where EPS contribute to seabed stability by forming a cohesive matrix of bonds between sediment particles. The effects of this cohesive material on SGFs in the deep ocean have not been investigated, despite many decades of outcrop, subsurface, modern real-time observational, numerical, and experimental research. Here we present laboratory data that offer the first insights into the potential of biological cohesion for modulating muddy, physically cohesive, SGF dynamics. These data indicate that turbulence-modulated, high-density turbidity currents, mudflows and slides, are more susceptible to changes in flow properties than fully turbulent, low-density turbidity currents at concentrations of EPS encountered in the deep ocean. Even relatively low concentrations of EPS markedly decrease the head velocity and run-out distance of these high-density SGFs. These outcomes greatly improve our understanding of the natural distribution of SGF deposits, which form the world’s largest hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Published
2017
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192. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padín, X. Antoni, Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Werf, Guido R., van Heuven, Steven, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, Zhu, Dan, Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C., Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padín, X. Antoni, Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Werf, Guido R., van Heuven, Steven, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke, and Zhu, Dan

Published
2017

193. Inferring Rn-222 soil fluxes from ambient Rn-222 activity and eddy covariance measurements of CO2

Author

van der Laan, Sander, Manohar, Swagath, Vermeulen, Alex, Bosveld, Fred, Meijer, Harro, Manning, Andrew, van der Molen, Michiel K., van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid, and Isotope Research

Subjects
CARBON, EUROPE, NETHERLANDS, MODELS, RADON, CABAUW TALL TOWER, EXCHANGE, EMISSIONS, TRANSPORT
Abstract

We present a new methodology, which we call Single Pair of Observations Technique with Eddy Covariance (SPOT-EC), to estimate regional-scale surface fluxes of 222Rn from tower-based observations of 222Rn activity concentration, CO2 mole fractions and direct CO2 flux measurements from eddy covariance. For specific events, the regional (222Rn) surface flux is calculated from short-term changes in ambient (222Rn) activity concentration scaled by the ratio of the mean CO2 surface flux for the specific event to the change in its observed mole fraction. The resulting 222Rn surface emissions are integrated in time (between the moment of observation and the last prior background levels) and space (i.e. over the footprint of the observations). The measurement uncertainty obtained is about ±15 % for diurnal events and about ±10 % for longer-term (e.g. seasonal or annual) means. The method does not provide continuous observations, but reliable daily averages can be obtained. We applied our method to in situ observations from two sites in the Netherlands: Cabauw station (CBW) and Lutjewad station (LUT). For LUT, which is an intensive agricultural site, we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.29 ± 0.02) atoms cm−2 s−1 with values > 0.5 atoms cm−2 s−1 to the south and south-east. For CBW we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.63 ± 0.04) atoms cm−2 s−1. The highest values were observed to the south-west, where the soil type is mainly river clay. For both stations good agreement was found between our results and those from measurements with soil chambers and two recently published 222Rn soil flux maps for Europe. At both sites, large spatial and temporal variability of 222Rn surface fluxes were observed which would be impractical to measure with a soil chamber. SPOT-EC, therefore, offers an important new tool for estimating regional-scale 222Rn surface fluxes. Practical applications furthermore include calibration of process-based 222Rn soil flux models, validation of atmospheric transport models and performing regional-scale inversions, e.g. of greenhouse gases via the SPOT 222Rn-tracer method.

Published
2016

194. The role of biophysical cohesion on subaqueous bed form size

Author

Parsons, Daniel R., Schindler, Robert J., Hope, Julie A., Malarkey, Jonathan, Baas, Jaco H., Peakall, Jeffrey, Manning, Andrew J., Ye, Leiping, Simmons, Steve, Paterson, David M., Aspden, Rebecca J., Bass, Sarah J., Davies, Alan G., Lichtman, Ian D., Thorne, Peter D., NERC, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Sediment Ecology Research Group, University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland, University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, and University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute

Subjects
QH301, Biophysical, QH301 Biology, general [Geomorphology], Sediment, Sediment transport, Cohesivity, Bed forms, Roughness
Abstract

This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council under grant NE/I027223/1 (COHBED). D.M.P. acknowledges the support of the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) pooling initiative in the completion of this study. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. Biologically active, fine-grained sediment forms abundant sedimentary deposits on Earth's surface, and mixed mud-sand dominates many coasts, deltas, and estuaries. Our predictions of sediment transport and bed roughness in these environments presently rely on empirically based bed form predictors that are based exclusively on biologically inactive cohesionless silt, sand, and gravel. This approach underpins many paleoenvironmental reconstructions of sedimentary successions, which rely on analysis of cross-stratification and bounding surfaces produced by migrating bed forms. Here we present controlled laboratory experiments that identify and quantify the influence of physical and biological cohesion on equilibrium bed form morphology. The results show the profound influence of biological cohesion on bed form size and identify how cohesive bonding mechanisms in different sediment mixtures govern the relationships. The findings highlight that existing bed form predictors require reformulation for combined biophysical cohesive effects in order to improve morphodynamic model predictions and to enhance the interpretations of these environments in the geological record. Publisher PDF

Published
2016

196. Inferring 222Rn soil fluxes from ambient 222Rn activity and eddy covariance measurements of CO2

Author

van der Laan, Sander, Manohar, Swagath, Vermeulen, Alex, Bosveld, Fred, Meijer, Harro, Manning, Andrew, van der Molen, Michiel, and van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, WIMEK, Meteorology and Air Quality, Life Science
Abstract

We present a new methodology, which we call Single Pair of Observations Technique with Eddy Covariance (SPOT-EC), to estimate regional-scale surface fluxes of 222Rn from tower-based observations of 222Rn activity concentration, CO2 mole fractions and direct CO2 flux measurements from eddy covariance. For specific events, the regional (222Rn) surface flux is calculated from short-term changes in ambient (222Rn) activity concentration scaled by the ratio of the mean CO2 surface flux for the specific event to the change in its observed mole fraction. The resulting 222Rn surface emissions are integrated in time (between the moment of observation and the last prior background levels) and space (i.e. over the footprint of the observations). The measurement uncertainty obtained is about ±15 % for diurnal events and about ±10 % for longer-term (e.g. seasonal or annual) means. The method does not provide continuous observations, but reliable daily averages can be obtained. We applied our method to in situ observations from two sites in the Netherlands: Cabauw station (CBW) and Lutjewad station (LUT). For LUT, which is an intensive agricultural site, we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.29 ± 0.02) atoms cm−2 s−1 with values > 0.5 atoms cm−2 s−1 to the south and south-east. For CBW we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.63 ± 0.04) atoms cm−2 s−1. The highest values were observed to the south-west, where the soil type is mainly river clay. For both stations good agreement was found between our results and those from measurements with soil chambers and two recently published 222Rn soil flux maps for Europe. At both sites, large spatial and temporal variability of 222Rn surface fluxes were observed which would be impractical to measure with a soil chamber. SPOT-EC, therefore, offers an important new tool for estimating regional-scale 222Rn surface fluxes. Practical applications furthermore include calibration of process-based 222Rn soil flux models, validation of atmospheric transport models and performing regional-scale inversions, e.g. of greenhouse gases via the SPOT 222Rn-tracer method.

Published
2016

198. BIOMEDIATION OF SEDIMENT GRAVITY FLOW DYNAMICS

Author

Craig, Melissa, primary, Baas, Jaco, additional, Amos, Kathryn, additional, Strachan, Lorna, additional, Manning, Andrew, additional, Paterson, David, additional, Hope, Julie, additional, Nodder, Scott, additional, and Baker, Megan, additional

Published
2017
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199. Global Carbon Budget 2017

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, primary, Andrew, Robbie M., additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Manning, Andrew C., additional, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, additional, Peters, Glen P., additional, Canadell, Josep G., additional, Jackson, Robert B., additional, Boden, Thomas A., additional, Tans, Pieter P., additional, Andrews, Oliver D., additional, Arora, Vivek K., additional, Bakker, Dorothee C. E., additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Becker, Meike, additional, Betts, Richard A., additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Chevallier, Frédéric, additional, Chini, Louise P., additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Cosca, Catherine E., additional, Cross, Jessica, additional, Currie, Kim, additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Houghton, Richard A., additional, Hunt, Christopher W., additional, Hurtt, George, additional, Ilyina, Tatiana, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Kautz, Markus, additional, Keeling, Ralph F., additional, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lenton, Andrew, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Lima, Ivan, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Millero, Frank, additional, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, additional, Nojiri, Yukihiro, additional, Padín, X. Antoni, additional, Peregon, Anna, additional, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Poulter, Benjamin, additional, Rehder, Gregor, additional, Reimer, Janet, additional, Rödenbeck, Christian, additional, Schwinger, Jörg, additional, Séférian, Roland, additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Stocker, Benjamin D., additional, Tian, Hanqin, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Heuven, Steven, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, Watson, Andrew J., additional, Wiltshire, Andrew J., additional, Zaehle, Sönke, additional, and Zhu, Dan, additional

Published
2017
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