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In research, we looked for the answer to how the number of offspring is affected by the BCS of ewes at mating, during pregnancy and at lambing and the age of the ewes. We examined body condition scoring (on a 5-point scale) on 60 Hungarian Merino ewes from the beginning of the breeding season until lambing. The BCS values (2.29) of triple lambed ewes were significantly higher compared to the condition score of one- and two lambed ewes (1.55, 1.58). Two-year-old ewes gave birth to 1.84 offspring on average, this value only slightly decreased until 3-5 years of age. The number of offspring of 6-year-old animals was the highest (2.13). The old (7-8 years old) ewes gave birth to only one offspring, their condition was low both at fertilization (1.55) and at lambing (3.18) compared to those that gave birth to more. The average condition of ewes during pregnancy was significantly higher for animals that gave birth to two or three litters (2.12; 2.20) than for animals that gave birth to one (1.58).). In the relationship between body condition and number of offspring, there was a loose, positive correlation, both at fertilization (r=0.206) and at lambing (r=0.265). In summary, we can declare that the ideal BCS at mating age condition is 3,5, for multiple twins and the ideal age for ewes is 2-6 years, in the case of Hungarian Merino ewes.

Background: There is evidence that global anthropogenic climate change may be impacting floral phenology and the temporal and spatial characteristics of aero‐allergenic pollen. Given the extent of current and future climate uncertainty, there is a need to strengthen predictive pollen forecasts. Methods: The study aims to use CatBoost (CB) and deep learning (DL) models for predicting the daily total pollen concentration up to 14 days in advance for 23 cities, covering all five continents. The model includes the projected environmental parameters, recent concentrations (1, 2 and 4 weeks), and the past environmental explanatory variables, and their future values. Results: The best pollen forecasts include Mexico City (R2(DL_7) ≈.7), and Santiago (R2(DL_7) ≈.8) for the 7th forecast day, respectively; while the weakest pollen forecasts are made for Brisbane (R2(DL_7) ≈.4) and Seoul (R2(DL_7) ≈.1) for the 7th forecast day. The global order of the five most important environmental variables in determining the daily total pollen concentrations is, in decreasing order: the past daily total pollen concentration, future 2 m temperature, past 2 m temperature, past soil temperature in 28–100 cm depth, and past soil temperature in 0–7 cm depth. City‐related clusters of the most similar distribution of feature importance values of the environmental variables only slightly change on consecutive forecast days for Caxias do Sul, Cape Town, Brisbane, and Mexico City, while they often change for Sydney, Santiago, and Busan. Conclusions: This new knowledge of the ecological relationships of the most remarkable variables importance for pollen forecast models according to clusters, cities and forecast days is important for developing and improving the accuracy of airborne pollen forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiome is capable of modulating the bioavailability of chemotherapy drugs, mainly due to metabolizing these agents. Multiple cytostatic bacterial metabolites were recently identified that have cytostatic effects on cancer cells. In this study, we addressed the question of whether a set of cytostatic bacterial metabolites (cadaverine, indolepropionic acid and indoxylsulfate) can interfere with the cytostatic effects of the chemotherapy agents used in the management of breast cancer (doxorubicin, gemcitabine, irinotecan, methotrexate, rucaparib, 5-fluorouracil and paclitaxel). The chemotherapy drugs were applied in a wide concentration range to which a bacterial metabolite was added in a concentration within its serum reference range, and the effects on cell proliferation were assessed. There was no interference between gemcitabine, irinotecan, methotrexate or rucaparib and the bacterial metabolites. Nevertheless, cadaverine and indolepropionic acid modulated the Hill coefficient of the inhibitory curve of doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil. Changes to the Hill coefficient implicate alterations to the kinetics of the binding of the chemotherapy agents to their targets. These effects have an unpredictable significance from the clinical or pharmacological perspective. Importantly, indolepropionic acid decreased the IC50 value of paclitaxel, which is a potentially advantageous combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, powder-based manufacturing processes are recognized as cost-efficient methods frequently employed for producing parts with intricate shapes and tight tolerances in large quantities. However, like any manufacturing method, powder-based technologies also have several disadvantages. One of the most significant issues lies in the degree of porosity. By modifying the morphology of the gas-atomized spherical 17-4PH stainless steel powder via prior ball milling and then raising both the pressure of cold compaction (1.6 GPa) and sintering temperature (1275 °C), the porosity could be reduced considerably. In our novel powder metallurgical (PM) experimental process, an exceptionally high green density of 92% could be reached by employing die wall lubrication instead of internal lubrication and utilizing induction heating for rapid sintering. After sintering (at temperatures of 1200, 1250, and 1275 °C), the samples aged in the H900 condition were then mechanically tested (Charpy impact, HV hardness, and tensile tests) as a function of porosity. Sintering at 1275 °C for one hour enabled porosity reduction to below 4%, resulting in 1200 MPa yield strength and 1350 MPa ultimate tensile strength with significant (16%) fracture strain. These values are comparable to those of the same alloy products fabricated via ingot metallurgy (IM) or additive manufacturing (AM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of using classical capital lettering was introduced north of the Alps from Italy in the second half of the 15th century, and appeared very early in the Kingdom of Hungary. The article contains six case studies on the problems of architectural carvings, stone tabernacles, tombstones and the classical inscriptions on them. I. Tabernacles. All'antica tabernacles were produced in large numbers in late mediaeval Hungary and survive in churches from monumental to very small. The tabernacle frames, which followed the antique architecture of the façade, were accompanied by inscriptions: quotations about the Eucharist or, less frequently, inscriptions referring to the maker. II. Inscriptions outside the royal court. Outside the Buda residence of King Matthias, inscriptions engraved with humanist capitals also appeared, earlier than in the royal court, according to our present knowledge. The earliest dated inscriptions in Hungary survive in Veszprém and are attributed to Bishop Albert Vetési, the best known being a text written on ribbons running on a Gothic console (1467). The all'antica heraldic stones known from several places in the country are often dated, the earliest being found in the Nógrád castle of Miklós Báthory, the humanist bishop, with the date 1483. III. The royal court. Monumental all'antica inscriptions adorned the royal palace in Buda: building inscriptions, statue bases. Their texts are mostly known only from sources, as few original stone carvings have survived. These inscriptions were sometimes in bronze letters, but there were also engraved ones. The monumental inscriptions were associated with King Matthias, while the inscriptions known from the time of Vladislaus II are smaller in size and do not have bronze lettering. IV. Epitaphs. Antique letters also appeared as circular inscriptions on late medieval tombstones. The epitaph written in distychs was often engraved in a tabula ansata. Rarely, the wording was also antiquated, as exemplified by the abbreviations DOM, DOMS, DM. V. Inscriptions around Hungary in the Jagiellonian period. The commissioners of early inscriptions were familiar with the all'antica inscriptions of the Buda court. In Vienna, the first known all'antica inscriptions can be attributed to a citizen of Buda, Peter Juncker, and in Moravia to the lords of Tovačov and Moravská Třebová (Ctibor Tovačovský z Cimburka; Ladislav z Boskovic). VI. Architectural inscriptions of the Jagellonian period in Hungary. Inside the sepulchral chapel of Tamás Bakócz in Esztergom there is a bronze donation inscription (1507), in keeping with the perfect Renaissance centralised space. After 1500, all'antica building inscriptions became common in Hungary. We know of many of them, mainly in the Transdanubian region, written in pure classical capitals. In the northern part of the country, the early humanist capitals are more common; the Biblical quotations and proverbs on the staircase of the town hall of Bártfa were written in such letters. In Transylvania, classical capitals are again common: the inscriptions of the Lázói Chapel, built next to the cathedral in Gyulafehervár, or the Várday Chapel were also carved in such letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has underscored the critical role of aspirations in the process of status attainment, with a consensus on their significance across the literature. Building on this foundation, our study delved into the factors influencing the occupational aspirations of 8th Grade students in Bihor County (Romania), examining variables such as gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and academic performance. Utilising the International Socio-Economic Index (ISEI) of Occupational Status, we coded the students' aspirations for their occupational status at age 30. Our findings revealed that gender, the occupational status of the mother (as measured by the ISEI), ethnicity and academic achievements significantly shape these aspirations. Conversely, students with a parent working abroad or belonging to the Hungarian ethnic minority exhibited lower levels of occupational aspiration. Additionally, our analysis uncovered noteworthy mediating effects: the impact of rural residency is mitigated by the introduction of social class, which is further influenced by academic performance. Similarly, the effect of having multiple siblings is neutralised by having a parent working abroad, and the negative impact of Roma ethnicity on aspirations is offset by academic achievement. A key contribution of our research is the elucidation of how adolescents in our study context conceptualised their futures in terms of occupational status, revealing the nuanced interplay of various factors in shaping their aspirations. This study not only contributes to our understanding of the determinants of occupational aspirations among adolescents but also highlights the complex interactions among these determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been assumed to give protection against genital warts (GW) as well as cervical cancer. Our main question was whether HPV vaccine has any effects on the prevention of GW reported in randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and time-trend analyses. Methods This meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines using the PICO format. We searched in three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Trials), and assessed heterogeneity using the Q-test and I-squared statistics, meta-regression was also performed. Odds ratios (OR) and their confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The sensitivity was tested by leave-one-out method. We evaluated the presence of publication bias using the funnel plot graph and the Copas selection model. The strength of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results Eight RCTs (per-protocol populations) and eight time-trend ecological studies were included in this meta-analysis. A significant reduction (pooled OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.09; I-squared = 53.6%) of GW in young women was recorded in RCTs, and in time-trend analyses both in young women (pooled OR = 0.36, CI 95% = 0.26–0.51; I-squared = 98.2%), and in young men (pooled OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.61–0.78; I-squared = 92.7%). In subgroup analysis, a significant reduction of the number of GW events was observed especially in women under 21 years (pooled OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.17–0.63). Leave-one-out analysis showed that similar results could be obtained after excluding one study, meta-regression did not show significant difference. Conclusions Prophylactic, quadrivalent HPV vaccination can prevent GW in healthy women and men, therefore, it should be included in routine immunization programme.

As far as machine parts are concerned, accuracy can be defined in many aspects. In order for a workpiece to be functional, dimensional and surface roughness requirements are not enough. Accuracy of geometric elements and position tolerances is necessary information. The notation, definitions, interpretations and general values of geometric tolerances are defined by standards. Nevertheless, there are several mathematical methods of calculating values based on data measured by means of coordinate measuring machines. Standards demand the use of the minimum zone method in assessing form deviation without mentioning the way of obtaining it. In this paper, the minimum zone method, which is an iterative algorithm, was investigated. Thus, the result of flatness measurement was calculated by continuous approximation. There are various methods of defining the steps of iteration, affecting the length of time and accuracy of the flatness value. The aim of the research was to examine the characteristics of two non-commercial software solutions for assessing the minimum zone in comparison with the commercial CMM software. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the developed software solutions are efficient in assessing flatness error and that the differences between these and the commercial software are negligible.

An increase in the production and consumption of spelt products can be associated with positive effects on human health, which are attributed to bioactive compounds present in the grain. The basic success of spelt wheat in organic farming might be explained by the fact that spelt wheat belongs to the group of hulled wheat where the presence of a husk protects the seed from abiotic and biotic stress factors, thus demanding less chemical protection. The goal of this study was to investigate the variations in the bioactive compound (alkylresorcinol, arabinoxylan, β-glucan), protein, starch and fructan content of bread and spelt wheat under different farming systems (conventional and organic). The results showed higher protein and alkylresorcinol but lower fructan content in spelt wheat. Organic spelt had significantly higher starch, fiber and alkylresorcinol content but lower β-glucan and protein content than conventionally grown spelt. The spelt variety ‘Oberkulmer-Rotkorn’ was characterized by the highest values for the majority of analyzed traits under both farming systems. Overall, the environmental conditions (Hungary and Serbia), farming systems (conventional and organic) and wheat species (bread and spelt) contributed to the variations of the compositional traits in different manners.