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The wiki has empowered collaborative writing in L2 classes during this decade. Previous studies investigated wiki writing processes, including students’ contribution to wiki texts and patterns of interaction, but scarce is the research on the quality of wiki writing products in relation to peer interaction during writing processes. This article reports a case study that examined collaborative wiki writing texts, and explored the links between wiki-mediated interactions and wiki products when four small groups of ESL students performed a research proposal writing task in an English for Academic Purposes course. We examined the qualities of wiki group writing products by analyzing features of rhetorical structure, coherence, and accuracy, supplemented with the scores given by two raters. Based on previously reported results on group interactions (Li, 2014; Li & Kim, 2016), we also explored the connections between writing products and patterns of interaction in the wiki writing task environment. Results revealed that Group 1, which demonstrated a collective pattern, produced the research proposal of the highest writing quality, particularly in the areas of rhetorical structure and coherence, followed by Group 2 that exemplified an expert/novice pattern. Group 3 and Group 4 that exhibited a dominant/defensive pattern and a cooperating-in-parallel pattern respectively produced research proposals of relatively low quality. We explained the links between wiki interactions and products by drawing on scaffolding and co-ownership.

Purpose This study aims to address a novel information sharing phenomenon among many hospitality consumers, that is, sharing information during, rather than weeks after, a hospitality consumption experience. Specifically, this study tests if including a temporal contiguity cue in a review can significantly enhance the purchase intention of other consumers toward the reviewed business. Design/methodology/approach A 2 (personal sense of power) × 2 (temporal contiguity cue: manipulated to be absent vs present) quasi-experiment was conducted in this research. Floodlight analysis with the Johnson–Neyman technique was used to test the interaction effect. Hayes’ PROCESS procedure was used to test the mediation effects. Findings The study found that, for powerless consumers, temporal contiguity cue can effectively enhance the perceived trustworthiness of the review and purchase intention toward the reviewed business. Conversely, for powerful consumers, temporal contiguity cue can significantly reduce the perceived trustworthiness of the review and purchase intention toward the business. Mediation test further revealed evidence for the underlying psychological mechanism for these effects. Originality/value Revealing the mixed effects of a novel factor, temporal contiguity cue, on consumer responses toward online hospitality reviews, the current research contributes to the expanding stream of theoretical and managerial knowledge on online review management in social media platforms.

Family travel receives growing attention from both the travel industry and academia, but they ignore a vital segment of the family holiday: nuclear families that travel with young children. This study investigated the motivations that drive this market segment to take vacations as a starting point to understand the travel behavior of family tourists, especially those with young and dependent children. By employing netnography, this study collected and analyzed 97 travel diaries from five travel blogs and one travel forum in 2015. Five motivation themes emerged, namely they are spending quality time with children, creating pleasant memories, learning and development, compensation for children, and self-compensation. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed and future research is suggested.

Objective To explore the possible correlation between uric acid levels and leukoaraiosis (LA). Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled patients who presented with some neurological discomfort (e.g. dizziness, headache, mild cognitive impairment). Potential demographic and clinical risk factors associated with LA, including sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, dyslipidaemia, plasma fibrinogen, D-dimer, uric acid, and homocysteine, were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 268 patients were enrolled in the study and divided into the LA group ( n = 164) and the non-LA group ( n = 104). Compared with the non-LA group, uric acid was significantly higher in the LA group (mean ± SD: 356.49 ± 121.85 µmol/l versus 289.96 ± 102.98 µmol/l). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that uric acid was an independent risk factor for LA (odds ratio 1.285; 95% confidence interval 1.062, 1.556). Conclusion Hyperuricaemia was an independent risk factor for leukoaraiosis in Chinese patients.

This work aims to review the implementation situation of experiential learning (EL) in China’s hospitality education and explore the perceptions of students on the effectiveness of the adopted EL methods. Observations and focus group discussions are conducted in three vocational colleges and three universities in China. The study reveals that EL activities are widely utilized in China’s hospitality education. Generally, students state that EL is more effective than traditional classroom learning. Nonetheless, they consider some EL activities as being ineffectively implemented. Several suggestions are given in this paper to provide support to hospitality educators for improving the utilization of EL methods and facilitate student learning. Furthermore, unique EL methods that are not documented in literature are adopted in China’s hospitality education.

In this study, a quasi-experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two significant cultural values, face and guanxi , on Chinese customers' behavioral responses to hospitality service failures. Hotel check-in process failure was used as the service encounter scenario. Based on the results of a multi-group structural equation modeling analysis, the study identified that concern for face can increase the intention to spread negative word-of-mouth information about service process failure experiences. In contrast, the existence of guanxi between hotels and customers can reduce the intention to terminate transactions or post negative online reviews. In addition, guanxi can moderate the influence that concern for face has on direct complaint intention. When guanxi exists, concern for face motivates customers to complain directly. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed based on the findings.

While Sino-Japanese relation(s) have been placed on hold since 2013, Japan has become the most desired overseas destination for mainland Chinese tourists. This study aims to understand the unexpected tourist flows of Chinese tourists to Japan seen through the lens of tourist emotions. Using a qualitative approach and netnography data, the study reveals that during their trip, Chinese tourists experience mixed feelings of resistance, admiration, welcome, embarrassment, and attachment to Japan and its people. The trip has challenged Chinese tourists’ stereotypes about Japan and has stimulated their reflections on China’s modernization.

In order to benefit from the significant dual spending of meetings, incentives, conventions/conferences, exhibitions/events (MICE) attendees, destination marketers have attempted to identify key success criteria that enable increased convention and exhibition participation. Given the significant growth of the MICE industry in Asia, this study examines the role of destination and product images on Chinese attendees' perceptions of the benefits acquired through convention and exhibition participation in the regions of Macau and Hong Kong. Data were collected using an intercept survey and a systematic random sampling procedure. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test a model that integrates two strands of literature from the fields of marketing and international business: Product–Country Image (PCI) and the Augmented Service Offering (ASO). Results show that a favorable overall destination image positively impacts the image of the MICE product of the destination, which, in turn, leads to a greater perception of personal and professional benefit acquisition. Based on these findings, the authors propose the Augmented MICE Offering as a theoretical framework that can serve as a foundation for more comprehensive inquiry into the decision-making process of the MICE attendee and postattendance behavioral impacts. The study also provides important positioning and communication implications for MICE destinations.

Considered as having a great impact on consumer behavior, value has received limited empirical attention. Moreover, the effects of values that influence tourist behavior have also received limited empirical attention. The current study aims to investigate the influence of value on affective attitude and behavioral intention toward tourism destinations. The survey, operated on outbound Chinese tourists, indicated that values, both internal and external, had significant impacts on tourist behavioral intention toward destinations. Nonetheless, only internal value exerts a significant influence over the affective attitude of tourists toward visiting destinations. The relationship between external value and tourist attitude was not significant. Practical and theoretical implications are also discussed.

As an exploration of effective feedback practices in distance learning settings, this study compares instructor feedback using two types of technology media, i.e., screencast video feedback and text-only feedback on Microsoft Word, in a graduate-level online TESOL class, regarding comment categories, student revisions, and perceptions. Results showed that the two feedback types did not result in a statistically significant difference in teacher comments in each comment category, although screencast videos led to more comments on content, whereas Microsoft Word comments targeted more on grammar and language use. Regarding student revisions, students receiving screencast feedback incorporated more teacher feedback into their revisions, and comments made in Microsoft Word files were less addressed than those made in screencast videos. More students indicated preferences towards screencast video feedback for its personal and conversational nature and inclusion of elaborated details. They commented on its usefulness and efficiency in the revision process, and its assistance with their professional development. Screencast video is therefore a promising tool for teachers to create social presence while providing feedback on students’ writing in online learning contexts.

Despite the increasing incorporation of multimodal practices into ESL/EFL classes, research on multimodal pedagogy in TESOL teacher education is still in its infancy. Empirical evidence also shows that ESL/EFL teachers lack skills to design and deliver multimodal practices. To bridge the research gap and innovate the TESOL curriculum, the author in this study implemented multimodal projects in two online graduate courses, and examined the students’ (pre-/in-service teachers’) perceptions on integration of multimodal projects. The analyses of semi-structured interviews and written narratives, supplemented with the multimodal products, revealed that the multimodal practices facilitated the students’ learning of content knowledge and their professional development. The perceived benefits included engaging and motivating content learning, retaining and deepening knowledge, fostering mutual learning in online community, enhancing digital learning, and fostering motivation to implement multimodal pedagogy. The students also conveyed challenges in topic selection, technology use, and time control, and provided suggestions on peer interaction, technology training, and task management. This study has significant implications for research and pedagogy in TESOL teacher education.

Tourism research has primarily treated gender as a male-female dichotomy and has been constrained by a heterosexual matrix for empirical inquires. Such research, however, has failed to acknowledge the fluidity and multiplicity in theorizing gender. To redress this overlook, this study moves away from the conventional binary thinking and views gender as a performativity which is resulted from repetitive social performance. By conducting multiple field observations and interviews with 17 hotel female general managers working in Mainland China and Taiwan, this research presents the ways of doing and undoing gender by tourism female leaders and the extent to which the everlasting gender logic can be questioned.

Introduction: UK healthcare workers(HCW) are required to undergo screening prior to commencing clinical work to assess risk of active and latent tuberculosis(LTBI), with emphasis on those from high prevalence countries. Aims: A review of occupational TB screening practice and treatment outcomes at a UK teaching hospital. Methods: Data was retrieved from relevant databases from a 7-year period (2010–17). All new HCWs completed a pre-employment risk assessment questionnaire. Screening with Mantoux skin testing or QuantiFERON-ɣ was undertaken if individuals originated from a high-prevalence TB country or had relevant travel history. Those testing positive underwent a chest x-ray and TB service referral. Results: 286 QuantiFERON-ɣ tests were undertaken, with 53(15%) being positive. 482 Mantoux tests were undertaken of which 21(4%) were positive. 74 TB service referrals were made. 54 HCWs (73%) with probable LTBI attended a consultant-led clinic. 20 failed to attend for various reasons. 3 were excluded as they were not HCWs. 2 workers (non-UK born) were diagnosed with active TB at the first clinic attendance and subsequent investigation. 19 workers (39%) were UK-born and 30(61%) were non-UK born. 16(33%) were doctors, 17(35%) were nurses, and 16 (33%) were other allied healthcare professionals. 31 HCWs (63%) completed treatment, 2(3%) partially completed, and 16 (33%) declined treatment and offered advice and education. 7 workers (14%) reported adverse effects to treatment but only 1 required treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: TB clinic attendance and treatment completion rates were modest in our study. Enhanced staff education and robust pre-employment procedures are required to maintain high screening rates amongst HCWs.

To determine whether uric acid (UA) and intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis stenosis of elderly patients suffering from ischaemic stroke are inter-related. Elderly patients with ischaemic stroke underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) were enrolled between October 2015 and December 2017. We collected clinical assessment, image data, and laboratory tests, and divided patients into four groups: (1) intracranial stenosis atherosclerosis (ICAS) group, (2) combined intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis stenosis (COAS) group, (3) extracranial carotid stenosis atherosclerosis (ECAS) group, and (4) non-cerebral stenosis atherosclerosis (NCAS) group. We used univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses to explore potential predictors. We included 408 patients in this study, then divided them into elder group (n = 196) and young- and middle-aged group (n = 212). In old stroke patients, 72 cases (36.73%) were classified as the ICAS group, 45 cases (22.96%) as the COAS group, 21 cases (10.71%) as the ECAS group, and 58 cases (29.59%) as the NCAS group. The level of UA was comparatively higher (p = 0.033) in ICAS than in NCAS. Compared with the group which had only one stenosis artery, UA was substantially increased in patients with more than one stenosis intracranial artery (p

Tumor progression is dependent on metabolic reprogramming. Metastasis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) are typical tumor progression. The relationship of metastasis, VM and metabolic reprogramming is not clear. In this study, we identified the novel role of Twist1, a VM regulator, in the transcriptional regulation of the expression of thymidine phosphorylase (TP). We demonstrated that TP promoted extracellular thymidine metabolization into ATP and amino acids through pentose Warburg effect by coupling the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis. Moreover, Twist1 relied on TP-induced metabolic reprogramming to promote hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis and VM formation mediated by VE-Cad, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 in vitro and in vivo. TP inhibitor tipiracil reduced promotion effect of TP enzyme activity on HCC VM formation and metastasis. Our findings demonstrate that TP, transcriptionally activated by Twist1, promotes HCC VM formation and metastasis through pentose Warburg effect, contributing to tumor progression.

In this paper, a series of novel BODIPY-based photosensitizers have been designed and synthesized for photodynamic therapy. BODIPY3 was screened out as the most potential photosensitizer due to its excellent optical properties, high singlet oxygen efficiency and good photostability. However, as an organic photosensitizer, BODIPY3 still suffered from the drawbacks of insolubility and instability in aqueous system. In view of these problems, DSPE-PEG2000 was used to trap BODIPY3 into the hydrophobic core of micelles to obtain well-dispersing nano complexes BODIPY3-PEG3 in aqueous system. More importantly, BODIPY3-PEG3 not only has better solubility and stability in aqueous media but can generate significant singlet oxygen (1O2, one of the reactive oxygen species, the real cytotoxic agent in photodynamic therapy) in living cells and exhibit high light cytotoxicity to three cancer cell lines. The mechanism studies indicated the mitochondrial localization of BODIPY3-PEG3 was able to generate ROS in mitochondria, which further result in mitochondrial dysfunction and photoinduced apoptosis via caspase-8 and caspase-3 pathway.

With the growing importance of Web 2.0 tools for communication and collaboration, small group writing using one such tool—the wiki—has been increasingly implemented in second language classes. A few researchers have examined group interactions during wiki-based collaborative writing, but little research has explored changes in interaction patterns that occur when students perform multiple wiki writing tasks. This study investigates two ESL groups’ interactions during two collaborative writing tasks that used a Wikispaces site in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course at an American university. We examined the dynamics of peer interaction across writing tasks for each group by inspecting (1) language functions performed during task negotiation, (2) writing change functions performed during text co-construction, (3) scaffolding strategies, and (4) changes in patterns of interaction across tasks. Data included wiki modules, interviews, and reflection papers. Our analyses show that two ESL groups working on identical tasks in the same wiki space enacted strikingly different patterns of interaction and that those patterns changed within each group across two tasks. We discuss these dynamics with reference to the fluidity of scaffolding occurring within small groups. This study fills a gap in computer-mediated collaborative writing research and also sheds new light on networked writing pedagogy.

A novel fluorescent probe for discriminating cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) has been developed inspired by chemical ligation. The probe is able to react rapidly with Cys or GSH by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. In the case of Cys, the first produced sulfur-substituted BODIPY is unstable and undergoes a subsequent intramolecular displacement affording an amino-substituted BODIPY through a five membered cyclic transition stat. This irreversible aromatic hydrocarbon transfer from sulfur to nitrogen atoms is mostly like the well-known chemical ligation process. In comparison, the bulkiness of GSH sharply hinders such an aromatic hydrocarbon transfer process. Based on these reactions, the distinct fluorescence responses to Cys and GSH were achieved, and the probe can be used for the detection of Cys over GSH in living cells.

The pursuit of tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) has become an important consideration for policy makers as a means of growing tourism market share. However, the published research tends to interpret TDC as the combined performance of various destination attributes, thereby overlooking other factors that impact on TDC. This study suggests that assessments should focus on the most influential events and proposes an “incremental” approach to determining TDC. The concept “smart tourism destination”, which has been applied increasingly in China, is used because it allows the use of insights from internet-based news that draw upon timely and relevant information to assess TDC. Using internet-based news sources, this study assesses Hong Kong’s TDC in the context of the recently established Shanghai Free-trade Zone (SFTZ). An incremental approach is adopted because it provides a means of explaining the threats that SFTZ poses to Hong Kong as a tourist destination.

It is getting popular for gaming destinations to develop their MICE (meeting, incentive, convention, and exhibition) business, but little research has connected gaming and exhibition. Macau has become a world leading gaming destination and is now devoting itself to exhibition development. This development has attracted some research attention, but the competitiveness of Macau in the perceptive of attendees is still to be revealed. Meanwhile, the advantage of a gaming destination in exhibition development lacks empirical examination. This study investigated exhibition visitors’ destination perception of Macau and their primary reasons for attending. Results showed that Macau’s exhibition competitiveness can be improved in order to compete with other exhibition cities in Asia, such as Hong Kong. In addition, the results show that gaming and other entertainment facilities do not contribute as much as one expects to attracting current visitors when compared with other factors.

Grounded on the concept of brand associations by Keller and Associative Network Theory, this study examined Taiwan destination brand associations as perceived by Mainland Chinese tourists. The qualitative data were obtained through a survey using open-ended questions among package-group tourists from Mainland China to Taiwan in 2010. Data were coded and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. As a result, the three types and three dimensions of Taiwan destination brand associations were identified. The brand associative network based on the data analysis was then constructed. The findings of this study indicate that overall, Taiwan destination brand associations perceived by Mainland Chinese tourists are highly favorable. The results of this study highlight the role of relations between Taiwan and Mainland China in Chinese tourists’ associations to the destination brand of Taiwan. In addition, the associative network of Taiwan destination brand associations indicates four clusters ...

Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) is a critical regulator, which functions in cancer metastasis. Numerous previous studies have demonstrated that vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (Vav1) is ectopically expressed in numerous types of human malignancies and have suggested that Vav1 may efficiently promote the formation of invadopodia and matrix degradation by regulating the activation of Cdc42. Total alkaloids of Corydalis saxicola bunting (TAOCSB), a type of alkaloid compound extracted from the root of C. saxicola bunting, has been revealed to have anticancer properties. However, there is no available information to address the effects of TAOCSB on the metastasis of human lung cancer. In the present study, the anticancer effect on A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells induced by TAOCSB was investigated, as well as its underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that a low dose of TAOCSB exhibited anti-metastatic potential in suppressing the invasion and migration of A549 cells, and this action may be involved in TAOCSB-mediated inhibition of Cdc42 expression at the level of mRNA and protein in parallel with TAOCSB-mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 protein expression levels. Although the present study did not reveal the expression level of Vav1 protein in A549 cells, the expression level of Vav1 mRNA was investigated. The effect of Vav1 expression in A549 cells requires further study. Overall, the results of the present study revealed that TAOCSB may provide more information regarding lung cancer treatment.

Objective To describe the revolution and research status of Advances in Psychological Science . Methods A total of 3060 articles published in Advances in Psychological Science from 1983 to 2014 were analyzed with the information visualization method using Citespace software from the aspects of publications, cited frequency and downloads, funding, organizations, authors and keywords. Results The results showed that the amount of literature published annually had an upward tendency, and 49.4% of the papers were supported by national or provincial projects. Institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the normal universities were rated in the forefront of the scientific research output. Xiting Huang, Hong Li and Yuejia Luo were at the top of the list of prolific authors. Conclusions A new pattern of cooperative development of the theory and application in the field of psychological research is forming.

This research measures and explores the dimensionality of pilgrimage experiences. The study used the free associations method to identify preliminary measurement items, solicited expert opinions to revise them, applied exploratory factor analysis to explore the underlying structure of pilgrimage experiences, and adopted confirmatory factor analysis to further validate the measurement scale. Five dimensions representing 19 items were extracted: Spirituality, Learning, Physicality, Help, and Unpleasantness. Developing a pilgrimage tourist experience scale is a welcome addition to the literature and can serve as a foundation for future research into pilgrimage tourists' behavioral intentions. The scale also provides a useful instrument for pilgrimage hosts to better understand pilgrimage tourists' experiences. Furthermore, the results can serve as a reference in the destination planning process.

Inverse problems of determining time-dependent coefficients in partial differential equations are difficult to deal with in general cases. The variational iteration method is introduced to determine the time-dependent coefficient in the fractional diffusion equation as well as the solution of the forward problem. By utilizing the additional condition and the property of the fractional derivative, an expression of the unknown is derived by which a nonlinear dynamical differential equation is obtained. The variational iteration method is applied to solve the nonlinear system and the time-dependent coefficient can be reconstructed in a semi-analytical form. Such method can give explicit expression of the solution in the meaning of approximation, or exact solution to the inverse problem in some cases. Several examples are presented to demonstrate feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for inverse time-dependent coefficient problems in the fractional diffusion equations.

The travel industry has witnessed remarkable development of the children's market in recent decades; however, relevant academic research remains scarce, especially with younger children. By adopting a netnographic approach, this study explores young children's (0–4 years old) holiday experiences through the eyes of their parents. Research findings revealed parents' preferred types of destinations for family vacations. Two broad themes were identified from analyses of parents' accounts: enjoyment of nature and social development. Findings are discussed in the context of relevant literature, and industry recommendations are provided.

The study is intended to examine the effect of cartoon execution on children's attention toward and preferences for tourism photographs. A 3 (photo categories) × 2 (photo effects) × 2 (display order) repeated-measures experiment was designed to compare children's fixation counts, fixation duration, and dwell time between normal and cartoon-executed photos of tourism attractions in culture, nature, and recreation categories. Follow-up interviews were conducted to triangulate experimental findings. Results indicate that cartoon execution, as a common advertising tactic, can effectively increase children's attention to tourism photographs, but the effects vary by category. Findings from this study contribute to the body of knowledge on advertising effectiveness and tourism and provide insight for destination marketing organizations.

Along with its open-door policy and economic reforms, wealth accumulation in China has experienced tremendous growth in a short time. Notably, a group of new rich has emerged in the process of wealth and social reconfiguration. Being rich creates tremendous possibilities for individuals to tailor their leisure activities and lifestyles. Situating individuals' travel in the overall spectrum of leisure, this study explores the distinction practices adopted by China's new rich at leisure sites. Phenomenological interviews were conducted with 29 China's High Net Wealth individuals. The findings discover the spectrum of highbrow–lowbrow tastes occurring at leisure sites with three patterns of leisure constructions: conspicuous waste, conspicuous taste, and lifestyle. Supplementing Veblen and Bourdieu's traditions, the study further deepens scholars' comprehension of social distinction in tourism academia.

This study advances existing tourism research on revisit intention to its temporal dimension, intended revisit timing, which is defined as the time interval between the current visit and the intended next visit. This study also examines the possible antecedents of intended revisit timing: travel distance, length of stay, and attitude to the destination. A sample of 604 pleasure travelers who reported likely revisit intentions was selected from a visitor profile dataset. A framework of antecedents of intended revisit timing was proposed and empirically examined across the three loyalty groups of respondents: first-time visitors, frequent visitors (2−5 visitations), and loyal visitors (over 5 visitations). It is found that the travel distance consistently has a positive effect on the intended revisit timing. The results of the present research indicate the positive relationship between tourists’ travel distance and their intended revisit timing to the destination. In addition, this study suggests that only ...

As one of the most important economic sectors in China, tourism must be supported in a way that will encourage balanced regional economic development. The spatial distribution of tourism should be evaluated to assess the role of growing tourism in regional economic inequality. Unlike previous studies that focus on international tourism, this paper compares the spatial distributions of international and domestic tourism by using the Mean Log Deviation decomposition method, within and between China’s three economic regions over the period from 1997 to 2010. The results show that, compared with regional economic distribution, imbalance in the spatial distribution of tourism is more pronounced. However, from a dynamic and comparative perspective, this paper asserts that tourism, especially domestic tourism, is a more effective instrument for China’s balanced regional economic development than international tourism.

In the face of an increasingly integrated global economy, the Chinese government has progressively upgraded the country's so-called free-trade zones (FTZs) to attract greater foreign investment. While the relationship between international trade and tourism development is widely acknowledged, the impacts of the former on the latter have rarely been quantified. This Regional Spotlight discusses the impacts of the Shanghai FTZ on tourism in Hong Kong. The micro-level impacts on tourism are considered in the macro-context of FTZ developments. The authors suggest that Hong Kong should seek closer integration within Chinese developments, diversify its current tourism products and exploit its tourism-related expertize in areas that support the economic development of FTZs.

This article reports on a case study that explored the process of wiki-based collaborative writing in a small group of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students at a Chinese university. The study examined the archived logs from the group wiki ‘Discussion’ and ‘History’ modules with a focus on the group members’ scaffolded interaction when co-constructing texts in the wiki space. The analysis revealed that the participants were actively engaged in reciprocal communication in terms of content discussion, social talk, task management, technical communication and language negotiation. They were also found to have scaffolded each other’s writing efforts during co-constructing the product via multiple writing change functions, including addition, deletion, rephrasing, reordering and correction. This study explicated a distinct case of ‘collective scaffolding’ (Donato, 1994) in collaborative writing activities, where group members were simultaneously individual novices and collective experts as they pooled their knowledge and mutually guided each other through problem solving as to writing tasks. This study has important implications for instruction and future research on computer-mediated collaborative writing. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Marketing theorists have widely proposed that culture is one of the underlying determinants of consumer behavior and that increasing globalization is creating a multicultural marketplace. Empirical inquiries in the field of tourism remain scarce, particularly regarding the understanding of behavioral influences. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the influence of sub-cultures on tourism motivation. Drawing on grid-group cultural theory, an analysis of survey data from 727 Chinese tourists reveals that respondents classified as different cultural types had different travel motivations. Contributions and limitations of the study are discussed, and future research directions are suggested. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 19 October 2012; Revised 02 July 2013; Accepted 16 July 2013

Culture has been proposed by marketing theorists as one of the underlying determinants of consumer behavior. This trend necessitates cross-cultural inquiries in tourism. However, investigations into tourism motivation are scarce and have only used nationality or ethnicity as proxies to define culture. The study reported here aimed to fill this gap. Three subcultural groups were identified based on the grid–group cultural theory and their cross-cultural differences and similarities in tourism motivations were examined. It was revealed that in the grid–group dichotomy of cultural types, the dimension of group had a greater influence on individuals’ tourism motivation than grid. The theoretical contributions and limitations of this study are discussed and future studies are proposed.

Informed by sociocultural theory and guided especially by “collective scaffolding”, this study investigated the nature of computer-mediated interaction of three groups of English as a Foreign Language students when they performed collaborative writing tasks using wikis. Nine college students from a Chinese university participated in the wiki-mediated collaborative writing project. Analyses of data from the wiki “Discussion”, “Page”, and “History” modules on each group tab revealed that the three small groups displayed three distinct patterns of online interaction: collectively contributing/mutually supportive, authoritative/responsive, and dominant/withdrawn. These patterns were substantiated by the roles group members assumed and members’ task approaches in terms of equality and mutuality. Also, findings from semi-structured interviews suggested that the different patterns of interaction influenced the students’ perceived learning experiences. The collectively contributing/mutually supportive group repor...

The main purpose of this study is to measure and explore the dimensionality of the event image by using the case of 2010 Shanghai World Expo. After literature review, this study used Keller’s framework of brand image as the conceptual base, followed the free associations method to identify the preliminary items, adopted expert opinions to further revise the items, used the exploratory factor analysis to explore the underlying structure of the event image, and adopted the confirmatory factor analysis to further validate the measurement scale. Finally, five dimensions including 17 items were extracted. They are labeled as Benefit, Facility, Service, Theme, and Event Content. The results of the current study were relatively consistent with some conceptual frameworks and to some extent confirmed previous empirical studies, which could provide useful implications for both future research and industry practice.

Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) is a critical regulator, which functions in cancer metastasis. Numerous previous studies have demonstrated that vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (Vav1) is ectopically expressed in numerous types of human malignancies and have suggested that Vav1 may efficiently promote the formation of invadopodia and matrix degradation by regulating the activation of Cdc42. Total alkaloids of Corydalis saxicola bunting (TAOCSB), a type of alkaloid compound extracted from the root of C. saxicola bunting, has been revealed to have anticancer properties. However, there is no available information to address the effects of TAOCSB on the metastasis of human lung cancer. In the present study, the anticancer effect on A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells induced by TAOCSB was investigated, as well as its underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that a low dose of TAOCSB exhibited anti-metastatic potential in suppressing the invasion and migration of A549 cells, and this action may be involved in TAOCSB-mediated inhibition of Cdc42 expression at the level of mRNA and protein in parallel with TAOCSB-mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 protein expression levels. Although the present study did not reveal the expression level of Vav1 protein in A549 cells, the expression level of Vav1 mRNA was investigated. The effect of Vav1 expression in A549 cells requires further study. Overall, the results of the present study revealed that TAOCSB may provide more information regarding lung cancer treatment.

Informed by the theory of social constructivism and computer-mediatedcommunication (CMC), wiki-mediated collaborative writing has beenincreasingly implemented in second or foreign language classes.However, to date, no research has addressed students’ interaction andnegotiation of their social relationship during wiki-mediatedcollaboration. Drawing on politeness theory, particularly Brown andLevinson (1987)’s taxonomy of politeness strategies, this studyanalyzed the wiki-mediated discourse of one collaborative writinggroup in a Chinese EFL context. This particular writing groupconsisted of three EFL college students at a southwestern university inChina. This article examined specifically how this small group activelyengaged in social interaction by adopting politeness strategies duringasynchronous communication in a wiki “Discussion” module. Resultsrevealed that this small group used three types of politeness strategies,i.e. positive, negative, and bald on record skillfully, to establishfriendship, solidarity and respect while completing their collaborativewriting tasks smoothly and efficiently. This study validates the value oflinguistic politeness strategies in the analyses of social interactionoccurring in computer-mediated discourse and also suggests somepedagogical implications.

This article addresses the perceptions and behavior of Chinese tourism researchers citing foreign language sources in (for) their own studies. Theoretically sensitized to notions of dissemination of knowledge and science communication, and departing from the ongoing measurement of citation impacts, the study adopts a qualitative approach to the scrutiny of citer perceptions and behavior in the instances of citing sources from other languages. Observations and narratives from in-depth interviews with 24 active Chinese tourism researchers amply speak of the dynamics, politics, subjectivity, and at times irrationality of citing from foreign languages. In particular, the inductive analysis complements traditional scientometric perspectives on citation impacts and provides insights into the motivation, perceived benefits, facilitation, and constraints, as well as (re)presentations of cited ideas in the observed instances of science communication in tourism.

PurposeProgramming of festivals is more and more becoming a source from which the competitive advantages of the festivals may originate. This study aims to conceptualize the dimensionality of programming quality of festivals and empirically test it and its relationships with the satisfaction and behavioral intention levels of festival visitors.Design/methodology/approachStructured interviews were conducted with 350 visitors to a cultural festival. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized in the data analysis.FindingsThe programming quality of festivals was found to consist of six dimensions, namely diversity, stakeholder balance, incrementality, simultaneity, flexibility and linkage. Meanwhile, the positive effects of festival programming quality on the satisfaction and behavioral intention levels of festival visitors are confirmed.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited for possible inexhaustiveness of the dimensions proposed and examined. Future research is needed to make the current measurement more rigorous, succinct and comprehensive.Practical implicationsThis study can offer some valuable insights for festival planners and organizers to better design, operate and manage their festival to such an extent that the experiences of festival visitors are maximized, visitor satisfactions are enhanced, and re‐visits to future festivals facilitated.Originality/valueThis study makes its contribution to better understanding of festival programming quality, where artistic, emotional and technological aspects are integrated. This study aims to delineate the entirety of programming quality of festivals and its relationships to the satisfaction and behavioral intention levels of festival visitors.

It is widely recognized that tourism is becoming more and more international as a result of globalization, and since the 20th century, marketers have confronted increasingly multicultural marketplaces. This trend necessitates cross-cultural research in the hospitality and tourism area. The current study provides a state-of-art assessment of journal publications on cross-cultural tourist research. In this study, various aspects of cross-cultural tourist research are reviewed, addressing conceptual and methodological issues associated with the extant research. Existing studies are largely limited to English-speaking countries and data equivalence issues were not addressed properly, which may lead confounding explanations. It is suggested that future studies should be grounded in solid theoretical foundation and employ a more rigorous research design.