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The objective of this study was to evaluate the BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with different hays of banana crop residue on fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritional value. The treatments consisted of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) ensiled with 37.44% banana peel hay, 36.06% banana pseudostem hay and 37.00% banana leaf hay, on a dry matter (DM) basis and control silage (no additive). The experimental design used was completely randomized, with five treatments and five replicates. Forage was collected when it reached 3.5 meters in height (90 days). Experimental PVC silos of known weight, 50 cm long, 10 cm diameter, were used for silage making. For all treatments, silage aerobic stability breakdown started after 64 hours exposure to air. The BRS capiaçu grass control silage or silage combined with pseudostem hay (mean of 73.15 kg t GM-1) presented effluent losses 40.46% higher than those observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana leaf hay and 69.17% in relation the BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana peel hay. The inclusion of banana crop residue (hay) when ensiling BRS capiaçu grass decreased 13.93% gas losses compared to the control silage (mean of 3.11% DM). Higher values of total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy and digestible energy content was found in BRS capiaçu grass silage + with banana peel hay. The greater in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with pseudostem hay. The inclusion of 37.44% banana peel hay improves the fermentation profile and aerobic stability of BRS capiaçu grass silage. Ojetivou-se por meio desta pesquisa avaliar a silagem de capim-BRS capiaçu associada com diferentes fenos de resíduos da cultura da banana sobre o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutricional. Os tratamentos consistiram de capim-elefante cv. BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) ensilado com 37,44% de feno de casca de banana, 36,06% de feno de pseudocaule de banana e 37,00% de feno de folha de bananeira, à base da matéria seca (MS), e a silagem controle (sem aditivo). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. A forragem foi coletada quando atingiu 3,5 metros de altura (90 dias). Para a produção da silagem, foram utilizados silos experimentais de PVC de peso conhecido, com 50 cm de comprimento e 10 cm de diâmetro. Para todos os tratamentos, a quebra da estabilidade aeróbia da silagem iniciou a partir de 64 horas de exposição ao ar. A silagem de BRS capiaçu controle ou associada ao feno de pseudocaule (média de 73,15 kg t MN-1) apresentaram perdas de efluentes 40,46% maiores do que as observadas para a silagem de BRS capiaçu associada ao feno de folha de bananeira e 69,17% em relação à silagem de BRS capiaçu associada à casca de banana. A inclusão dos resíduos da cultura da banana (feno) na ensilagem do capim- BRS capiaçu diminuiu 13,93% as perdas por gases em comparação com a silagem controle (média de 3,11% da matéria seca - MS). Maiores teores de nutrientes totais digestíveis, energia metabolizável e energia digestível foram verificadas na silagem de BRS capiaçu associada à casca de banana. A maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro foi verificada na silagem de BRS capiaçu associada com feno de pseudocaule. A inclusão de 37,44% de feno de casca de banana melhora o perfil fermentativo e a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de capim- BRS capiaçu.

The present study aimed to obtain and evaluate banana peel flours (Musa spp.) at different stages of maturation in the formulation of edible coatings to be applied to banana fruits, aiming at extending their shelf life and technological evaluation of the coatings produced. The experiment was divided into three stages: production and characterization of banana peel flour at different stages of maturation, where pH, titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids (SS) were analyzed; film formulation with the incorporation of flours in different proportions, evaluating thickness, opacity, solubility and permeability to water vapor; and application of toppings on banana fruits and evaluating for mass loss, pH, TA, SS, ascorbic acid content, starch content and changes in the maturation stage during storage for 10 days at 25 ºC, using three repetitions of three fruits per treatment. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression, and means compared by Tukey test. The banana peel flour had higher acidity content when coming from fruits in more advanced stages of ripening. Uncoated fruits had ripening evidenced by the accelerated change in skin color. Edible films with banana peel flour showed acceptable characteristics and similar to other studies, where the formulations F3 and F4 had less thickness and permeability to water vapor than the other treatments, in addition to having demonstrated the use and potential of flours as a thickening agent. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la obtención y evaluación de harinas de cáscara de banano (Musa spp.) En diferentes etapas de maduración en la formulación de recubrimientos comestibles para ser aplicados a frutos de banano, con el objetivo de extender su vida útil y evaluación tecnológica de los recubrimientos producidos. El experimento se dividió en tres etapas: producción y caracterización de harina de cáscara de banano en diferentes etapas de maduración, donde se analizaron pH, acidez titulable (AT) y sólidos solubles (SS); formulación de películas con incorporación de harinas en diferentes proporciones, evaluando espesor, opacidad, solubilidad y permeabilidad al vapor de agua; y aplicación de coberturas en frutos de banano y evaluación de pérdida de masa, pH, AT, SS, contenido de ácido ascórbico, contenido de almidón y cambios en la etapa de maduración durante el almacenamiento durante 10 días a 25 ºC, utilizando tres repeticiones de tres frutos por tratamiento. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y regresión, y se compararon las medias mediante la prueba de Tukey. La harina de cáscara de plátano presentó mayor contenido de acidez al provenir de frutos en etapas más avanzadas de maduración. Las frutas sin recubrir tenían una maduración evidenciada por el cambio acelerado en el color de la piel. Los films comestibles con harina de cáscara de plátano mostraron características aceptables y similares a otros estudios, donde las formulaciones F3 y F4 presentaron menor espesor y permeabilidad al vapor de agua que los otros tratamientos, además de haber demostrado el uso y potencial de las harinas como espesante. O presente estudo objetivou obter e avaliar farinhas de casca de banana (Musa spp.) em diferentes estádios de maturação na formulação de coberturas comestíveis a serem aplicadas em frutos de banana, visando o prolongamento da vida útil dos mesmos e avaliação tecnológica dos revestimentos produzidos. O experimento foi dividido em três etapas: produção e caracterização de farinha da casca de banana em diferentes estádios de maturação, onde foram analisados o pH, acidez titulável (AT) e sólidos solúveis (SS); formulação de filmes com a incorporação das farinhas em diferentes proporções, avaliando-se espessura, opacidade, solubilidade e permeabilidade ao vapor d’agua; e aplicação das coberturas em frutos de banana e avaliando quanto a perda de massa, pH, AT, SS, teor de ácido ascórbico, conteúdo de amido e mudanças do estádio de maturação durante o armazenamento por 10 dias à temperatura de 25 ºC, utilizando três repetições de três frutos por tratamento. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A farinha de casca de banana apresentou maior teor de acidez quando proveniente de frutos em estádio de maturação mais avançados. Frutos sem coberturas tiveram amadurecimento evidenciado pela mudança acelerada de coloração da casca. Os filmes comestíveis com farinhas de cascas de bananas apresentaram características aceitáveis e semelhantes a outros estudos realizados, onde as formulações F3 e F4 obtiveram menor espessura e permeabilidade ao vapor d’água que os demais tratamentos, além de ter sido demonstrado a utilização e potencial das farinhas como agente espessante.

BackgroundThe areas of application of natural fibres have gained popularity in recent times due to their attractive advantages when compared with other materials of engineering. These advantages include lightness, cost-effectiveness, and ease of processing, ecological friendliness, and durability. Previously, farmers only harvestMusaspp. fruits for their food values and packaging purposes.Main body of the abstractSeveral research works have been undertaken which accentuate the applications of the assumed waste portions ofMusaspp. (banana and plantain) specificallyMusaspp. fibre as a reinforcement material in composite manufacture. As a material for reinforcement in composites, the characterization, treatment, and fabrication techniques; elemental, chemical, and mechanical properties ofMusaspp. fibre have been analysed. The mechanical properties of banana fibre reinforcement in polyester, epoxy, cement, and plastics composites were evaluated with those of other biodegradable fibres to explicate their relationships.Short conclusionThis review aims to explore the current state of knowledge on the interaction of Musaspp. fibre in composite manufacture, to aid intending researchers with ample knowledge on the choice of material in bio-based composite design.

He use and management of the soil by different systems lead to changes in the physical and chemical quality of its attributes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of a dystrophic Red Yellow Latosol, based on changes in chemical attributes in different management systems. The experimental design used was a randomized block with a 2x3x2 factorial consisting of three transects in the sloping area (upper, median and lower) and in each transect, two depths for collecting soil samples (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) with three repetitions. Undisturbed soil samples were collected at random and chemical analysis was carried out. The following were evaluated: pH, sodium (Na+), exchangeable aluminum (Al+3), exchangeable cations (K+, Ca+2 and Mg+2), available phosphorus (P), exchangeable acidity (H++Al+3), matter organic (MO), Sum of bases (SB), Cation Exchange Capacity (CTC) and Aluminum Saturation (m). In the deepest layer of the soil there was an increase in aluminum contents, leading to an increase in saturation by this element, which led to a decrease in base saturation. As for the relief of the experimental area, the lower and median positions have higher values of exchangeable acidity and aluminum saturation. In the upper position, the base sum and base saturation values are higher with less losses and greater increase in organic matter contents due to banana leaves deposited on the surface. The use of multivariate techniques is a very useful tool in analyzing data related to soil chemical attributes. El uso y manejo del suelo por diferentes sistemas conlleva cambios en la calidad física y química de sus atributos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de un Latosol rojo amarillo distrófico, basado en cambios en los atributos químicos en diferentes sistemas de manejo. El diseño experimental utilizado fue un bloque al azar con un factorial 2x3x2 que consta de tres transectos en el área de pendiente (superior, mediana e inferior) y en cada transecto, dos profundidades para la recolección de muestras de suelo (0-20 cm y 20-40 cm) con tres repeticiones. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo inalterado al azar y se llevó a cabo un análisis químico. Se evaluaron los siguientes: pH, sodio (Na +), aluminio intercambiable (Al + 3), cationes intercambiables (K +, Ca + 2 y Mg + 2), fósforo disponible (P), acidez intercambiable (H ++ Al + 3) , materia orgánica (MO), Suma de bases (SB), Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CTC) y Saturación de Aluminio (m). En la capa más profunda del suelo hubo un aumento del contenido de aluminio, lo que provocó un aumento de la saturación por este elemento, lo que provocó una disminución de la saturación de bases. En cuanto al relieve del área experimental, las posiciones inferior y mediana tienen valores más altos de acidez intercambiable y saturación de aluminio. En la posición superior, los valores de suma base y saturación básica son mayores con menores pérdidas y mayor incremento en el contenido de materia orgánica debido a las hojas de banano depositadas en la superficie. El uso de técnicas multivariadas es una herramienta muy útil para analizar datos relacionados con los atributos químicos del suelo. O uso e manejo do solo por diferentes sistemas acarretam em alterações da qualidade física e química de seus atributos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico, com base nas alterações dos atributos químicos em diferentes sistemas de manejo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com fatorial 3x2 constando de três transectos na área em declividade (superior, mediana e inferior) e em cada transecto, duas profundidades para coleta de amostras de solo (0-20 cm e 20-40 cm) com três repetições. A coleta das amostras de solo indeformadas foi feita aleatoriamente e realizado as análises químicas. Foram avaliados: pH, sódio (Na+), alumínio trocável (Al+3), cátions trocáveis (K+, Ca+2 e Mg+2), fósforo disponível (P), acidez trocável (H++Al+3), matéria orgânica (MO), Soma de bases (SB), Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC) e Saturação por Alumínio (m). Na camada mais profunda do solo houve incremento nos teores de alumínio levando ao aumento da saturação por este elemento, o que levou a diminuição da saturação por bases. Quanto ao relevo da área experimental, as posições inferior e mediana encontram-se com maiores valores de acidez trocável e saturação por alumínio. Já na posição superior, os valores de soma de bases e saturação por bases são mais elevadas com menores perdas e maior incremento dos teores de matéria orgânica devido às folhas de bananeiras depositadas na superfície. A utilização de técnicas multivariadas é uma ferramenta de grande utilidade na análise de dados relacionados à atributos químicos do solo.

The breeding of triploid banana cultivars with improved traits, such as yield and disease resistance, remains a major challenge for breeders. One reason is that the molecular study and functional gene analysis in bananas fall behind due to the difficulties of its genetic manipulation. The plant protoplast-based transient transformation has been documented and widely used as a versatile and convenient system for functional gene analysis in many plant species. However, an efficient high-quality protoplast isolation and transformation system is still lacking for bananas. Here, we established an efficient protoplast isolation and transformation method for bananas by selecting proper source materials, optimizing conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis and PEG-mediated transfection. We found the best source materials for banana protoplasts’ isolation are young suckers, which give a yield of protoplasts ranging from 2.5 × 106 to 10.1 × 107 g−1 fresh weight after 5 to 6 h of enzymolysis. The yield is sufficient for most assays that have been established in protoplasts-based systems, such as protein subcellular localization and protein interaction assays. Moreover, using the established transient gene expression system in banana protoplasts, we validated the subcellular localization of Arabidopsis VESICLE SORTING RECEPTOR 1 (VSR1) and the protein self-interaction of Arabidopsis CNGC20 on the cell membrane. The results indicated this system works well and could be routinely used for the functional characterization of banana genes.

The present work had as objective the elaboration of banana peel flour (Musa spp.) bleached by convective drying and determine the physicochemical parameters and bioactive compounds. The peels were washed, sanitized with sodium hypochlorite solution and bleached. Then they were dried in an oven with air circulation at 60ºC and ground. Soon after, the flour was evaluated for physicochemical parameters: pH, total soluble solids (°Brix), TSS/ATT ratio, total titratable acidity, water content, ash, total solids and bioactive compounds: total tannins (TT) and total phenolic compounds (CFT). The flour had a pH of 6.30, higher than the in natura peel 5.53, the brix of 15.3 and that of the peel 6.50 °Brix, the water content 8.24 (b.u) and of the peel 86.2 (b.u). The CFT found in the flour was 124.48 mg EAG/100g, which was higher than that found in the in natura sample, 69.44 mg EAG/100g. The TT values obtained in the flour were 112.900 mg EAT/100g lower than in the peel, 394.900 mg EAT/100g. The water content of the banana peel flour is within the limits established by ANVISA and can therefore be stored at room temperature without risk of microorganism development. The results obtained with respect to bioactive compounds indicate that the banana peel flour contains significant values and can be incorporated into the human diet. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo preparar la harina de cáscara de plátano (Musa spp.) blanqueada por secado convectivo y determinar los parámetros fisicoquímicos y los compuestos bioactivos. Las cáscaras se lavaron, se higienizaron con una solución de hipoclorito de sodio y se blanquearon. Luego se secaron en un horno con circulación de aire a 60ºC y se molieron. Poco después, se evaluaron los parámetros fisicoquímicos de la harina: pH, sólidos solubles totales (°Brix), relación SST/ATT, acidez total titulable, contenido de agua, cenizas, sólidos totales y compuestos bioactivos: taninos totales (TT) y compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT). La harina presentó un pH de 6,30, superior al de la cáscara in natura 5,53, el brix de 15,3 y el de la cáscara 6,50 °Brix, el contenido de agua 8,24 (b.u) y el de la cáscara 86,2 (b.u). El CFT encontrado en la harina fue de 124,48 mg de EAG/100g, superior al encontrado en la muestra in natura, 69,44 mg de EAG/100g. Los valores de TT obtenidos en la harina fueron 112,900 mg EAT/100g inferiores a los de la cáscara, 394,900 mg EAT/100g. El contenido de agua de la harina de cáscara de plátano está dentro de los límites establecidos por la ANVISA, por lo que puede almacenarse a temperatura ambiente sin riesgo de desarrollo de microorganismos. Los resultados obtenidos con respecto a los compuestos bioactivos indican que la harina de cáscara de plátano contiene valores significativos y puede incorporarse a la dieta humana. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração da farinha da casca da banana (Musa spp.) branqueada por secagem convectiva e determinar os parâmetros físico-químicos e compostos bioativos. As cascas foram lavadas, higienizados com solução de hipoclorito de sódio e branqueadas. Em seguida foram secas em estufa com circulação de ar a 60ºC e trituradas. Logo após, a farinha foi avaliada quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos: pH, sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix), relação SST/ATT, acidez total titulável, teor de água, cinzas, sólidos totais e os compostos bioativos: taninos totais (TT) e composto fenólicos totais (CFT). A farinha apresentou um pH de 6,30, superior ao da casca in natura 5,53, o brix de 15,3 e o da casca 6,50 °Brix, o teor de água 8,24 (b.u) e da casca 86,2 (b.u). Os CFT encontrados na farinha foram de 124,48 mg EAG/100g, superiores aos encontrados na amostra in natura, 69,44 mg EAG/100g. Os valores dos TT obtidos na farinha foi de, 112,900 mg EAT/100g inferiores ao da casca 394,900 mg EAT/100g. O teor de água da farinha da casca da banana encontra-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA podendo, portanto, ser armazenado em temperatura ambiente, sem riscos de desenvolvimento de micro-organismos. Os resultados obtidos com relação aos compostos bioativos apontam que a farinha da casca da banana contém valores significativos, podendo ser incorporada na dieta humana.

BackgroundThe banana (Musa spp.) plant produces elongated and edible fruit. The two main parthenocarpic species of banana are Musa accuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla. There are several health-promoting and disease-preventing effects of Musa accuminata Colla, which are attributed to its important bioactive compounds, including phenolics, carotenoids, biogenic amines, phytosterols, and volatile oils, found in the stem, fruit, pseudostem, leaf, flower, sap, inner trunk, root, and inner core. Banana possesses numerous pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, leishmanicidal, anthelmintic, and anticancer properties. Various individual studies have reported anticancer effects of different components of the banana plant. However, according to our understanding, an up-to-date, systematic, and critical analysis of existing scientific results has not yet been carried out.ObjectivesThis review aims to include a thorough assessment of banana and its phytochemicals for cancer prevention and therapy with a focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.MethodsThe available research studies on anticancer activities of banana extracts, fractions and pure compounds were collected using various scholarly databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, based on predetermined selection criteria.ResultsVarious banana extracts, fractions, and phytoconstituents, including ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde, 2-pentanone, 4-epicyclomusalenone, cycloeucalenol acetate, and chlorogenic acid, have been shown to exhibit cancer preventative and anticancer activities in breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, hepatic, oral, prostate, and skin cancers. Bioactive components present in bananas have exhibited antiproliferative, cell cycle arrest-inducing, apoptotic, anti-adhesive, anti-invasive, and antiangiogenic effects through modulation of diverse, dysregulated oncogenic signaling pathways.ConclusionBased on the critical analysis of available literature, banana products and phytoconstituents show enormous potential for future development of drugs for cancer prevention and therapy. However, more mechanistic studies and well-designed clinical trials should be performed to establish its efficacy.

Unripe banana fruit of Musa acuminata (Musa AAA, Hom Khieo) and Musa sapientum L. (Musa ABB, Namwa) growing in Chiang Rai (Thailand) were used for extraction. The yield of the starches was 16.88% for Hom Khieo (HK) and 22.73% for Namwa (NW) based on unripe peeled banana fruit. The amylose contents of HK and NW were 24.99% and 26.23%, respectively. The morphology of starch granules was oval shape with elongated forms for large granules and round shape for small granules. The HK and NW showed B-type crystalline structure and the crystallinities were 23.54% and 26.83%, respectively. The peak temperature of gelatinization was around 77 °C and the enthalpy change (ΔH) was 3.05 and 7.76 J/g, respectively. The HK and NW banana starches showed 1.27 ± 0.12 g/g and 1.53 ± 0.12 g/g water absorption capacity, and 1.22 ± 0.11 g/g and 1.16 ± 0.12 g/g oil absorption capacity, respectively. The swelling power of the banana starches was 17.23 ± 0.94 g/g and 15.90 ± 0.15 g/g, respectively, and the percentage of solubility in water showed 26.43 ± 2.50 g/g and 20.54 ± 0.94 g/g, respectively. The banana starches showed very poor flow character. The HK and NW starches have the potential to be used in powder base preparations with no effect on the sensory texture of the product at 15% w/w maximum.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico de cultivares de bananas em dois ciclos produtivos em Tangará da Serra-MT. O experimento foi realizado na unidade experimental da Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, no campus de Tangará da Serra (MT). Foram avaliadas cinco cultivares do grupo Cavendish (Zelig, Willians, Epagri, IAC 2001, Corupá), três do grupo Prata (Galil 07, Galil 18, Japira), três do grupo Maçã (Catarina, Princesa, Tropical) e uma do grupo Terra (D’ Angola). O experimento foi realizado no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três repetições e três plantas por parcelas. A caracterização do desenvolvimento e rendimento das cultivares foi realizada com as seguintes avaliações: número de dias até a colheita (NDC); massa do cacho (MC); número de pencas (NP); comprimento médio dos frutos (CF); diâmetro médio dos frutos (DF); massa da penca (MP); número de frutos por penca (NFP); massa média dos frutos (MF) e produtividade estimada (PROD). Com base no desempenho agronômico em dois ciclos produtivos na região de Tangará da Serra- MT, pode-se determinar que as cultivares Epagri e Willians, pertencentes ao grupo Cavendish, são as mais indicadas para o cultivo.

Enormous post-harvest losses (35 - 60%) associated with banana and plantain products in Nigeria and other producing countries in the tropics culminate in great losses for farmers. In Nigeria, unripe plantain is normally processed into flour with limited consumption only as reconstituted dough in local food systems. Previous studies established that Nigerians have acquired taste for noodles and it is widely consumed across all strata of the economic divide. Information regarding the production of instant noodles from Musa spp.is rarely found in literature; hence in this study the quality characteristics of instant noodles produced from Musa spp– wheat composite flours was investigated. Musa spp– wheat composite flours in the ratios 0:100; 5:95; 10:90; 15:85; 20:80 and 25:75 were processed into instant noodles. The proximate composition, sensory, textural and cooking quality of the instant noodles were determined following standard procedures. The results showed a corresponding increase in the crude fat, ash and fibre contents of instant noodles as the percentage substitution with Musa sppflour in the instant noodle formulation increased. Significant differences (p

International audience; Admixture and polyploidization are major recognized eukaryotic genome evolutionary processes. Their impacts on genome dynamics vary among systems and are still partially deciphered. Many banana cultivars are triploid (sometimes diploid) interspecific hybrids between Musa acuminata (A genome) and M. balbisiana (B genome). They have no or very low fertility, are vegetatively propagated and have been classified as "AB," "AAB," or "ABB" based on morphological characters. We used NGS sequence data to characterize the A versus B chromosome composition of nine diploid and triploid interspecific cultivars, to compare the chromosome structures of A and B genomes and analyze A/B chromosome segregations in a polyploid context. We showed that interspecific recombination occurred frequently between A and B chromosomes. We identified two large structural variations between A and B genomes, a reciprocal translocation and an inversion that locally affected recombination and led to segregation distortion and aneuploidy in a triploid progeny. Interspecific recombination and large structural variations explained the mosaic genomes observed in edible bananas. The unprecedented resolution in deciphering their genome structure allowed us to start revisiting the origins of banana cultivars and provided new information to gain insight into the impact of interspecificity on genome evolution. It will also facilitate much more effective assessment of breeding strategies.

The obtaining of a high banana yield requires that nutrients are in adequate quantities and proportions in the plant. Therefore, the use of methods that encompass nutritional balance and equilibrium is required for a good nutritional evaluation. The objective of this work was to model and determine nutritional and non-nutritional limitations of 'Prata-Anã' banana grown in the states of Ceará (CE) and Bahia (BA), Brazil, based on nutritional balance and equilibrium. The study was developed using the databank of leaf nutrient contents and banana yields of two farms of the Sítio Barreiras company, in Missão Velha (CE) and Ponto Novo (BA), Brazil. The parcels with banana yield above the average plus 0.5 standard deviation; and parcels with banana yield below of that limit were defined as low-yield areas and were used for nutritional diagnosis. The databank was divided into four: the first with 253 samples and a reference population with banana yield above 39.81 Mg ha-1 year-1; the second with 553 samples and a low-yield population (Ceará); the third with 147 samples and a reference population with banana yield above 41.69 Mg ha-1 year-1; and the fourth with 334 samples and a low-yield population (Bahia). Yield limitations in the 'Prata-Anã' banana crops due to nutritional causes reached 13.37% in Ceará, and 12.17% in Bahia. Non-nutritional factors, such as climate and biotic factors, limited the banana crop yields by up to 28.23% in Ceará, and 50.49% in Bahia. RESUMO A obtenção de um alto rendimento de banana requer que os nutrientes estejam em quantidades e proporções adequadas na planta. Portanto, a utilização de métodos que englobem o balanço e equilíbrio nutricional é necessária para uma boa avaliação nutricional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar e determinar as limitações nutricionais e não nutricionais de bananeiras 'Prata -Anã' cultivadas nos estados do Ceará (CE) e Bahia (BA), Brasil, com base no balanço e equilíbrio nutricional. O estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando o banco de dados de teores de nutrientes nas folhas e produção de banana de duas fazendas da empresa Sítio Barreiras, em Missão Velha (CE) e Ponto Novo (BA), Brasil. As parcelas com produtividade de banana acima da média mais 0,5 desvio padrão foram definidas como população de referência; e parcelas com produtividade de banana abaixo desse limite foram definidas como áreas de baixa produtividade e utilizadas para diagnóstico nutricional. O banco de dados foi dividido em quatro: o primeiro com 253 amostras da população com produtividade de banana acima de 39,81 Mg ha-1 ano-1; a segunda com 553 amostras e população de baixo rendimento (Ceará); a terceira com 147 amostras da população com produtividade de banana acima de 41,69 Mg ha-1 ano-1; e a quarta com 334 amostras e população de baixo rendimento (Bahia). A limitação de produtividade da banana 'Prata-Anã' por causas nutricionais atingiu 13,37% no Ceará, e 12,17% na Bahia. Fatores não nutricionais, como clima e fatores bióticos, limitaram a produtividade da banana em até 28,23% no Ceará, e 50,49% na Bahia.

Irrigated fruit growing in the São Francisco Valley has been standing out in the Northeast region of Brazil and the incorrect management of fertilization has caused problems of physical and / or chemical degradation of the soil. The work aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of the chemical attributes of a Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Oxisol) grown with banana (Musa spp). The study was carried out in the irrigated perimeter of Nupeba in Riachão das Neves / BA. In an area cultivated for 18 years with silver banana fertigated by micro sprinkling. In April 2017 simple soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m, from an experimental grid consisting of 40 georeferenced points and spaced every 10 meters. The soil samples determined: pH (H2O); Organic carbon; Phosphorus (P); Potassium (K+); Calcium (Ca2+); Magnesium (Mg2+) and Potential acidity (H + Al) and the sum of bases (BS), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (V%) were calculated. The results of the analyses were evaluated using descriptive statistics and the geostatistics technique. The descriptive analysis identified the normality of the data. The spatial variability was confirmed, allowing the making of maps. The analyzed area has low fertility (V

Plant nutrition is essential in attaining higher yields; however, non-nutritional factors play a major role in limiting crop yield. This study aimed to model and determined nutritional and non-nutritional limitations of Grande Naine banana grown in Ceará and Bahia states, Brazil, based on nutritional balance and equilibrium. The data used in this study were collected between 2010 and 2017 from two farms, located in Missão Velha, Ceará (7° 35’ 90” S and 39° 21’ 17” W, and 442 m of altitude), and Ponto Novo, Bahia (10º 51’ 46” S and 40º 08’ 01” W, and 342 m of altitude). Plots with yields greater than the average plus 0.5 standard deviations were defined as high-yielding populations (HYP) and used as a reference population to establish the norms. Plots with yields below this limit, low-yielding populations (LYP), were used for nutritional diagnosis. The database was divided into four. The first and second databases, from the area located in Missão Velha, contained 46 samples from a reference population with a yield greater than 58.84 t ha-1 per year, and 104 samples from an LYP, respectively. The third and four databases, from the area located in Ponto Novo, contained 19 samples from a reference population with a yield greater than 76.12 t ha-1 per year, and 46 samples from an LYP, respectively. Nutritional factors limited Grande Naine banana yield in Ceará and Bahia by 11.17 and 14.79%, while non-nutritional factors limited by 30.11 and 29.41%, respectively. In Grande Naine banana, non-nutritional factors are more yield-limiting than nutritional factors. RESUMO A nutrição de plantas é essencial para se atingir produtividades elevadas, porém fatores não nutricionais podem limitar bastante o rendimento das culturas. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo ajustar o modelo e quantificar as limitações de ordem nutricional e não nutricional com base no grau de balanço e equilíbrio em bananeiras ‘Grande Naine’ cultivadas nos estados da Bahia e Ceará. Utilizou-se banco de dados de teores de nutrientes nas folhas e de produtividade coletados entre 2010 e 2017 em duas fazendas, localizadas em Missão Velha, Ceará (7° 35’ 90” S e 39° 21’ 17” W, e altitude de 442 m), e Ponto Novo, Bahia (10º 51’ 46’’ S, 40º 08’ 01’’ W, e altitude de 342 m). Os talhões com produtividade acima da média mais 0,5 desvio-padrão, definidos como de alta produtividade (PAP), foram considerados população de referência e utilizados para geração das normas, enquanto os talhões com produtividade abaixo desse limite, população de baixa produtividade (PBP), foram utilizados para diagnóstico nutricional. O banco de dados foi subdividido em quatro. O primeiro e o segundo, respectivamente, com 46 amostras e população de referência com produtividade maior que 58,84 t ha-1 ano-1, 104 amostras para a PBP, área de Missão Velha. O terceiro e quarto, respectivamente, com 19 amostras e população de referência acima de 76,12 t ha-1 ano-1, 46 amostras para a PBP, área de Ponto Novo. Fatores nutricionais limitaram a produtividade de bananais ‘Grande Naine’ em 11,17 e 14,79%, e não nutricionais, em 30,11 e 29,41%, respectivamente, para o Ceará e a Bahia. Fatores não nutricionais limitam mais a produtividade da bananeira ‘Grande Naine’ comparados aos nutricionais.

Acclimatization is the final phase of banana plantlet production by micropropagation. In this phase, the plantlets are grown in a protected environment with high demand for water, fertilizer and labor, until reaching the standard size and quality required for marketing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of reducing these costs and the duration of the acclimatization phase, using the hydroponic cultivation technique as compared to the conventional system. ‘Prata–Ana’ banana plantlet performance was measured for both systems under both tropical summer and winter conditions, based upon water and nutrient use efficiency and growing time of the plantlets. In both seasons, the plantlets produced hydroponically presented faster growth of both the shoot and root systems. There was a reduction of 12 days to reach the transplantation point, a significant reduction in plantlet production cost (fertilizers + water) and improved efficiency in space use with an expressive increase in the number of plantlets produced per square meter.

Prediction models may contribute to data analysis and decision-making in the management of a crop. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of predicting the yield of ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ banana plants by means of artificial neural networks, as well as to determine the most important morphological descriptors for this purpose. The following characteristics were measured: plant height; perimeter of the pseudostem at the ground level, at 30 cm and 100 cm; number of live leaves at harvest; stalk mass, length and diameter; number of hands and fruits; bunches and hands masses; hands average mass; and ratio between the stalk and bunch masses. The data were submitted to artificial neural networks analysis using the R software. The best adjustments were obtained with two and three neurons at the intermediate layer, respectively for ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’. These models presented the lowest mean square errors, which correspond to the higher proximity between the predicted and the real data, and, therefore, a higher efficiency of the networks in the yield prediction. By the coefficient of determination, the best adjustments were found for ‘Prata-Anã’ (R² = 0.99 for all the network compositions), while, for ‘BRS Platina’, the data adjustment enabled an R² with values between 0.97 and 1.00, approximately. Yield predictions for ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ were obtained with high efficiency by using artificial neural networks.

Bananas are an important staple food crop in tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Central and South America. The plant is affected by numerous diseases, with the fungal leaf disease black Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet [anamorph: Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton], considered one of the most economically important phytosanitary problem. Although the development of resistant cultivars is recognized as most effective method for long term control of the disease, the majority of today's cultivars are susceptible. In order to gain insights into this pathosystem, this first systematic literature review on the topic is presented. Utilizing six databases (PubMed Central, Web of Science, Google Academic, Springer, CAPES and Scopus Journals) searches were performed using pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria. From a total of 3,070 published studies examined, 24 were relevant with regard to the Musa-P. fijiensis pathosystem. Relevant papers highlighted that resistant and susceptible cultivars clearly respond differently to infection by this pathogen. M. acuminata wild diploids such as Calcutta 4 and other diploid cultivars can harbor sources of resistance genes, serving as parentals for the generation of improved diploids and subsequent gene introgression in new cultivars. From the sequenced reference genome of Musa acuminata, although the function of many genes in the genome still require validation, on the basis of transcriptome, proteome and biochemical data, numerous candidate genes and molecules have been identified for further evaluation through genetic transformation and gene editing approaches. Genes identified in the resistance response have included those associated with jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling, transcription factors, phenylpropanoid pathways, antioxidants and pathogenesis-related proteins. Papers in this study also revealed gene-derived markers in Musa applicable for downstream application in marker assisted selection. The information gathered in this review furthers understanding of the immune response in Musa to the pathogen P. fijiensis and is relevant for genetic improvement programs for bananas and plantains for control of black Sigatoka.

RESUMO A sigatoka negra causada por Mycosphaerella fijiensis (anamorfo Pseudocercospora fijiensis) é atualmente a doença mais importante na cultura da banana (Musa spp.). No mês de junho de 2004, foi identificada no município de Miracatu, SP, sobre as cultivares Galil 7, Galil 18 e Nam. As características típicas do fungo foram observadas ao microspcópio ótico. Esse é o primeiro relato da doença no Estado de São Paulo. ABSTRACT Black Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis (an anamorph Pseudocercospora fijiensis), is the most important disease of commercially produced bananas (Musa spp.). In June 2004, black sigatoka was observed at Miracatu, São Paulo State, on cvs Galil 7, Galil 18 and Nam plaintain. The disease was confirmed by observing the characteristics of M. fijiensis in lesions using an optical microscope. This is the first report of black sigatoka in São Paulo State, Brazil.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability during maturation of banana liqueurs made with yacon syrup and sucrose. Thus, 20 °GL and 30 °Brix liqueurs were produced using yacon and sucrose syrups at concentrations of 42.8 and 45.0 °Brix. The liqueurs were subjected to two procedures as following: heat treatment at 70 °C for 20 min (tranchage), followed by storage at room temperature for 10 days (T42-T and T45-T); no heat treatment and storage at 50 °C for 10 days (T42-50 and T45-50). The color and turbidity of liqueurs were evaluated daily within 10 days of storage. The alcohol content was evaluated every 2 days. The total color difference (ΔE) was calculated in relation to color at time zero for each treatment. The T42-50 treatment had the lowest turbidity at the end of maturation. The T45-T treatment presented the lowest ΔE value at the end of maturation. The alcohol contents regarding the liqueurs were the same as those contents after elaboration as well as did not change over the maturation time for all treatments.

Banana is one of the main agricultural crops in the world, of great socioeconomic importance for developing countries and with important characteristics for the manufacture of flour. Among the varieties of bananas, there are those with red peels, which stand out for their high levels of bioactive compounds, such as precursors of vitamin A. However, there are still gaps in knowledge regarding resistant starch and minerals present in these varieties. Thus, the study aimed to characterize the levels of minerals and resistant starch present in the flour of the peel and pulp of the red banana ‘São Domingos’ (AAA). The flours, peel and pulp, were produced from fruits obtained in a rural property, sanitized, sliced, peeled, dried in an oven with forced air circulation at 55 ºC and ground in a roller-knife mill. Thus, they were subjected to the analysis of moisture, ash, minerals (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, manganese, zinc, iron and sodium) and resistant starch. Flours did not differ in moisture content. The bark flour showed higher levels of ash, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and sodium. Potassium and manganese were the, macro and micromineral, present in greater quantities in both flours. Both flours showed moisture within the limit established by the legislation. Shell flour has a higher mineral content; while pulp flour has almost twice as much resistant starch. The 'São Domingos' red-skinned banana flours have characteristics similar to those of other AAA triploids. El banano es uno de los principales cultivos agrícolas del mundo, de gran importancia socioeconómica para los países en desarrollo y con características importantes para la fabricación de harinas. Entre las variedades de banano, se encuentran las de piel roja, que destacan por los altos niveles de compuestos bioactivos, como, por ejemplo, los precursores de la vitamina A. Sin embargo, aún existen lagunas en el conocimiento sobre el almidón resistente y los minerales presentes en estas variedades. Así, el estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los niveles de minerales y almidón resistente presentes en las harinas de cáscara y pulpa del plátano rojo ‘São Domingos’ (AAA). Las harinas, cáscara y pulpa, se elaboraron a partir de frutos obtenidos en una finca local, higienizados, cortados, pelados, secados en horno con circulación de aire forzado a 55 ºC y molidos en molino de cuchillas. Así, fueron sometidos al análisis de humedad, cenizas, minerales (potasio, fósforo, calcio, magnesio, azufre, cobre, manganeso, zinc, hierro y sodio) y almidón resistente. Las harinas no difirieron en contenido de humedad. La harina de cáscara mostró niveles más altos de ceniza, potasio, magnesio, fósforo, zinc y sodio. El potasio y el manganeso fueron los macro y microminerales, presentes en mayor cantidad en ambas harinas. Ambas harinas presentaron humedad dentro del límite establecido por la legislación. La harina de concha tiene un mayor contenido de minerales; mientras que la harina de pulpa tiene casi el doble de almidón resistente. Las harinas del plátano rojo 'São Domingos' tienen características similares a las de otros triploides AAA. A banana é uma das principais culturas agrícolas do mundo, de grande importância socioeconômica para os países em via de desenvolvimento e com características importantes para a fabricação de farinhas. Dente as variedades de bananas, existem aquelas de cascas vermelhas, as quais se destacam pelos altos teores de compostos bioativos, como, por exemplo, precursores da vitamina A. Contudo, ainda existem lacunas no conhecimento em relação ao amido resistente e minerais presentes nessas variedades. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os teores de minerais e amido resistente presentes nas farinhas de casca e de polpa da banana de casca vermelha ‘São Domingos’ (AAA). As farinhas, casca e polpa, foram produzidas a partir de frutos obtidos em uma propriedade rural, sanitizados, fatiados, descascados, secos em estufa com circulação de ar forçada a 55 ºC e moídos em moinho rolo-facas. Dessa forma, foram submetidas às análises de umidade, cinzas, minerais (potássio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, manganês, zinco, ferro e sódio) e amido resistente. As farinhas não diferiram no teor de umidade. A farinha de casca apresentou maiores teores de cinzas, potássio, magnésio, fósforo, zinco e sódio. Potássio e manganês foram os, macro e micromineral, presentes em maiores quantidades em ambas as farinhas. Ambas as farinhas apresentaram umidade dentro do limite estabelecido pela legislação. A farinha de casca possui maior teor de minerais; enquanto a farinha de polpa possui quase o dobro de amido resistente. As farinhas de banana de casca vermelha ‘São Domingos’ possuem características semelhantes às de outras triploides AAA.

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC), tropical race 4 (TR4), causes Fusarium wilt of banana, a pandemic that has threatened the cultivation and export trade of this fruit. This article presents the first systematic review of studies conducted in the last 10 years on the resistance of Musa spp. to Fusarium wilt. We evaluated articles deposited in different academic databases, using a standardized search string and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We note that the information on the sequencing of the Musa sp. genome is certainly a source for obtaining resistant cultivars, mainly by evaluating the banana transcriptome data after infection with FOC. We also showed that there are sources of resistance to FOC race 1 (R1) and FOC TR4 in banana germplasms and that these data are the basis for obtaining resistant cultivars, although the published data are still scarce. In contrast, the transgenics approach has been adopted frequently. We propose harmonizing methods and protocols to facilitate the comparison of information obtained in different research centers and efforts based on global cooperation to cope with the disease. Thus, we offer here a contribution that may facilitate and direct research towards the production of banana resistant to FOC.

A inserção de barueiros nos sistemas produtivos por meio dos Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) pode promover a integração de áreas rurais no Cerrado, principalmente quando combinados com culturas de elevada relevância para os agricultores desta região, preservando os recursos naturais e proporcionando renda adicional para os produtores. Devido à integração de diferentes culturas, seja por consórcios, sucessões ou rotação de cultivo, a demanda por nutrientes pode ser intensificada, ocasionando maior dependência de fertilizantes minerais, o que eleva os custos de produção. A adubação orgânica pode ser estratégia de menor custo para suprir a demanda de nutrientes para o SAFs, além de contribuir para a manutenção da sustentabilidade do sistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações de diferentes doses de composto orgânico nos atributos químicos e físicos do solo e no desenvolvimento de culturas cultivadas em sistema agroflorestal no cerrado goiano. O experimento foi conduzido em um SAF composto por barueiros, divididos em seis renques de 14 árvores, com bananeiras e culturas agrícolas cultivadas entre os renques. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro doses de composto orgânico (5, 10, 20 e 40 Mg ha-1), um tratamento com adubação mineral, mais a testemunha sem adubação. Foram avaliados os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, o desempenho agronômico do feijão-caupi e da banana e o crescimento da cultura da mandioca e das árvores de baru. As aplicações de composto orgânico promovem alterações positivas nos atributos químicos do solo, especialmente nas primeiras camadas, com aumento dos teores de MOS, P, K e Mg em comparação com a adubação mineral. No período estudado as doses do composto orgânico e a adubação mineral não afetaram os atributos físicos do solo até a profundidade 0,20 m. O composto orgânico formado por biomassa de cana-energia e esterco bovino demonstra potencial como fertilizante orgânico na cultura do feijão-caupi e da bananeira cultivadas em sistema agroflorestal, podendo substituir em 100% a adubação mineral na nutrição dessas culturas. As doses 20 e 40 Mg ha-1 de composto orgânico proporcionou os maiores incrementos no desempenho vegetativo da mandioca, equivalente a adubação mineral. No período estudado a adubação mineral e as doses de composto orgânico não afetaram o crescimento do baru. The insertion of barueiros in the production systems through agroforestry system SAFs can promote the integration of rural areas in the Cerrado, especially when combined with crops of high relevance for farmers in this region, preserving natural resources and providing additional income for producers. Due to the integration of different crops, whether through consortia, successions or crop rotation, the demand for nutrients can be intensified, causing greater dependence on mineral fertilizers, which increases production costs. Organic fertilization can be a lower cost strategy to supply the nutrient demand for SAFs, in addition to contributing to the maintenance of the system's sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in different doses of organic compost in the chemical and physical attributes of the soil and in the development of crops grown in an agroforestry system in the Cerrado of Goiás. The experiment was conducted in a SAF composed of barueiros, divided into six rows of 14 trees, with banana trees and agricultural crops grown between the rows. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions. The treatments consisted of four doses of organic compost (5, 10, 20 and 40 Mg ha-1), a treatment with mineral fertilization, plus the control without fertilization. The chemical and physical attributes of the soil, the agronomic performance of cowpea and banana and the growth of cassava and baru trees were evaluated. The applications of organic compost promote positive changes in the chemical attributes of the soil, especially in the first layers, with increased levels of MOS, P, K and Mg compared to mineral fertilization. During the studied period, the doses of organic compost and mineral fertilization did not affect the physical attributes of the soil to a depth of 0.20 m. The organic compost formed by energy cane biomass and cattle manure shows potential as an organic fertilizer in the cultivation of cowpea and banana cultivated in an agroforestry system, being able to substitute at 100% the mineral fertilization in the nutrition of these cultures. Doses 20 and 40 Mg ha-1 of organic compost provided the greatest increases in the vegetative performance of cassava, equivalent to mineral fertilization. During the period studied, mineral fertilization and doses of organic compost did not affect baru growth. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES