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The performance of quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) was investigated for different hole transport layers with small molecules and polymers: poly(4-butyl-phenyl-diphenyl-amine), poly-N-vinylcarbazole (PVK), N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-diamine, 4,4',4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)-triphenyl-amine (TCTA), and 4,4'-bis(carbazole-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP). The electroluminescence performance of QD-LEDs was considerably improved by adding small molecules (TCTA or CBP) having high hole mobilily to the polymer hole transport material (PVK). The maximal current efficiency of QD-LED-based PVK was improved by 27% upon addition of 20 wt % TCTA due to the hole injection improvement. The lower turn-on voltage, the higher current density, and the higher luminance were achieved by addition of TCTA. The maximal luminance of 40900 cd/m(2) and the highest current efficiency of 14.0 cd/A with the narrow full width at half-maximum (35 nm) were achieved by the best hole transport layer.

The aim of the present study is to examine what rationality conditions are ignored and why it happens when users have more than one dimension in conflict, such as perceived security and usability in the online banking use experience. In a controlled experiment, thirty subjects used two different online banking authentication interfaces: a fingerprint interface and a normal four-step interface, in a reverse order. The empirical findings revealed that a different combination of rationality conditions was employed based on a change from effortless interaction (e.g., the fingerprint) to effortful interaction (e.g., the four-step logon system) or vice versa. We also provided some design implications for HCI practitioners, and proposed a new approach to evaluate user experiences as there are benefits and drawbacks mixed in user interface design.

In this paper, we propose a modeling framework of rational human actions in human-environment systems by evaluating probable human actions in physical and psychological dimensions. In the affordance theoretic perspective, an environment offers certain physical and psychological limitations to filter a finite number of feasible human actions that lead to desired system states in a spatio-temporal dimension. By integrating physical and psychological constraints in human decision making processes, a value-based Bayesian-affordance model is proposed using Markov Decision Model. To this ends, two different types of filters, 'F1' and 'F2' are proposed, where 'F1' is a preference-based numerical filter conceived at the planning level for psychological constraints and 'F2' an affordance-based numerical filter at the execution level in which agent's perception of physical action availability plays a big role. Finally, a simple example based on the proposed model is illustrated to verify the proposed framework and the analysis results are discussed.

A manufacturing system normally includes various types of automated/computer controlled system resources such as material processors (e.g., CNC machines), material handlers (e.g., robots), and material transporters (e.g., AGVs) (Joshi et al., 1995). However, in most cases, to implement fully automated systems where the human is not involved is impractical (Brann et al., 1996), because of both economic and technical reasons. Furthermore, in human-involved automated manufacturing systems, a human can act as one of the most flexible and intelligent system resources in that he or she can perform a large variety of physical tasks ranging from simple material handling to complex tasks such as inspection, assembly, or packaging (Altuntas et al., 2004). From this argument, integrating a human into the system operation is a critical aspect in the design of practical manufacturing systems.

In this paper, we propose a novel agent-based simulation modeling of human behaviors. A conceptual framework of human behavioral simulation is suggested using the ecological definition of affordances in order to mimic perception-based human actions interacting with the environment. A simulation example of a 'warehouse fire evacuation' is illustrated to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. The perception-based human behaviors and planning algorithms are adapted and embedded within human agent models using the Static and Dynamic Floor Field Indicators, which represent the evacuee's prior knowledge of the floor layout and perceivable information of dynamic environmental changes, respectively. The proposed framework is expected to capture the natural manners in which humans participate in systems and enhance the simulation fidelity by incorporating cognitive intent into human behavior simulations.

During cell proliferation, protein degradation is strictly regulated by the cell cycle and involves two complementary ubiquitin ligase complexes, the SCF (Skp, Cullin, F-box) and APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome) ubiquitin ligases. SCF ligases are constitutively active and generally target only proteins after they have been selected for degradation, usually by phosphorylation. In contrast, APC/C complexes are themselves activated by phosphorylation and their substrates contain a targeting signal known as degron, a consensus amino acid sequence such as a D-Box. SCF complexes degrade proteins during the G1 phase. However, as DNA synthesis begins, the SCF complexes are degraded and APC/C complexes are activated. APC-2, a protein crucial to cell division, initiates anaphase by triggering the degradation of multiple proteins. This study explores an unexpected interaction between APC-2 and SCFFBG1. We found that FBG1 is a promiscuous ubiquitin ligase with many partners. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that FBG1 and APC2 interact directly. Mutagenesis-based experiments show that this interaction requires a D-Box found within the FBG1 F-box domain. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that co-expression with FBG1 increases total APC2 levels. However, free APC2 is decreased, inhibiting cell proliferation. Finally, FACS analysis of cell populations expressing different forms of FBG1 demonstrate that this ubiquitin ligase induces S-phase arrest, illustrating the functional consequences of the interaction described. In summary, we have discovered a novel APC2 inhibitory activity of FBG1 independent from its function as ubiquitin ligase, providing the basis for future studies of FBG1 in aging and cancer.

In the complex cation of the title salt, [CrCl(C2H6OS)5]Cl2, the CrIIIion is coordinated by one chloride ligand and five O atoms from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ligands, leading to a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment [O—Cr—O angles range from 86.69 (16) to 92.87 (16)°]. In the crystal, complex cations are arranged in hexagonally packed rows parallel to [010], with the chloride counter-anions situated in between. The interactions between cations and anions are mainly ionic in nature.

The title compound, C9H9N3O2S, is a monoclinic (C2/c) polymorph of the previously reported triclinic structure [Kang (2013).Acta Cryst.E69, o1327]. The molecule is almost planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.069 Å from the mean plane of all non-H atoms. The benzoyl and terminal thiourea fragments adopt atransoidconformation with respect to the central carbonyl O atom. Two intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds are present. In the crystal, N—H...O and N—H...S interactions link the molecules into zigzag chains extending along thec-axis direction.

High quality graphene was obtained though microwave irradiated expansion following a solution process. This method is facile, inexpensive, and produces usable results. Ultrathin, uniform graphene films were fabricated at room temperature by a vacuum filtration method. Combining carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as bridges between graphene flakes allowed the fabrication of high-performance conductive films for flexible applications, with conductivities and optical properties comparable to commercial ITO: 181 Omega sq(-1) at 82.2% transmittance after chemical treatment and doping. With future work, this versatile material could well provide an appropriate transparent electrode for flexible optical electronics.

A high current density obtained in a limited, nanometer-thick region is important for high efficiency polymer solar cells (PSCs). The conversion of incident photons to charge carriers only occurs in confined active layers; therefore, charge-carrier extraction from the active layer within the device by using solar light has an important impact on the current density and the related to power conversion efficiency. In this study, we observed a surprising result, that is, extracting the charge carrier generated in the active layer of a PSC device, with a thickness-controlled PEDOT:PSS bilayer that acted as a hole extraction layer (HEL), yielded a dramatically improved power conversion efficiency in two different model systems (P3HT:PC₆₀BM and PCDTBT:PC₇₀BM). To understand this phenomenon, we conducted optical strength simulation, photocurrent-voltage measurements, incident photon to charge carrier efficiency measurements, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and AFM studies. The results revealed that approximately 60 nm was the optimum PEDOT:PSS bilayer HEL thickness in PSCs for producing the maximum power conversion efficiency.